This man was active and restless in a good way, he did not know how and could never sit idle. His head was always filled with semi-delirious, but brilliant plans that could not be brought to life, and some ideas, in spite of everything, were actually implemented; only God knows how this could have turned out. Nevertheless, he succeeded in a lot, he fed the whole country with cheap bread and built housing for the majority of citizens.

According to the Russian historian Roy Medvedev, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was kind, but poorly educated, and he never learned to write without errors until the end of his life. No one has fully calculated whether such a ruler brought more harm or benefit, but the fact that he was far from being a superfluous person remains an objective fact. Let's find out together how his fate turned out and let's not make value judgments, guided solely by the facts.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: a short biography of “Kulibin” of the twentieth century

When modern experts decide what Nikita Khrushchev brought more for the country in his time, they rely more on deeds and achievements, but completely forget about the moral situation. Of course, Malenkov, who was then laying claim to the Soviet “throne,” was much more literate and better understood how the state mechanism works, and Beria was an ideal organizer, while at the same time Molotov was considered a great man, he had weight and authority, but behind their backs The fear of the people, left over from Stalin, always loomed. Khrushchev, and only he, could stop this fear and completely eliminate it in just a year of his tenure in a leadership position, which he did with success.

Interesting

In 1970, the American publishing house Little, Brown and Company, after lengthy preparatory work in which Oxford students Strobe Talbott and Bill Clinton (the future President of the United States) were involved, published Nikita Sergeevich’s memoirs entitled “Khrushchev Remembers.” As soon as this became known to the government, he was called to the carpet before the Party Control Committee. Then he completely “disowned” the essay and even suggested that he should be arrested and put to death if he was guilty of anything.

Personal qualities and merits

He did not become an ideal ruler, but he managed to break the shackles of fear and give people hope, albeit weak, but quite tangible. It was he who debunked the myths about Stalin as best he could, fought the remnants of manifestations of the cult of personality and released hundreds of thousands of political prisoners, while others were rehabilitated after illegal repressions. During the years of Khrushchev's rule, the “Peace Program” was introduced, and nuclear tests in the air, in space and under water were prohibited. Surprisingly, collective farmers, who were not even given passports under Stalin, began to receive stable salaries, and pensioners were able to survive on pension payments, which were noticeably increased.

The pace of housing construction under his “illiterate” rule caught up and surpassed population growth, and the first flight into space, the first satellite and a nuclear power plant were also discovered and launched during the years of Nikita Sergeevich’s life. You can remember the shoe with which he knocked on the UN podium, or you can also remember the fact that he dispersed this huge flywheel of state “entrepreneurship and activity”, which is spinning to this day.

Khrushchev's childhood and youth: a simple guy from the village?

Official version

According to official version, father of the future Secretary General there was Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev, a miner by profession, who regularly went down to the mine near the village of Kalinovka, which belonged to the Olkhovskaya volost of the Dmitrievsky district of the Kursk province. His mother was allegedly a peasant woman, Ksenia Ivanovna. There was another child in the family, Nikita’s younger sister, Irina.

In the biography it was usually written that the boy hardly studied at school, there was no time, and in the summer he worked as a shepherd. At the age of fourteen, the family moved closer to the mine in Yuzovka, where Nikitka became an apprentice mechanic at the Eduard T. Bosse Machine-Building and Iron Foundry. From the twelfth year of the last century he began to work as a miner, and in the fourteenth he was called up to the front. However, when the NKVD began to delve into the documents, it turned out that this whole version was a complete phony. So what was it really like?

Real version

On April 3 (15), 1894, in the village of Kalinovka, Ksenia Ivanovna, who worked as a servant in the house of the Polish gentleman Alexander Gasvitsky, gave birth to a baby named Nikita. Everyone knew perfectly well that his father was the master himself, and a little later Irishka, also an illegitimate Gasvitskaya, was born. The Pole could not marry Ksenia, and besides, he was already married, but he did not leave “his own.”

When the boy grew up and in 1914 they tried to take him into the army, it was his father who contributed to the fact that he was left alone. Instead, he “pushed” his son to the German Kirsch, who was buying up land. It turned out that during his years of life, Khrushchev was never a shepherd or a miner; he was a clerk, a manager, as they would now say “an effective manager.”

The years of the reign of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev

It turns out that the NKVD, represented by Stalin, Malenkov, Molotov and Yezhov, as well as God knows who else, were aware of the “criminal” and not at all proletarian biography of Nikita Sergeevich and hid this fact from the general public? And so it was, perhaps Joseph Vissarionovich himself decided that it would be easier for him to keep Khrushchev on a short leash. Be that as it may, it is worth understanding in detail and step by step how it all happened.

After the February events of the seventeenth year of the twentieth century, Khrushchev was elected a member of the Rutchenkovsky Council of Workers' Deputies, then a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee, and then chairman of the miners' trade union. In 1918, Nikita Sergeevich joined the Bolshevik Communist Party, did not stand aside during the Civil War, and in the twenty-second he went to study at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnikum in Yuzovka, where he became the party secretary of the educational institution.

A difficult path to the top: N. S. Khrushchev - climbing the party ladder

Nikita Sergeevich was promoted mainly along the party ladder, so he did not put much emphasis on his studies. It was generally difficult for him to acquire knowledge, since sitting and cramming something was unbearable for this active and active guy. In the twenty-ninth he entered the Industrial Academy of Moscow, where he was immediately appointed secretary of the party committee, who simply could not get bad grades. It was rumored that Nadenka Alliluyeva, the wife of “himself,” who studied with Nikita in the same course, helped in this promotion.

• The party worker’s career took off sharply, first he became the first secretary of the Baumansky and Krasnopresnensky district committees of the CPSU in the thirty-first, and in 34-38 the first secretary of the Kyiv city committee of the CPSU (b).
• In March 1935, Khrushchev was appointed first secretary of the Moscow regional committee CPSU(b). At one point he was even approved for the so-called troika of the NKVD, but he lasted there for no more than two dozen days, after which he was removed, without having signed a single “execution” order or “landing” document, he lacked the acumen.
• When the “case of Rykov and Bukharin” surfaced in the thirty-seventh year of the twentieth century, Khrushchev became the only one who dared to go “against the will” of Stalin and advocated for the transfer of materials to the prosecutor’s office, instead of the NKVD. This did not lead to disgrace, to the great surprise of those around him, and in 1938 he became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, and on top of that, also a candidate member of the Politburo.
• During the Great Patriotic War, Nikita Sergeevich did not stand aside and went to fight, and following Stalin’s orders, he became the culprit of the catastrophic and terrifying encirclement of the Red Army near Kiev in 1941 and near Kharkov in 1942. From October of the same year he was in the forward command echelon behind Mamayev Kurgan, and ended the war as a lieutenant general.

