COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (Comintern, International 3rd), international organization, which united the communist parties of various countries in 1919-1943. He declared himself the historical successor of the 1st International and the heir to the best traditions of the 2nd International. For the first time, the idea of creating the 3rd International was expressed by V. I. Lenin in November 1914 in the manifesto of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) "War and Russian Social Democracy." The Communist International was founded at the 1st (Constituent) Congress, held on March 2-6, 1919 in Moscow. The Congress was attended by 52 delegates from 35 parties and groups from 21 countries. In November 1919 created youth organization Communist International - Youth Communist International. Since its inception, the Communist International has positioned itself as a counterbalance to international organizations founded after the 1st World War by right-wing and centrist Social Democratic parties, which were previously represented in the 2nd International (Berne International, International 2 1/2, Socialist working international). The leading role in the Communist International was played by the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) [RCP (b); from 1925 All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), VKP (b)]. In 1919-26 the Communist International was headed by G.E. Zinoviev, in 1926-29 - by N.I. Bukharin, from 1935 - by G. Dimitrov. The political platform of the Communist International adopted by the 1st Congress noted that its task is to unite all revolutionary forces and ensure international solidarity of the working people in the conditions of the victory that began as a result. October revolution 1917 in Russia, the era of the collapse of capitalism and the communist revolution of the proletariat.
At the 2nd Congress of the Communist International (19.7-7.8.1920, Petrograd, Moscow), 21 conditions for admission to the Communist International were developed and approved (these included a complete break with the reformists and centrists, recognition of democratic centralism as the main organizational principle of the party, etc. ). The Congress adopted the Charter of the Communist International, based on the principle of democratic centralism, and also formed a governing body - the Executive Committee (ECCI).
In the conditions of a revolutionary recession, the 3rd Congress of the Communist International (22.6-12.7.1921, Moscow) outlined a program for the restructuring of the communist movement and set the task of creating a united front of the working class, including by reaching a compromise with others political currents and organizations. Delegates from Germany, Austria, Italy and Czechoslovakia tried to oppose this line, formulated by V. I. Lenin, with the "theory of the offensive" (refusal of political compromises), but it was rejected. The issues of creating a united front of the working class were discussed at the conference of the three Internationals (3rd, 2 1/2 and Berne) convened on April 2-5, 1922 in Berlin at the initiative of the Communist International, but the agreements reached there on unity of action were not fulfilled.
At the 4th Congress of the Communist International (5.11 - 5.12.1922, Petrograd, Moscow), the discussion of the tactics of the international communist movement, overcoming the split in the trade union movement was continued, the slogan of struggle for the creation of a "workers' government" countries - the formation of a united anti-imperialist front, uniting national patriotic forces. Considerable attention at the congress was paid to the issues of the fight against the threat of fascism.
The 5th Congress of the Communist International (17.6-8.7.1924, Moscow) went down in history as the Congress of the Struggle for Bolshevization of the Communist Parties. The parties - members of the Communist International were given the task, relying on the experience of the Russian Bolsheviks, to achieve mass character, organizational cohesion, firm adherence to the principles of revolutionary Marxism, rejection of dogmatism and sectarianism, the transformation of each party into a national political force capable of independently acting in specific conditions in its own countries. At the same time, the Congress tried to formulate methods common for all parties to apply the tactics of a united front (later, the Communist International itself qualified this decision as an excessive stereotyping, fettering the initiative of the Communist parties). The theses of the 5th Congress of the Communist International also contained a provision on the absence in essence of a difference between social democracy and fascism, the adherence to which subsequently caused significant harm to the practice of unity of action.
After the death of V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky and his supporters openly opposed Lenin's theory of the possibility of building socialism in a single country, tried to impose on the Communist International a line of artificially "pushing" the world revolution. At the Seventh Extended Plenum of the ECCI in December 1926, in a resolution adopted on the basis of a report by J.V. Stalin, Trotskyism was condemned as a petty-bourgeois Social-Democratic deviation in the international labor movement.
At the 6th Congress of the Communist International (17.7-1.9.1928, Moscow), the Program of the Communist International was adopted, which noted the approach of a new period of sharp exacerbation of the contradictions of capitalism and the rise of the revolutionary movement. The Congress directed the Communist parties to prepare for a possible acute socio-political crisis in the capitalist countries, but proceeded only from the prospects of the proletarian revolution as the immediate task of the day and underestimated the threat of fascism. On the eve of the expected revolutionary upheavals, the Comintern called for an intensification of the struggle against the reformism of social democracy, against the threat of a new world war, and for the defense of the USSR from the "international bourgeoisie." The Congress characterized Trotskyism as a counter-revolutionary trend, while condemning the right deviation in the international communist movement, whose representatives overestimated the degree of stabilization of capitalism, tried to prove the possibility of an "organized" stage of its development.
The world economic crisis of 1929-33 and the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in Germany put the Communist Party in front of problems that were not foreseen in the previous decisions of the Communist International, revealed the inadequacy of a number of previously developed tactical guidelines and recommendations. At the 13th plenum of the ECCI (November - December 1933), the slogan of uniting all democratic forces, broad strata of the people and, above all, the achievement of the unity of the working class as the main means of struggle.
The strategy and tactics of the international communist movement in the new conditions were developed at the 7th Congress of the Communist International (25.7-20.8.1935, Moscow). The Congress defined the class essence of fascism in power as "an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinistic and most imperialist elements of finance capital," and also stated that the political crisis of the early 1930s created a new alternative - fascism or bourgeois democracy. In this regard, the question was raised of changing the attitude towards social democracy (taking into account also the change in the attitude of the social democratic parties to cooperation with the communists) while maintaining the ultimate goal of the communist movement - the struggle for the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism. The 7th Congress of the Communist International defined the creation of a united popular front - a broad class coalition against fascism and war - and the basis for the formation of a democratic government as a priority task. The Congress noted that, in its development, this power, given favorable conditions, could develop into a democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry, which in turn paves the way for the dictatorship of the proletariat. One of the central questions of the 7th Congress was the question of the struggle against the outbreak of a new world war. Congress characterized German Nazism, Italian fascism and Japanese militarism as the main warmongers of the war, criticized the policies of appeasement of the aggressors by the governments of Western democratic powers and categorically rejected claims that the communists want war in the expectation that it will bring revolution.
After the 7th Congress of the Communist International, the communist parties in a number of countries fought to expand their influence among broad strata of the population. In France, the Popular Front (created in 1935) won the parliamentary elections in 1936; in Spain, it became one of the main active forces of the Spanish Revolution of 1931-39. In order to restore the unity of the trade union movement, the communist-led Red trade unions, which were part of the Red International of Trade Unions (Profintern), began to join the general trade unions of their countries, and in 1937 the Profintern was disbanded. In 1935-39 the ECCI repeatedly proposed to the leadership of the Socialist Workers' International to join efforts in the struggle against fascism and war, but a common platform was never worked out. In the second half of the 1930s, many responsible workers of the apparatus of the Communist International in the USSR were subjected to repressions, and the Communist Party of Poland was disbanded by the decision of the Communist International.
In the conditions of World War II, the difference in situations in different countries and regions of the world made it inexpedient and in many ways impossible to lead the world communist movement from a single center. To ensure the closest possible interaction of all national and international forces ready to fight against fascism, to intensify cooperation within the framework of the anti-Hitler coalition, it was necessary to eliminate the reason for accusing the USSR of interfering in the internal affairs of other countries through the communist parties led by it. For these reasons, the Presidium of the ECCI in May 1943 decided to dissolve the Communist International, which was approved by all its sections.
Source: Comintern and World War II. M., 1994-1998. Ch. 1-2; VKP (b), the Comintern and the national revolutionary movement in China. Documentation. M., 1994-2007. T. 1-5; Comintern and Latin America. M., 1998; The Comintern and the idea of a world revolution. Documentation. M., 1998; The Comintern and the Spanish Civil War. M., 2001; VKP (b), Comintern and Japan. 1917-1941. M., 2001; Comintern and Africa. Documentation. M., 2003; Comintern and Finland. 1919-1943. M., 2003; VKP (b), Comintern and Korea. 1918-1941. M., 2007.
Lit .: Communist International. A brief historical sketch. M., 1969; Vatlin A. Yu. Comintern: the first ten years. Historical sketches. M., 1993; James C.L.R. World revolution 1917-1936: the rise and fall of the Communist International. 3rd ed. Atlantic Highlands, 1993; International communism and the Communist International 1919-1943 / Ed. T. Rees, A. Thorpe. Manchester, 1999; History of the Communist International. 1919-1943. Documentary sketches / Edited by A.O. Chubaryan. M., 2002.