From 1944 to 1947, N.S. Khrushchev worked as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR. In December 1949, Nikita Sergeevich returned to Moscow, where he became secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) / CPSU. It is unclear for what reasons, but in a short time he managed to win the trust of Stalin, who was then already afraid of even his own shadow. Things were coming to the end of the reign of the bloody tyrant, he became old, sick, fresh blood was needed and it was found in the person of the unprepossessing, not very well educated, but purposeful and assertive, active Khrushchev.

On the last day of Joseph Vissarionovich’s life, namely in March fifty-third, a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, at which it was decided to concentrate on the activities of the party. After the leader’s funeral, it was Khrushchev who was the main initiator of the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria, as well as the abolition of his influence on any spheres of the state administrative apparatus. On September 7, 1953, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was unanimously elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, that is, he actually became the sole ruler of a huge country.

Worth knowing

In 1954, just a year after taking up the leadership post, Nikita Sergeevich decided to transfer the Crimean region to the Ukrainian SSR. According to the words of Khrushchev’s son, which he voiced in 1914, this was due to economic considerations during the construction of a canal from the Kakhovka reservoir.

In 1956, three years after Stalin's death, Khrushchev launched a campaign to debunk and overthrow his cult of personality. This raised such a wave that it was very difficult to stop, and a year later the decision was made to remove Khrushchev. Then Marshal Zhukov intervened, and the conspirators, represented by Molotov, Kaganovich, Malenkov and “Shepilov, who joined them,” according to the official wording, were removed from the CPSU Central Committee, and in sixty-two they were completely expelled from the party. Four months later, the same fate befell Zhukov himself, who so passionately supported Nikita Sergeevich.

Khrushchev's foreign policy turned out to be dynamic and effective. He was the first leader Soviet Union, who traveled overseas to visit the United States, where he met with President Dwight Eisenhower in 1959, although before that he had met him in Geneva in 1955. There, at the UN General Assembly, he knocked on the podium with his shoe, advocating for nuclear disarmament. In sixty-one, Nikita Sergeevich even managed to meet with American President Kennedy in Vienna, at the Schönbrunn Palace.

The end of Khrushchev's reign: a dastardly conspiracy and displacement

Khrushchev's policy was excessively soft and also careless, as people said. Accustomed to Stalin’s firm hand, people noticeably relaxed, became bolder, and began to openly express their opinions and understanding, which led to the collapse of this castle built on the sand. In October 1964, a special plenum of the Central Committee was convened, to which they “forgot” to invite Nikita Sergeevich. He was just on vacation in Pitsunda and it was decided to remove him with the wording “for health reasons.” Now Marshal Zhukov, who would always support him, was no longer around due to the fault of Khrushchev himself, which is why he flew out like a cork from a bottle.

According to documents discovered much later, at that time Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, who came after Khrushchev, advocated for his physical elimination, to which the current KGB chairman Vladimir Semichastny did not agree. He made many mistakes as a leader, but his merits cannot be diminished. He dreamed of “catching up and overtaking”, for this he sowed everything with corn, which almost led to the collapse of agriculture, but he resettled the entire population from miserable slums into neat five-story panel “Khrushchev” buildings, which, however, turned out to be no less pitiful.

Since then, he settled at the state dacha in Zhukovka-2, which was left behind him. It is interesting that there he began to work closely on his projects, set up greenhouses with hydroponic installations, made homemade gliders and tractors, and, as usual, scolded the new order, like a true former manager. He became the first and only Soviet ruler who left the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and head of the USSR alive.

Personal life and death of Nikita Sergeevich: a memory for centuries

Many are accustomed to believing that Nikita Khrushchev was a mediocre politician and a bad manager, but judging by what he achieved during his short career, this is not entirely true. He achieved a lot, significantly increased the country's authority on the world stage, provided the working class with cheap housing and guaranteed work, and his personal life was no less interesting than his political and government activities.

Wives and children

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was a cheerful and optimistic person, so he chose the right women as his wife. He first married in 1914 at the dawn of his party career. His wife’s name was Efrosinya Ivanovna Pisareva, and already in her twenties she died during an epidemic of the rash type. During the six-year marriage, a daughter and a son appeared in the family.

• Julia (born in 1916), later became the wife of the director of the Kyiv Opera, Viktor Gontar.
• Leonid (born 1917), military pilot who died during the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War.

After the death of his wife, Khrushchev did not remain alone for long; in the twenty-second he met a girl, Marusya, about whom little is known, except that she was already raising a child from her first marriage. After the breakup, Nikita Sergeevich continued to help her financially. The third wife, Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk, appeared two years later, in the twenty-fourth, but this marriage was registered only in the sixty-fifth, which did not prevent her from giving birth to her husband four children, three of whom survived.

• The first daughter, born in 1926, died in infancy before she could get a name.
• Rada (born in 1929), married to Adzhubey, subsequently worked for more than fifty years as editor of the popular magazine “Science and Life”.
• Sergei (born 1935), engineer missile systems, a professor who immigrated to the United States, where he died.
• Elena (born in 1937), later a scientist.

The Khrushchevs lived first in Kyiv in former house Poskrebyshev, accused of treason, often visited the dacha in Mezhygorye, and then moved to Moscow. First they settled on Maroseyka, and then in the “House on the Embankment”, as well as in a state mansion on the Lenin Hills. After Khrushchev’s dismissal, they remained living at the dacha in Zhukovka-2.

The Death of a Great Corn Aficionado and His Remembrance

Khrushchev’s politics and rule were not ideal, but he managed to end his years in peace, taking care of his family and his ideas, which literally arose in him in batches. In addition, his loved ones were amazed that he began to listen to enemy “voices”, turned the receiver continuously, tuning first to one wavelength, then to another, fortunately, Soviet VEFs were able to catch anything, almost alien signals. The information coming “from there” was not encouraging, and Nikita Sergeevich periodically fell into periods of angry depression.

On September 11, 1974, in his seventy-eighth year of life, he quite expectedly suffered a heart attack, which was not at all surprising given his nervous state. He died instantly, without suffering; the doctors called simply stated his death. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery, and the monument on his grave was created by the great Soviet and American sculptor Ernst Neizvestny.