The Communist International was officially dissolved 75 years ago. The activities of the "world communist party" had a significant impact on the European and Russian history... During the formation of the young Soviet state, the Comintern, at the origins of which was Karl Marx, was Moscow's most important ally on the world stage, and during the years of confrontation with Nazi Germany, it acted as the ideological inspirer of the Resistance movement. How the Comintern became an instrument of the Soviet foreign policy and why the organization decided to dissolve in the midst of World War II - in the material RT.
"Workers of all countries, unite!"
September 28, 1864 is considered by historians to be the date of the formation of an organized international movement of the working class. On this day in London, about 2 thousand workers from different European countries gathered for a rally in support of the Polish uprising directed against the Russian autocracy. During the action, its participants proposed to create an international workers' organization. Karl Marx, who was in exile and was present at the meeting, was elected to the general council of the new structure.
At the request of like-minded people, the German philosopher wrote the Constituent Manifesto and the Provisional Charter of an organization called the International Working Men's Association (this was the official name of the First International). In the manifesto, Marx called on the proletarians of the whole world to conquer power, forming their own political force. He concluded the document with the same slogan as the "Manifesto of the Communist Party": "Workers of all countries, unite!"
In the years 1866-1869, the International Workers' Association held four congresses during which a number of political and economic demands were formulated. In particular, representatives of the organization demanded to establish an eight-hour working day, observe the protection of women and the ban child labor, introduce free vocational education and transfer the means of production into public ownership.
However, gradually in the ranks of the International there was a split between Marxists and anarchists, who did not like the theory of "scientific communism" by Karl Marx. In 1872, the anarchists left the First International. The split buried an organization already shaken by the defeat of the Paris Commune. It was dissolved in 1876.
In the 1880s, representatives of workers' organizations began to think about recreating an international structure. The Second International was created at the Socialist Workers' Congress in Paris, timed to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Great French Revolution. Moreover, initially both Marxists and anarchists took part in it. The paths of the left movements finally parted ways in 1896.
Until the First World War, representatives of the Second International opposed militarism, imperialism and colonialism, and also spoke about the inadmissibility of joining bourgeois governments. However, in 1914 the situation changed dramatically. Most of the members of the Second International were in favor of class peace and support for national authorities in the war. Some left-wing politicians have even joined the coalition governments at home. In addition, many European Marxists were skeptical about the prospect of a revolution in Russia, considering it a "backward" country.
All this led to the fact that the leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, Vladimir Lenin, already in the fall of 1914, began to think about creating a new international workers' organization, following the principles of internationalism.
"Socialism in one country"
In September 1915, the International Socialist Conference was held in Zimmerwald (Switzerland) with the participation of Russia, at which the nucleus of the left-wing Social Democratic parties was formed, which formed the International Socialist Commission.
In March 1919, at the initiative of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and personally Vladimir Lenin, representatives of foreign left-wing social democratic movements gathered in Moscow for the Founding Congress of the Communist International. The purpose new organization was the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of the power of the Soviets through the class struggle, and an armed uprising was not ruled out. To organize the permanent work of the Comintern, the Congress created the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI).
The formation of the Comintern led to an intensification of the political split in the European Social Democratic movement. The Second International was criticized for cooperation with bourgeois parties, participation in imperialist war and negative attitude to the Russian revolutionary experience.
In total, seven congresses of the Comintern were held in 1919-1935. During this time, the organization's ideological positions have changed a lot.
Initially, the Comintern openly called for a world revolution. The text of the manifesto of the Second Congress, held in the summer of 1920 in Petrograd, read: “ Civil War all over the world is placed on the order of the day. Its banner is Soviet power. "
However, already at the Third Congress, it was discussed that an equilibrium had been established in relations between bourgeois society and Soviet Russia, the stabilization of the capitalist system in most of Europe was recognized as a fait accompli. And the path to the world revolution should not be as straightforward as previously thought.
However, according to the expert, after the failure of a series of uprisings supported by the organization, she switched to a more moderate political line.
In the mid-1920s, representatives of the Comintern sharply criticized the European Social Democratic movement, accusing its representatives of "moderate fascism." At the same time, Joseph Stalin began to promote the theory of "socialism in one country."