In 2015, in Moscow, a memorial plaque was installed on the house at 19 Starokonyushenny Lane, where Nikita Khrushchev lived. Interestingly, there is also Khrushchevsky Lane nearby, but it got its name back in the nineteenth century and has nothing to do with the leader of the Soviet Union, and in September 2011, his monument was unveiled in the village of Kalinovka. Commemorative coins and stamps were issued in his honor, as well as numerous films, both artistic and documentary.

ERA OF N.S.’S RULE KHRUSHCHEV

Introduction……………………………………………………..3

1. Beginning of work history……………………………..4

2. Khrushchev's reforms. Intentions and effectiveness………7

3. Khrushchev’s cult of personality and the decline of his power…………...11

Conclusion……………………………………………………13

List of sources…………………………………………..14

INTRODUCTION

“They laughed at Khrushchev, they scolded him, but in the eyes of the overwhelming majority of ordinary people he was a laughing stock, and they did not dislike him, much less hate him. And most importantly, they were not afraid of him and he was not afraid. It seemed that the whole country after Stalin had been permeated for centuries by the icy wind of fear, but they were not afraid. They saw him as their people's leader, albeit with quirks, but one of their own! It’s not for nothing that in some places they talked about Khrushchev - “the people’s king!”

One of the Western researchers, Mark Frankdand, in his work on Khrushchev, noted: “Khrushchev’s reign is worthy of an epitaph that very few politicians deserve: both in the eyes of his people and in the eyes of the whole world, he left his country in a better condition than he found it.” .

“The People's Tsar”, whose reign is worthy of an epitaph and whose reign is still perceived ambiguously in our country. Some praise him, others criticize him, despite all the reforms he carried out over the years of his reign. Isn't this a problem? Why and why is he being criticized, what are the “pros” and “cons” of his rule?

I will try to answer all these questions further in the work I present.

1. BEGINNING OF YOUR EMPLOYMENT BIOGRAPHY

“I started working at a very early age,” Khrushchev said in Bulgaria. “I spent my childhood and youth in the mines. If Gorky went through the school of people’s universities, then I was brought up in a miners’ “university”. For the working man, it was also a kind of Cambridge, a “university” for the disadvantaged people of Russia.”

Khrushchev's career developed rapidly. Already in 1932, he was elected second secretary of the Moscow City Party Committee. At the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 39-year-old Khrushchev became a member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Soon he was elected first secretary of the city committee and second secretary of the Moscow regional party committee, i.e. Kaganovich's chief deputy for work in Moscow and the region. In 1935 Kaganovich was appointed People's Commissar of Railways and, on his recommendation and with the consent of Stalin, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Moscow Regional Party Committee. In this regard, the newspaper Rabochaya Moskva wrote: “Comrade. Khrushchev, a worker who went through the school of struggle and party work starting from the very grassroots, is an outstanding representative of the post-October generation of party workers educated by Stalin.”

Work in the capital had a number of features. It gave Khrushchev the opportunity to meet all the leaders of the country. As the first secretary of the regional committee, Khrushchev acquired many important connections for him. Lively, friendly, sociable, energetic Nikita Sergeevich seemed to have no enemies then. He was inquisitive, determined and brave, but also cunning and cautious. He was not fully educated. However, nature did not deprive Khrushchev of his original mind and intuition. In addition, Khrushchev worked very hard, he had a truly outstanding business temperament.

He visited enterprises in the capital and region, held meetings of collective farm chairmen and radio roll calls of districts. He could be seen at meetings of teachers, scientists, and beet growers in the region. Having heard about any method of work, for example, about underground gasification of coal, Khrushchev immediately got excited about the idea and encouraged experiments to be carried out in the Moscow region coal basin.

Khrushchev paid the main attention to the construction of the first and second stages of the metro. This was a grandiose project for those times, not only construction, but also political, since it was decided to build “the best metro in the world.” On the occasion of the solemn launch of the first stage of the metro, many builders were awarded orders, 37 of them with the Order of Lenin. The first on this list was N.S. Khrushchev. He received his first order.

During the Second Five-Year Plan, Moscow with its industrial zone became the country's largest industrial base, a center of science and higher education. It was during these years that the General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow was approved, which provided for new construction that was significant on the scale of the 1930s. The Moscow-Volga canal also required a lot of attention. Gradually, Khrushchev gained not only confidence, but also popularity. In January 1936 By decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the precision electromechanics plant in Moscow was named after N.S. Khrushchev.

During the Great Patriotic War N.S. Khrushchev was a member of the military council of the Kyiv military district, controlled the work of industry and transport of the Republic of Ukraine. While in the active army, Khrushchev paid a lot of attention to the partisan movement. There were hundreds of large and small companies operating in the republic. partisan detachments, dozens of underground regional committees functioned. Khrushchev was constantly among the troops, near the front line, in a fire-prone zone.

Khrushchev participated in the development of plans for the Red Army's counteroffensive at Stalingrad and spoke at a large rally marking the end of the Battle of Stalingrad.

According to Marshal A. Vasilevsky, Khrushchev was an energetic, courageous man, he constantly visited the troops, never stayed too long at headquarters and command posts, he tried to see and talk with people, and, I must say, people loved him.

2. KHRUSHCHEV'S REFORM. INTENTION AND PERFORMANCE.

With the death of Stalin, the country ended the period of a “pure” totalitarian regime, which had a charismatic leader, based on an active and powerful repressive apparatus, on a pervasive ideological uniformity, a regime that sought to daily control the affairs and thoughts of every individual.

With the death of Stalin, a complex, controversial, heroic, but also bloody page in the history of Soviet society ended. It entered a new stage of its development with difficulty and timidly.

In September 1953 At the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Party, Khrushchev was elected First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

Since the late 50s. The search for new approaches in economic policy is becoming increasingly active. In 1957 attempts are being made to reform the management of the national economy. Khrushchev's reform activities in general view focused on two areas of its activity:

1. Industry management.

2. Reform in agriculture.

One of the largest reorganizations was carried out in 1957. restructuring of management on a territorial basis. According to Khrushchev, central management of a large number of enterprises was unable to ensure rapid growth industrial production. A number of all-Union and Union-Republican ministries of industry and construction were abolished. With the exception of aviation, shipbuilding, radio engineering and chemical.