He called the world revolution a strategic period that could drag on for decades, and therefore he brought economic development and the buildup of political power to the agenda. Soviet Union... This did not please Leon Trotsky and his supporters, who advocated the "traditional" Marxist understanding of the world revolution. However, already in 1926, representatives of Trotsky's faction lost key positions in the executive branch. And in 1929, Trotsky himself was expelled from the USSR.
“At the Sixth Congress of the Comintern, in 1928, they again tried to transfer the organization to active activity. A tough formula "class against class" was deduced, the impossibility of cooperation with both fascists and social democrats was emphasized, "Kolpakidi said.
But in the early 1930s, the full-scale implementation of Stalin's formula about "socialism in one country" began.
Foreign policy instrument
According to a military expert, editor-in-chief of the information and analytical center "Kassad" Boris Rozhin, in the 1930s the Comintern began to turn into a Soviet foreign policy instrument and a means of fighting fascism.
The Comintern began active work in the colonies, fighting British imperialism, historians say. According to them, at that time a significant number of those who, after the war, destroyed the world colonial system, passed training in the USSR.
“One gets the impression that Stalin was like practical person at this time he tried to intimidate potential aggressors who were ready to attack the USSR. In the Union, saboteurs were trained through the Comintern. Western counterintelligence services knew about this, but had no idea about the real scale. Therefore, the leaders of many Western countries had the feeling that if they did something against the Soviet Union, a real war would begin in their rear, ”Kolpakidi said in an interview with RT.
According to him, in the person of the Comintern, Stalin found a powerful ally of the USSR.
“These were not only workers. They were famous intellectuals, writers, journalists, scientists. Their role can hardly be overestimated. They actively lobbied for Moscow's interests around the world. Without them, there would not have been such a large-scale Resistance movement during the Second World War. In addition, the Soviet Union received invaluable closed technologies through the Comintern. They were passed on by sympathetic researchers, engineers, workers. We were "presented" with drawings of entire factories. In every sense, the support of the Comintern was the most profitable investment in the history of the USSR, ”Kolpakidi said.
The expert points out that tens of thousands of people through the Comintern went to fight as volunteers in Spain, calling it "an almost unprecedented event in world history."
However, since the mid-1930s, the Moscow leadership has declined in confidence in individual leaders of the Comintern.
“In 1935, it seems, (Wisner) gave me an invitation card to the Congress of the Comintern that was taking place in Moscow. The situation there was very unusual for that time in the USSR. The delegates, not looking at the speakers, walked around the hall, talked to each other, laughed. And Stalin walked across the stage behind the presidium and nervously smoked his pipe. It was felt that he did not like all this freedom. Perhaps this attitude of Stalin to the Comintern played a role in the arrest of many of its leaders, ”wrote Soviet statesman Mikhail Smirtyukov, who worked at that time in the Council of People's Commissars, in his memoirs.
“It was a world party, quite difficult to manage. In addition, during the war years, we began to cooperate with Britain and the United States, whose leadership was very nervous because of the activities of the Comintern, so it was decided to formally dissolve it, creating new structures on its basis, ”the expert said.
On May 15, 1943, the Comintern officially ceased to exist. Instead, the International Department of the CPSU (b) was created.
“The Comintern played a very important role in history, but its transformation was necessary. The bodies created on its basis have retained and developed all the Comintern developments in a dynamically changing international situation, ”summed up Rozhin.
From 3 to 8 September 1866, the I Congress of the First International was held in Geneva, which was attended by 60 delegates representing 25 sections and 11 workers' societies of Great Britain, France, Switzerland and Germany. During the meetings, it was decided that the trade unions should organize the economic and political struggle of the proletariat against the system of wage labor and the rule of capital. Other decisions taken included the 8-hour working day, the protection of women and the prohibition of child labor, free polytechnic education, the introduction of workers' militias instead of standing armies.
What is an international?
The International is an international organization that unites socialist, social democratic, and also some other parties in many countries. It represents the interests of the working people and is called upon to fight against the exploitation of the working class by big capital.
How many internationals were there?
1st international emerged on September 28, 1864 in London as the first massive international organization of the working class. He combined cells of 13 European countries and the USA. The union united not only the workers, but also many petty-bourgeois revolutionaries. The organization lasted until 1876. In 1850, a split occurred in the leadership of the union. The German organization called for an immediate revolution, but it was not possible to organize it out of the blue. This caused a split in the Central Committee of the union and led to the fact that repression fell on the scattered cells of the union.
Unofficial symbol of the III International (1920) Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
2nd international- the international association of socialist workers' parties, created in 1889. Members of the organization made decisions about the impossibility of an alliance with the bourgeoisie, the inadmissibility of joining bourgeois governments, held protests against militarism and war, etc. Friedrich Engels played an important role in the activities of the International until his death in 1895. During the First World War, the radical elements belonging to the association held a conference in Switzerland in 1915, laying the foundation for the Zimmerwald Association, on the basis of which the Third International (Comintern) arose.
2½ international- international workers' union socialist parties (also known as the "Double-sided International" or Vienna International). It was founded on February 22-27, 1921 in Vienna (Austria) at the conference of socialists of Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Spain, Poland, Romania, USA, France, Switzerland and other countries. 2½ the International sought to reunite all three existing internationals in order to ensure the unity of the international labor movement. In May 1923, a single Socialist Workers' International was formed in Hamburg, but the Romanian section refused to join the new association.
3rd International (Comintern)- an international organization that united the communist parties of various countries in 1919-1943. The Comintern was founded on March 4, 1919 at the initiative of the RCP (b) and its leader V.I. Lenin for the development and dissemination of the ideas of revolutionary international socialism, as opposed to the socialism of the Second International, the final break with which was caused by the difference in positions regarding the First World War and the October revolution in Russia. The Comintern was disbanded on May 15, 1943. Joseph Stalin explained such a decision that the USSR no longer makes plans to establish pro-Soviet, communist regimes on the territory of European countries. In addition, by the beginning of the 1940s, the Nazis destroyed almost all the cells of the Comintern in continental Europe.
In September 1947, Stalin gathered the socialist parties and created the Cominform, the Communist Information Bureau, as a replacement for the Comintern. Cominform ceased to exist in 1956 shortly after the XX Congress of the CPSU.
4th international- a communist international organization whose task was to implement the world revolution and build socialism. The International was founded in France in 1938 by Trotsky and his supporters, who believed that the Comintern was under the complete control of the Stalinists and was not capable of leading the international working class to its conquest. political power... The Trotskyist movement is represented in the world today by several political internationals. The most influential of these are:
- Reunited Fourth International
- International socialist trend
- Committee for the Workers' International (CWI)
- International Marxist Trend (MMT)
- International Committee of the Fourth International.
Many people know that the Communist International refers to the international organization that united the communist parties of different countries in 1919-1943. This same organization is called by some the Third International, or the Comintern.
This formation was founded in 1919, at the request of the RCP (b) and its leader V.I. Lenin for the dissemination and development of the ideas of international revolutionary socialism, which, in comparison with the reformist socialism of the Second International, was a completely opposite phenomenon. The rift between the two coalitions was due to differences in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution.
Congresses of the Comintern
The Congresses of the Comintern were not held very often. Let's consider them in order:
- First (Founding). Organized in 1919 (March) in Moscow. It was attended by 52 delegates from 35 groups and parties from 21 countries of the world.
- Second Congress. Held from July 19 to August 7 in Petrograd. At this event, a number of decisions were made on the tactics and strategy of communist activities, such as models of participation in the national liberation movement of the communist parties, on the rules for the party to join the 3rd International, the Charter of the Comintern, and so on. At that moment, the Department of International Cooperation of the Comintern was created.
- Third Congress. Held in Moscow in 1921, from June 22 to July 12. This event was attended by 605 delegates from 103 parties and structures.
- Fourth Congress. The event ran from November to December 1922. It was attended by 408 delegates, who were sent by 66 parties and enterprises from 58 countries. By the decision of the congress, the International Enterprise for Aid to the Fighters of the Revolution was organized.
- The fifth meeting of the Communist International was held from June to July 1924. The participants decided to turn the national communist parties into Bolshevik ones: to change their tactics in the light of the defeat of revolutionary uprisings in Europe.
- The Sixth Congress was held from July to September 1928. At this meeting, the participants assessed the political world situation as transitional to the newest stage. It was characterized by an economic crisis spreading across the planet and an intensification of the class struggle. The members of the Congress succeeded in developing the thesis of social fascism. They issued a statement that the political cooperation of the communists with both the right and left social democrats is impossible. In addition, during this conference, the Charter and Program of the Communist International were adopted.