Instead, territorial administrations were established - Councils of the National Economy (SNH). The organization of economic councils had some effect, in particular, counter transportation was reduced, and many small industries that duplicated each other at enterprises of different ministries were closed. There has been some reduction in administrative and management personnel in production. Inter-industry equipment repair enterprises have been created. Management bodies have moved closer to enterprises.

However, there were no fundamental changes in economic development. Enterprises, instead of the petty tutelage of ministries, received the petty tutelage of economic councils. Parochial orders have noticeably intensified. With the liquidation of a number of ministries, the unity of technical policy and scientific and technological progress of the industry as a whole was disrupted.

In this regard, republican councils of the national economy were formed. But they did not eliminate the shortcoming. Industry began to experience a slowdown in production growth and labor productivity. The management of industries turned out to be fragmented across economic regions.

October 2, 1965 The councils of the national economy were abolished and industrial ministries were again formed.

In 1959, while in the USA, N.S. Khrushchev promised to show the Americans “Kuzka’s mother” not only in science and technology, but also in agriculture. He came to the conclusion that it is possible to raise the “virgin meat land” only by solving the problem of feed production.

Khrushchev took a number of measures to expand the grain and feed supply for livestock raising and increase agricultural production. These tasks were solved mainly by administrative-command methods. The most typical of those years was the “corn epic,” when Khrushchev began intensively introducing corn into agriculture. They promoted it all the way to the Arkhangelsk region. This was an outrage not only against the centuries-old experience and traditions of peasant agriculture, but also against common sense, since the increase in corn yields was directly dependent on the level of political consciousness. Khrushchev noted at that time: “If in certain regions of the country corn is being introduced formally, and collective farms are harvesting low harvests, then it is not the climate that is to blame, but the leader. We need to replace those leaders who do not give corn the opportunity to develop to its full potential.”

Historians, in particular Danilov S.Yu. and Nikitin V.M. give the following assessment of the economic policy of Khrushchev’s reforms:

1. They were based on the voluntarism of the country's first person.

2. In terms of their goals, they were utopian and did not take into account the true state of the economy.

3. In selected areas of achieving goals, economic policy was contradictory.

4. The methods of carrying out reforms were purely command-administrative and anti-democratic. The opinion of the masses was virtually not taken into account.

The main reason for the success of the reforms was that they revived economic methods of managing the national economy and began with agriculture.

Led the country from September 7, 1953 to October 14, 1964. Positions held: First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
KHRUSHCHEV, NIKITA SERGEEVICH (1894–1971), Soviet party and statesman. Born on April 5 (17), 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, into a mining family. He received his primary education at a parochial school.

From 1908 he worked as a mechanic, boiler cleaner, was a member of trade unions, and participated in workers’ strikes. During the Civil War he fought on the side of the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he joined the Communist Party. In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines and studied at the workers' department of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Later he was engaged in economic and party work in Donbass and Kyiv. In the 1920s, the leader of the Communist Party in Ukraine was L.M. Kaganovich, and apparently Khrushchev made a favorable impression on him. Soon after Kaganovich left for Moscow, Khrushchev was sent to study at the Industrial Academy.

From January 1931 he was at party work in Moscow; in 1935–1938 he was the first secretary of the Moscow regional and city party committees - MK and MGK VKP(b). In January 1938 he was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo.

During World War II, Khrushchev served as a political commissar of the highest rank (a member of the military councils of a number of fronts) and in 1943 received the rank of lieutenant general; led partisan movement behind the front line. In the first post-war years, he headed the government in Ukraine, while Kaganovich headed the party leadership of the republic. In December 1947, Khrushchev again headed the Communist Party of Ukraine, becoming the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine; He held this post until he moved to Moscow in December 1949, where he became the first secretary of the Moscow Party Committee and secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (kolkhozes). This campaign led to a reduction in the number of collective farms within a few years from about 250 thousand to less than 100 thousand. In the early 1950s, he hatched even more radical plans. Khrushchev wanted to turn peasant villages into agricultural cities, so that collective farmers would live in the same houses as workers and would not have personal plots. Khrushchev's speech on this matter, published in Pravda, was refuted the next day in an editorial that emphasized the controversial nature of the proposals. And yet, in October 1952, Khrushchev was appointed one of the main speakers at the 19th Party Congress.

After the death of Stalin, when the Chairman of the Council of Ministers G.M. Malenkov left the post of Secretary of the Central Committee, Khrushchev became the “master” of the party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of First Secretary. In order to eliminate Beria, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953 he took the post of first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

In the first years after Stalin's death, there was talk of "collective leadership", but soon after the arrest of Beria in June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won. At the beginning of 1954, he announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production, and in October of the same year he headed the Soviet delegation in Beijing.

The reason for Malenkov's resignation from the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers in February 1955 was that Khrushchev managed to convince the Central Committee to support the course of the primary development of heavy industry, and therefore the production of weapons, and to abandon Malenkov's idea to give priority to the production of consumer goods. Khrushchev appointed N.A. Bulganin to the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers, securing for himself the position of the first figure in the state.

The most striking event in Khrushchev’s career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. In a report at the congress, he put forward the thesis that war between capitalism and communism is not “fatally inevitable.” At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and erroneous policies that almost ended in the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. The result of this report was unrest in the Eastern bloc countries - Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956).

These events undermined Khrushchev's position, especially after it became clear in December 1956 that the implementation of the five-year plan was being disrupted due to insufficient capital investment. However, at the beginning of 1957, Khrushchev managed to convince the Central Committee to accept a plan for reorganizing industrial management at the regional level.

In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly Politburo) of the CPSU Central Committee organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of first secretary of the party. After his return from Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the Central Committee, which overturned the decision of the Presidium and dismissed the “anti-party group” of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich. (At the end of 1957, Khrushchev dismissed Marshal G.K. Zhukov, who supported him in difficult times.) He strengthened the Presidium with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the post of chairman of the Council of Ministers, taking into his own hands all the main levers of power.

In 1957, after successful tests of the intercontinental ballistic missile and the launch of the first satellites into orbit, Khrushchev issued a statement demanding that Western countries “end the Cold War.” His demands for a separate peace treaty with East Germany in November 1958, which would have included a renewed blockade of West Berlin, led to an international crisis. In September 1959, President D. Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the United States.