- The seventh conference was held in 1935, from July 25 to August 20. The main theme of the meeting was the idea of consolidating forces and combating the growing fascist threat. During this period, the Workers' United Front was created, which was a body for coordinating the activity of workers of various political interests.
Story
In general, the communist internationals are very interesting to study. So, it is known that the Trotskyists approved the first four congresses, the supporters of left communism - only the first two. As a result of the 1937-1938 campaigns, most sections of the Comintern were liquidated. The Polish section of the Comintern was eventually officially dissolved.
Of course, political parties of the 20th century have undergone a lot of changes. Repressions against the leaders of the communist international movement, who found themselves in the USSR for one reason or another, appeared even before Germany and the USSR concluded a non-aggression pact in 1939.
Marxism-Leninism enjoyed great popularity among the people. And already at the beginning of 1937, members of the directorate of the German Communist Party G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, the leaders of the Yugoslav Communist Party M. Fillipovich, M. Gorkich were arrested. V. Chopich commanded the 15th Lincoln International Brigade in Spain, but when he returned, he was also arrested.
As you can see, the communist internationals created a large number of people. Also repressed were a prominent figure of the communist international movement, the Hungarian Bela Kun, many leaders of the Polish Communist Party - J. Pashin, E. Pruchniak, M. Kossutskaya, J. Lensky and many others. Former Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas was arrested and shot. One of the leaders of the Iranian Communist Party A. Sultan-Zade was honored with the same fate: he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, a delegate to the II, III, IV and VI Congresses.
It should be noted that the political parties of the 20th century were distinguished by a large number of intrigues. Stalin accused the leaders of the Polish Communist Party of anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, and anti-Soviet positions. His speeches were the reason for the physical reprisals against Jerzy Czecziejko-Sokhacki and other leaders of the Polish communists (1933). Some of the repressions overtook in 1937.
Marxism-Leninism, in fact, was a good teaching. But in 1938, the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to dissolve the Polish Communist Party. The founders of the Hungarian Communist Party and the leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic - F. Bayaki, D. Bocanyi, Bela Kun, I. Rabinovich, J. Kelen, L. Gavreau, S. Sabados, F. Karikash - were under the wave of repression. The Bulgarian communists who moved to the USSR were repressed: H. Rakovsky, R. Avramov, B. Stomonyakov.
The Romanian communists also began to be exterminated. In Finland, the founders of the Communist Party G. Rovio and A. Shotman, the First General Secretary K. Manner and many of their associates were repressed.
It is known that the communist internationals did not appear from scratch. More than a hundred Italian communists who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1930s suffered for their sake. They were all arrested and taken to the camps. Mass repressions did not pass by the leaders and activists of the communist parties of Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Estonia and Western Belarus (before their annexation to the USSR).
The structure of the Comintern
So, we have examined the congresses of the Comintern, and now we will consider the structure of this organization. Its Charter was adopted in August 1920. It read: "In fact, the Communist International is obliged to actually and truly represent the world unified communist party, separate branches of which operate in each state."
It is known that the leadership of the Comintern was carried out through the Executive Committee (ECCI). Until 1922, it consisted of representatives delegated by the Communist Parties. And since 1922 he was elected by the Congress of the Comintern. The Small Bureau of the ECCI appeared in July 1919. In September 1921 it was renamed the Presidium of the ECCI. The Secretariat of the ECCI was created in 1919; it dealt with personnel and organizational issues. This organization existed until 1926. And the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo) of the ECCI was created in 1921 and existed until 1926.
It is interesting that from 1919 to 1926 the Chairman of the ECCI was Grigory Zinoviev. In 1926, the post of chairman of the ECCI was abolished. Instead, the Political Secretariat of the ECCI of nine people appeared. In August 1929, the Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI was separated from this new formation. She should have been preparing various issues, which were further considered by the Political Secretariat. It included D. Manuilsky, O. Kuusinen, a representative of the Communist Party of Germany (agreed with the Central Committee of the KKE) and O. Pyatnitsky (candidate).
In 1935, a new position appeared - Secretary General ECCI. It was occupied by G. Dimitrov. The Political Commission and the Political Secretariat were abolished. The Secretariat of the ECCI was reorganized.