After traveling around the country, Khrushchev negotiated with Eisenhower at Camp David. The international situation warmed up noticeably after Khrushchev agreed to push back the deadline for resolving the Berlin issue, and Eisenhower agreed to convene a high-level conference that would consider this issue. The summit meeting was scheduled for May 16, 1960. However, on May 1, 1960, a US U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was shot down in the airspace over Sverdlovsk, and the meeting was disrupted.

The “soft” policy towards the United States involved Khrushchev in a hidden, albeit harsh, ideological debate with the Chinese communists, who condemned the negotiations with Eisenhower and did not recognize Khrushchev’s version of “Leninism.” In June 1960, Khrushchev made a statement about the need for “further development” of Marxism-Leninism and taking into account changed historical conditions in the theory. In November 1960, after a three-week discussion, the congress of representatives of the communist and workers' parties adopted a compromise decision that allowed Khrushchev to conduct diplomatic negotiations on issues of disarmament and peaceful coexistence, while calling for an intensification of the fight against capitalism by all means except military.

In September 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States for the second time as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the assembly, he managed to hold large-scale negotiations with the heads of government of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly called for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism and the admission of China to the UN.

In June 1961, Khrushchev met with US President John Kennedy and again expressed his demands regarding Berlin. During the summer of 1961, Soviet foreign policy became increasingly harsh, and in September the USSR broke the three-year moratorium on testing nuclear weapons, carrying out a series of explosions.

In the fall of 1961, at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU, Khrushchev attacked communist leaders Albania (who were not at the congress) for continuing to support the philosophy of “Stalinism”. By this he also meant the leaders of communist China. On October 14, 1964, by the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as 1st Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. He was replaced by L.I. Brezhnev, who became the first secretary of the Communist Party, and A.N. Kosygin, who became chairman of the Council of Ministers.

After 1964, Khrushchev, while retaining his seat on the Central Committee, was essentially in retirement. He formally dissociated himself from the two-volume work Memoirs published in the USA under his name (1971, 1974). Khrushchev died in Moscow on September 11, 1971.

See also:
. KHRUSHCHEV NIKITA SERGEEVICH (TSB)
. Khrushchev, Khryashchev or Perlmutter? FROM THE BIOGRAPHICAL CHRONICLE OF N.S. KHRUSHCHEV
1894, April 17. Born in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province.

1909. Starts working in the mines of Donbass.

1918. Joins the RCP(b).

1929. Admission to study at the Industrial Academy in Moscow.

1932–1934. Work as second and then first secretary of the Moscow city and second secretary of the Moscow regional party committees.

1934. Elected member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

1935. Elected first secretary of the Moscow regional and city party committees.

1938, January. Elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Becomes a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

1939, March. At the Plenum after the end of the XVIII Party Congress, he was elected a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

1941–1945. Member of the Military Council of the Kyiv Special Military District, South-Western Direction, Stalingrad, Southern and 1st Ukrainian Fronts.

1947, March–December. Works as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR. December. Re-elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

1949, December. Elected Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and First Secretary of the Moscow Regional Party Committee.

1952, October. Speaks at the 19th Party Congress with a report “On changes in the Charter of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).” After the end of the 19th Party Congress, he was elected a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee, Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

1953, March 5. Heads the commission for organizing Stalin's funeral. 5th of March. Relieved of duties as First Secretary of the CPSU MC in order to concentrate on work as Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. September. At the Plenum of the Party Central Committee, he is elected First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

1954, February 23. At the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee he makes a report “On the further increase in grain production in the country and on the development of virgin and fallow lands.”

1956, February 14. Speaks at the 20th Party Congress with the Report of the CPSU Central Committee. 25 February. Speaks at a closed meeting of the 20th Party Congress with a report “On the cult of personality and its consequences.” At the Plenum of the Central Committee after the end of the 20th Party Congress, he is elected a member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

1957, June 22–29. The confrontation of Khrushchev and his supporters with the “anti-party group” of Malenkov, Kaganovich, Molotov at the extraordinary Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee.

1959, January 27. Speaks at the extraordinary XXI Congress of the CPSU with a report “On the target figures for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1959–1965.”

September 15-27. Makes the first official visit to the United States in the history of Soviet-American relations as the head of the Soviet government.

1961, April 14. A ceremonial meeting at the Vnukovo airfield in Moscow of Yu.A. Gagarin. In the evening - a government reception in the Kremlin in honor of the first cosmonaut and Khrushchev's speech at it. 17 October. Speaks at the XXII Congress of the CPSU with the Report of the Central Committee of the Party. October 18. He makes a report at the XXII Congress of the CPSU “On the program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.”

1962, December 12. Gives a report “Overcoming the crisis in the region” Caribbean Sea- a major victory for peace policy" at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

1970, November 10. He was forced to sign a statement for Pravda stating that he did not transmit his memoirs to the West.

1971, September 5. Suffering a third heart attack. 11 September. Death of N.S. Khrushchev in the Central Clinical Hospital of Moscow.

Source of information: A.A. Dantsev. Rulers of Russia: 20th century. Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix publishing house, 2000. Events during the reign of Khrushchev:
1955 - The Warsaw Pact is signed.
1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU with condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult
1956 - suppression of the uprising in Budapest, Hungary
1957 - an unsuccessful attempt to remove Nikita Khrushchev by an “anti-party group” led by Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich and Shepilov, who “joined them”
1957 - On October 4, the world's first artificial Earth satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched
1958 - crop failure
1959 - VI World Festival of Youth and Students
1960 - Khrushchev announces that communism will be built by 1980
1960 - Stalin was removed from the mausoleum.
1960 - successful flight of dogs Belka and Strelka into space
1961 - denomination by 10 times and introduction of a new type of money
1961 - renaming of Stalingrad to Volgograd
1961 - the world's first manned space flight; Yuri Gagarin became the first cosmonaut
1961 - construction of the Berlin Wall by the GDR authorities
1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis almost led to the use of nuclear weapons
1962 - shooting of a rally in Novocherkassk
1963 - construction of Khrushchev houses
1964 - October. Displacement of Khrushchev at the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee by L. I. Brezhnev.

Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich
Born: April 3 (15), 1894.
Died: September 11, 1971 (77 years old).

Biography

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (April 3, 1894, Kalinovka, Dmitrievsky district, Kursk province, Russian empire- September 11, 1971, Moscow, USSR) - First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from 1953 to 1964, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1958 to 1964. Hero of the Soviet Union, three times Hero of Socialist Labor.

The period of Khrushchev's reign is often called the "thaw": many political prisoners were released, and the activity of repressions decreased significantly compared to the period of Stalin's reign. The influence of ideological censorship has decreased. The Soviet Union has achieved great success in space exploration. Active housing construction was launched. At the same time, the name of Khrushchev is associated with the organization of the toughest anti-religious campaign in the post-war period, and a significant strengthening of punitive psychiatry, and the execution of workers in Novocherkassk, and failures in agriculture and foreign policy. The period of his reign saw the highest tension cold war from the USA. His de-Stalinization policy led to a break with the regimes of Mao Zedong in China and Enver Hoxha in Albania. However, at the same time, the Chinese People's Republic Substantial assistance was provided in the development of our own nuclear weapons and a partial transfer of the technologies for their production existing in the USSR was carried out.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev born in 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Olkhovsky volost, Dmitrievsky district, Kursk province (currently Khomutovsky district Kursk region) in the family of miner Sergei Nikanorovich Khrushchev (d. 1938) and Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushcheva (1872-1945). There was also a sister - Irina.

In the winter he attended school and learned to read and write, and in the summer he worked as a shepherd. In 1908, at the age of 14, having moved with his family to the Uspensky mine near Yuzovka, Khrushchev became an apprentice mechanic at the E. T. Bosse Machine-Building and Iron Foundry Plant, from 1912 he worked as a mechanic at the mine and, as a miner, was not taken to the front in 1914 year.

In 1918, Khrushchev joined the Bolshevik Party. Participates in Civil War. In 1918 he headed the Red Guard detachment in Rutchenkovo, then political commissar of the 2nd battalion of the 74th regiment of the 9th rifle division The Red Army on the Tsaritsyn Front. Later, instructor in the political department of the Kuban Army. After the end of the war he was engaged in economic and party work. In 1920, he became a political leader, deputy manager of the Rutchenkovsky mine in the Donbass [source not specified 1209 days].

In 1922, Khrushchev returned to Yuzovka and studied at the workers' faculty of the Dontechnikum, where he became the party secretary of the technical school. In the same year he met Nina Kukharchuk, his future wife. In July 1925, he was appointed party leader of the Petrovo-Maryinsky district of the Stalin district.

Party career

In 1929 he entered the Industrial Academy in Moscow, where he was elected secretary of the party committee. According to many allegations, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, a former classmate and Stalin’s wife, played some role in his nomination.

From January 1931, 1st secretary of the Baumansky, and from July 1931, of the Krasnopresnensky district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Since January 1932, second secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

From January 1934 to February 1938 - first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

From March 7, 1935 to February 1938 - first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Thus, from 1934 he was the 1st Secretary of the Moscow City Committee, and from 1935 he simultaneously held the position of 1st Secretary of the Moscow Committee, replacing Lazar Kaganovich in both positions, and held them until February 1938.

L. M. Kaganovich recalled: “I nominated him. I thought he was capable. But he was a Trotskyist. And I reported to Stalin that he was a Trotskyist. I spoke when they elected him to MK. Stalin asks: “What about now?” I say: “He is fighting the Trotskyists. Actively performs. He fights sincerely." Stalin then: “You will speak at the conference on behalf of the Central Committee, that the Central Committee trusts him.”

As 1st Secretary of the Moscow City and Regional Committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, he was one of the organizers of the NKVD terror in Moscow and the Moscow region. However, there is a widespread misconception about Khrushchev’s direct participation in the work of the NKVD troika, “which handed down death sentences to hundreds of people a day.” Allegedly, Khrushchev was a member of it together with S. F. Redens and K. I. Maslov. Khrushchev was indeed approved by the Politburo as a member of the NKVD troika by Politburo resolution P51/206 dated 07/10/1937, but already on 07/30/1937 he was replaced in the troika by A.A. Volkov. In the NKVD Order No. 00447 dated July 30, 1937, signed by Yezhov, Khrushchev’s name is not included in the Moscow troika. No “execution” documents signed by Khrushchev as part of the “troikas” have yet to be found in the archives. However, there is evidence that, by order of Khrushchev, the state security agencies (headed by a man loyal to him as the First Secretary, Ivan Serov) cleaned the archives of documents compromising Khrushchev, which speak not just about Khrushchev’s execution of Politburo orders, but that Khrushchev himself played a leading role in the repressions in Ukraine and Moscow, which he headed at different times, demanding that the Center increase the limits on the number of repressed persons, which Stalin refused (see Vladimir Semichastny. A restless heart. Chapter “Lubyanka”).

In 1938, N. S. Khrushchev became the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine and a candidate member of the Politburo, and a year later a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b). In these positions he proved himself to be a merciless fighter against “enemies of the people.” In the late 1930s alone, more than 150 thousand party members were arrested in Ukraine under him.

During the Great Patriotic War, Khrushchev was a member of the military councils of the South-Western direction, South-Western, Stalingrad, Southern, Voronezh and 1st Ukrainian fronts. He was one of the culprits of the catastrophic encirclement of the Red Army near Kiev (1941) and near Kharkov (1942), fully supporting the Stalinist point of view. In May 1942, Khrushchev, together with Golikov, made the Headquarters decision on the offensive of the Southwestern Front. The headquarters said clearly: the offensive will end in failure if there are not sufficient funds. On May 12, 1942, the offensive began - the Southern Front, built in linear defense, retreated, because Soon, Kleist’s tank group began an offensive from the Kramatorsk-Slavyansky region. The front was broken through, the retreat to Stalingrad began, and more divisions were lost along the way than during the summer offensive of 1941. On July 28, already on the approaches to Stalingrad, Order No. 227, called “Not a step back!” was signed. The loss near Kharkov turned into a great disaster - Donbass was taken, the Germans’ dream seemed a reality - they failed to cut off Moscow in December 1941, a new task arose - to cut off the Volga oil road.

In October 1942, an order signed by Stalin was issued abolishing the dual command system and transferring commissars from command personnel to advisers. Khrushchev was in the front command echelon behind Mamayev Kurgan, then at the tractor factory.

He finished the war with the rank of lieutenant general.

In the period from 1944 to 1947, he worked as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, then was again elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. According to the memoirs of General Pavel Sudoplatov, Khrushchev and the Minister of State Security of Ukraine S. Savchenko in 1947 turned to Stalin and the Minister of State Security of the USSR Abakumov with a request to sanction the murder of the Bishop of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church Theodor Romzha, accusing him of collaborating with the underground Ukrainian national movement and “ secret emissaries of the Vatican." As a result, Romzha was killed.