The International Control Commission was created in 1921. She checked the work of the ECCI apparatus, individual sections (parties) and was engaged in the audit of finances.
What organizations did the Comintern consist of?
- Profintern.
- Mezhrabpom.
- Sportintern.
- Communist Youth International (KIM).
- Krestintern.
- Women's International Secretariat.
- Association of Rebellious Theaters (international).
- Rebel Writers' Association (international).
- International of free-thinking proletarians.
- World Committee of Comrades of the USSR.
- Tenant International.
- The international organization for aid to revolutionaries was called MOPR or "Red Aid".
- Anti-imperialist League.
Disbandment of the Comintern
When did the dissolution of the Communist International take place? The date of the official liquidation of this famous organization falls on May 15, 1943. Stalin announced the dissolution of the Comintern: he wanted to impress the Western allies, convincing them that the plans to establish communist and pro-Soviet regimes on the lands of European states had collapsed. It is known that the reputation of the 3rd International by the beginning of the 1940s was very bad. In addition, in continental Europe, the Nazis suppressed and destroyed almost all cells.
Since the mid-1920s, Stalin personally and the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) have sought to dominate the Third International. This nuance played a role in the events of that time. The liquidation of almost all branches of the Comintern (except for the International of Youth and the Executive Committee) in the years (mid-1930s) also influenced. However, the 3rd International was able to save the Executive Committee: it was only renamed the World Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
In June 1947, a Paris conference on Marshall's aid was held. And in September 1947, Stalin from the socialist parties created the Cominform - the Communist Bureau of Information. It replaced the Comintern. In fact, it was a network formed from the communist parties of Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Romania and Yugoslavia (due to disagreements between Tito and Stalin, it was deleted from the lists in 1948).
Cominform was liquidated in 1956, after the end of the XX Congress of the CPSU. This organization did not have a formal legal successor, but those were the OVD and CMEA, as well as regularly held meetings of the friendly USSR workers and communist parties.
Archives of the Third International
The archive of the Comintern is stored in State Archives political and social history in Moscow. The documents are available in 90 languages: the basic working language is German. More than 80 batch reports are available.
Schools
The Third International owned:
- Communist University of China Workers (KUTK) - until September 17, 1928, it was called the Sun Yatsen University of Workers of China (UTK).
- Communist University of Workers of the East (KUTV).
- Communist University of Western National Minorities (KUNMZ).
- International Lenin School (ILSH) (1925-1938).
Institutions
The Third International ordered:
- Statistical Information Institute of the ECCI (Bureau of Varga) (1921-1928).
- Agrarian an international institution (1925-1940).
Historical facts
The creation of the Communist International was accompanied by various interesting events. So, in 1928, Hans Eisler wrote a magnificent hymn for him in German... It was translated into Russian by I. L. Frenkel in 1929. In the refrain of the work, the words: "Our slogan is the World Soviet Union!"
In general, when the Communist International was created, we already know that it was a difficult time. It is known that the command of the Red Army, together with the propaganda and agitation bureau of the Third International, prepared and published the book "Armed uprising". In 1928, this work was published in German, and in 1931 - in French. The work was written in the form of a textbook on the theory of organizing armed uprisings.
The book was created under the pseudonym A. Neuberg, its real authors were the popular leaders of the revolutionary world movement.
Marxism-Leninism
What is Marxism-Leninism? This is a philosophical and socio-political teaching about the laws of the struggle for the elimination of the capitalist order and the building of communism. It was developed by V.I. Lenin, who developed the teachings of Marx and applied it in practice. The emergence of Marxism-Leninism confirmed the significance of Lenin's contribution to Marxism.
Lenin created such an excellent teaching that in the socialist countries it became the official "ideology of the working class." Ideology was not static, it changed, adjusted to the needs of the elite. Incidentally, it also included the teachings of the regional communist leaders, which are important for the socialist powers under their leadership.
In the Soviet paradigm, the teachings of V.I. Lenin are the only true scientific system of economic, philosophical and political-social views. Marxist-Leninist teaching is capable of integrating conceptual views in relation to the study and revolutionary change of earthly space. It reveals the laws of the development of society, human thinking and nature, explains the class struggle and the forms of the transition to socialism (including the elimination of capitalism), tells about the creative activity of workers engaged in the construction of both communist and socialist society.