Since December 1949 - again first secretary of the Moscow regional (MK) and city (MGK) committees and secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

Supreme Leader of the USSR

On the last day of Stalin's life, March 5, 1953, at the Joint meeting of the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council, chaired by Khrushchev, it was recognized as necessary that he concentrate on work in the party Central Committee.

Khrushchev was the leading initiator and organizer of the removal from all posts and arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in June 1953.

In 1954, a decision was made by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to transfer the Crimean region and the city of union subordination Sevastopol to the Ukrainian SSR. Khrushchev's son Sergei Nikitich, in an interview with Russian television via teleconference from the United States on March 19, 2014, explained, citing his father's words, that Khrushchev's decision was related to the construction of the North Crimean water canal from the Kakhovka reservoir on the Dnieper and the desirability of conducting and financing large-scale hydraulic engineering work within one union republic .

At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, Khrushchev made a report on the cult of personality of J.V. Stalin and mass repressions.

In June 1957, during a four-day meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, a decision was made to relieve N.S. Khrushchev from his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. However, a group of Khrushchev’s supporters from among the members of the CPSU Central Committee, led by Marshal Zhukov, managed to intervene in the work of the Presidium and achieve the transfer of this issue to the consideration of the plenum of the CPSU Central Committee convened for this purpose. At the June 1957 plenum of the Central Committee, Khrushchev's supporters defeated his opponents from among the members of the Presidium. The latter were branded as “an anti-party group of V. Molotov, G. Malenkov, L. Kaganovich and D. Shepilov who joined them” and removed from the Central Committee (later, in 1962, they were expelled from the party).

Four months later, in October 1957, on Khrushchev’s initiative, Marshal Zhukov, who supported him, was removed from the Presidium of the Central Committee and relieved of his duties as Minister of Defense of the USSR.

Since 1958, simultaneously Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

The apogee of N. S. Khrushchev’s reign is called the XXII Congress of the CPSU (1961) and the new party program adopted at it.

Removal from power

The October plenum of the CPSU Central Committee of 1964, organized in the absence of N. S. Khrushchev, who was on vacation, relieved him of party and government posts “for health reasons.”

Leonid Brezhnev, who replaced Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, according to the statements of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (1963-1972) Pyotr Efimovich Shelest, suggested that the Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V. E. Semichastny physically get rid of Khrushchev:

“I told Podgorny that I met in Zheleznovodsk with V. E. Semichastny, the former chairman of the KGB of the USSR during the preparation of the 1964 Plenum of the Central Committee. Semichastny told me that Brezhnev offered him to physically get rid of N.S. Khrushchev by arranging a plane crash, a car accident, poisoning or arrest. Podgorny confirmed all this and said that Semichastny and them all these “options” for eliminating Khrushchev were rejected...

All this will become known someday! And what will “our leader” look like in this light?” Former deputy head of the CPSU Central Committee department for relations with communist and workers’ parties of socialist countries Nikolai Mesyatsev recalls:

“The Plenum was not a conspiracy; all statutory norms were observed. Khrushchev was elected to the post of First Secretary by the Plenum. The plenum released him. At one time, the Plenum recommended that the Supreme Soviet of the USSR appoint Khrushchev to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers. And in October 1964, the Plenum made a recommendation to the Supreme Council to remove him from this post. Already before the Plenum, at a meeting of the Presidium, Khrushchev himself admitted: it was impossible for him to continue to remain at the helm of the state and the party. So the members of the Central Committee acted not only lawfully, but also for the first time in Soviet history parties boldly, in accordance with their convictions, moved to remove a leader who had made many mistakes and how political leader no longer fit for purpose." After this, Nikita Khrushchev retired. I recorded multi-volume memoirs on a tape recorder. He condemned their publication abroad. Khrushchev died on September 11, 1971

After Khrushchev’s resignation, his name was “unmentioned” for more than 20 years (like Stalin, Beria and Malenkov); in big Soviet encyclopedia accompanied him a brief description of: “There were elements of subjectivism and voluntarism in his activities.”

During the years of “perestroika”, discussion of Khrushchev’s activities became possible again; the role of the “Khrushchev thaw” as a forerunner of perestroika was emphasized, at the same time attention was drawn to the role of Khrushchev in the repressions, and to negative sides his leadership. Soviet magazines published “Memoirs” of Khrushchev, written by him in retirement.

Family

Nikita Sergeevich was married twice (according to unconfirmed reports - three times). In total, N.S. Khrushchev had five children: two sons and three daughters. In his first marriage he was with Efrosinya Ivanovna Pisareva, who died in 1920.

Children from first marriage:
Leonid Nikitich Khrushchev (November 10, 1917 - March 11, 1943) - military pilot, died in an air battle. His first wife was Rosa Treyvas; the marriage was short-lived and annulled by personal order of N. S. Khrushchev. The second wife, Lyubov Illarionovna Sizykh (December 28, 1912 - February 7, 2014), lived in Kyiv and was arrested in 1943 on charges of “espionage.” She was sent to camps for five years. In 1948, she was sent into exile in Kazakhstan. She was finally released in 1956. In this marriage, a daughter, Julia, was born in 1940. IN civil marriage Leonida and Esther Naumovna Etinger had a son, Yuri (1935-2004).
Yulia Nikitichna Khrushcheva (1916-1981) - was married to Viktor Petrovich Gontar, director of the Kyiv Opera.

The next wife, Nina Petrovna Kukharchuk, was born on April 14, 1900 in the village of Vasilev, Kholm province (now the territory of Poland). The wedding took place in 1924, but the marriage was officially registered in the registry office only in 1965. The first of the wives of Soviet leaders to officially accompany her husband at receptions, including abroad. She died on August 13, 1984, and was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

Children from the second (possibly third) marriage:
The first daughter from this marriage died in infancy.
Daughter Rada Nikitichna (by her husband - Adzhubey), was born in Kyiv on April 4, 1929. She worked at the journal Science and Life for 50 years. Her husband was Alexey Ivanovich Adzhubey, Chief Editor newspaper "Izvestia".
Son Sergei Nikitich Khrushchev was born in 1935 in Moscow, graduated from school No. 110 with a gold medal, rocket systems engineer, professor, worked at OKB-52. Since 1991 he has lived and taught in the USA, now a citizen of this state. Sergei Nikitich had two sons: the eldest Nikita, the youngest Sergei. Sergey lives in Moscow. Nikita died in 2007.
Daughter Elena was born in 1937.

The Khrushchev family lived in Kyiv in the former Poskrebyshev house, at a dacha in Mezhyhirya; in Moscow, first on Maroseyka, then in the Government House (“House on the Embankment”), on Granovsky Street, in the state mansion on the Lenin Hills (now Kosygina Street), during evacuation - in Kuibyshev, after resignation - at the dacha in Zhukovka-2.

Criticism

Counterintelligence veteran Boris Syromyatnikov recalls that the head of the Central Archive, Colonel V.I. Detinin, spoke about the destruction of documents that compromised N.S. Khrushchev as one of the organizers of mass repressions.

There are also materials reflecting a sharply critical attitude towards Khrushchev in various professional and intellectual circles. Thus, V.I. Popov, in his book expressing the views of the diplomatic community, writes that Khrushchev “found pleasure in humiliating diplomats, and he himself was an illiterate person.”
Death penalties for economic crimes: application of the law “retroactively.”
V. Molotov criticized Khrushchev’s peace initiatives: - Now we have taken off our pants in front of the West. It turns out that the main goal is not the fight against imperialism, but the fight for peace.
The initiator of the transfer of Crimea from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, Vladimir Putin said in his Crimean speech in 2014, “was Khrushchev personally.” According to the Russian President, only the motives that motivated Khrushchev remain a mystery: “the desire to enlist the support of the Ukrainian nomenklatura or to make amends for organizing mass repressions in Ukraine in the 1930s.”

Memory

In Moscow, on the house where N. S. Khrushchev lived (Starokonyushenny Lane, 19) on June 18, 2015, a memorial plaque was installed.
In 1959, a USSR Postage Stamp was issued, dedicated to the visit of N. S. Khrushchev to the USA.
In 1964, two postage stamps were issued in the GDR in honor of N. S. Khrushchev’s visit to this country.
The Republican Stadium in Kyiv was named after Khrushchev during his reign.
During Khrushchev’s life, the city of the builders of the Kremenchug hydroelectric power station (Kirovograd region of Ukraine) was briefly named after him, which was renamed Kremges during his tenure (1962), and then (1969) Svetlovodsk.
Until 1957, the 40th Anniversary of October Street in Ufa bore the name of N. S. Khrushchev.
In the city of Kursk, an avenue is named after Khrushchev.
In the capital of the Republic of Kalmykia, the city of Elista, a street is named after Khrushchev.
In the capital of the Republic of Ingushetia, the city of Magas, a street is named after Khrushchev.
In the capital of the Chechen Republic - the city of Grozny in 1991-1995 and 1996-2000, a square was named after Khrushchev (now - Minutka Square). In 2000, the former Ordzhonikidze Square was named after him.
In 2005, in one of the farms in the Gulkevichi district Krasnodar region erected a monument to Khrushchev. On a white marble column, topped with a bust of a politician, there is an inscription: “To the great ascetic of corn Nikita Khrushchev”
On September 11, 2009, in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk region, a monument by sculptor Nikolai Tomsky was erected.

1. Childhood and adolescence
2. At the head of the USSR
3. Foreign policy
4. Reforms within the country
5. Death
6. Personal life
7. Biography score

Bonus

• Other biography options
• Interesting Facts

Childhood and adolescence

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 3 (15), 1894, in the village of Kalinovka, in the Kursk province, into a miner’s family.

In the summer he helped his family by working as a shepherd. In winter I studied at school. In 1908, he became an apprentice to a mechanic at the E.T. Bosse machine-building and iron foundry plant. In 1912 he began working as a mechanic at a mine. For this reason, in 1914 he was not taken to the front.

In 1918 he joined the Bolsheviks and took direct part in the Civil War. After 2 years he graduated from the army party school and participated in military events in Georgia.

In 1922 he became a student at the workers' department of the Dontechnikum in Yuzovka. In the summer of 1925, he became the party leader of the Petrovo-Maryinsky district of the Stalin district.

At the head of the USSR

Khrushchev took the initiative to remove and subsequently arrest L.P. Beria.

At the 20th Congress of the CPSU, he exposed the cult of personality of J.V. Stalin.

In October 1957, he took the initiative to remove Marshal G.K. Zhukov from the Presidium of the Central Committee and relieve him of his duties in the Ministry of Defense.

March 27, 1958 He was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. At the 22nd Congress of the CPSU he came up with the idea new program parties. She was accepted.

Foreign policy

Studying short biography Nikita Khrushchev Sergeevich , you should know that he was a prominent player on the foreign policy scene. He has repeatedly taken the initiative for simultaneous disarmament with the United States and an end to nuclear weapons testing.

In 1955 he visited Geneva and met with D. D. Eisenhower. From September 15 to 27, he visited the United States and spoke at the UN General Assembly. His bright, emotional speech went down in world history.

On June 4, 1961, Khrushchev met with D. Kennedy. This was the first and only meeting between the two leaders.

Reforms within the country

During Khrushchev's reign, the state economy turned sharply towards the consumer. In 1957, the USSR found itself in a state of default. Most citizens lost their savings.

In 1958, Khrushchev took the initiative against private farming. Since 1959, people living in the villages have been prohibited from keeping livestock. The personal livestock of collective farm residents was bought by the state.

Against the backdrop of mass slaughter of livestock, the situation of the peasantry worsened. In 1962, the “corn campaign” began. 37,000,000 hectares were sown, but only 7,000,000 hectares managed to mature.

Under Khrushchev, a course was set for the development of virgin lands and the rehabilitation of victims Stalin's repressions. The principle of “permanence of personnel” was gradually implemented. The heads of the union republics received more independence.

In 1961, the first manned space flight took place. In the same year, the Berlin Wall was erected.

Death

After being removed from power, N.S. Khrushchev lived in retirement for some time. He passed away on September 11, 1971. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Personal life

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was married 3 times. With my first wife , E.I. Pisareva, he lived in marriage for 6 years, until her death from typhus in 1920.

Khrushchev's great-granddaughter, Nina, now lives in the USA.

Other biography options

• In 1959, during the American National Exhibition, Khrushchev tried Pepsi-Cola for the first time, unwittingly becoming the advertising face of this brand, since the next day all publications in the world published this photo.
• Khrushchev’s famous phrase about “Kuzka’s mother” was translated verbatim. IN English version it sounded like “Mother of Kuzma,” which took on a new, ominous connotation.

Biography score

New feature! The average rating this biography received. Show rating