The largest party in the world is considered to be the Communist Party of China. She follows in her endeavors the teachings of V. I. Lenin. Its charter contains the following words: “Marxism-Leninism has found the laws of the historical evolution of mankind. His basic provisions they are always faithful and have powerful vitality. "
First International
It is known that Communist Internationals played a major role in the struggle of workers for a better life. The International Working People's Association was officially named the First International. This is the first international formation of the working class, which was established on September 28, 1864 in London.
This organization was liquidated after the split that occurred in 1872.
2nd International
The 2nd International (Worker or Socialist) was an international union of workers' socialist parties, created in 1889. It inherited the traditions of its predecessor, but since 1893 there have been no anarchists in its composition. For uninterrupted communication between party members, the Socialist International Bureau was registered in 1900, headquartered in Brussels. The International made decisions that were not binding on the parties that belonged to it.
Fourth International
The Fourth International refers to an international communist organization that is an alternative to Stalinism. It is based on the theoretical heritage of Leon Trotsky. The tasks of this formation were the implementation of the world revolution, the victory of the working class and the creation of socialism.
This International was founded in 1938 by Trotsky and his associates in France. These people believed that the Comintern was completely controlled by the Stalinists, that it was not in a position to lead the working class of the entire planet to the complete conquest of political power. That is why, in contrast, they created their own "Fourth International", whose members at that time were persecuted by agents of the NKVD. In addition, they were accused of illegitimacy by the supporters of the USSR and late Maoism, and they were crushed by the bourgeoisie (France and the USA).
This organization suffered for the first time from a split in 1940, and also from a more powerful split in 1953. Partial reunification took place in 1963, but many groups claim to be the political successors of the Fourth International.
Fifth International
What is the Fifth International? This is the term for left-wing radicals who want to create a new workers' international organization based on the ideology of Marxist-Leninist doctrine and Trotskyism. Members of this group consider themselves ascetics of the First International, the Communist Third, Trotskyist Fourth and Second.
Communism
And finally, let's figure out what the Russian Communist Party is? It is based on communism. In Marxism, this is a hypothetical economic and social system based on social equality, public property created from the means of production.
One of the most famous internationalist communist slogans is the dictum: "Workers of all countries, unite!" Few know who said these famous words for the first time. But we will reveal the secret: for the first time this slogan was expressed by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the "Manifesto of the Communist Party".
After the 19th century, the term "communism" was often used to designate the socio-economic formation that Marxists predicted in their theoretical works. It was based on social property created from the means of production. In general, the classics of Marxism believe that the communist society implements the principle "Everyone - according to their skills, to each - according to need!"
We hope that our readers will be able to understand the Communist Internationals with the help of this article.
magazine, printed organ of the Executive Committee of the Communist International; published in 1919-43 in Russian, English, French, German, Spanish. and whale. lang. He covered the most important problems of the theory and tactics of the world communist, worker and national liberation. movement in the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism. He played an important role in the struggle against militarism, fascism and war, in defense of the USSR, in exposing the reformists, Trotskyists, right deviators and other opponents of Marxism-Leninism. In the journal. were published. articles by V. I. Lenin ("The Third International and its place in history" (May 1919), "Heroes of the Berne International" (June 1919), "On the tasks of the Third International" (August 1919), etc.), as well as articles G. Dimitrov, P. Togliatti, D. Z. Manuilsky, M. Torez, E. Telman, O. Kuusinen, K. Zetkin and others V. V. Aleksandrov. Moscow.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
(Comintern, III International) - an international organization that united in 1919-1943. Communist parties of various countries. Seven congresses were held: 1st (founding) - March 1919; 2nd - July - August 1920; 3rd - June - July 1921; 4th - November - December 1922; 5th - June - July 1924; 6th - July - September 1928; 7th - July - August 1935 The governing body is the Executive Committee (ECCI), which included more than 10 delegates from the RCP (b) - VKP (b) (Ya.I. Bukharin, G.E. Zinoviev, L. M. Karakhan, M. M. Litvinov, V. V. Vorovsky, etc.) and one delegate each from other communist parties (Hungary, Poland, Germany, Austria, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Canada, China, etc.). By the end of the 1920s. more than 65 organizations from 57 countries took part in the work of the Comintern. It was used by the Bolsheviks to promote the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, political and material support for the workers' and national liberation movements in different countries, and incite the world proletarian revolution. In the conditions of the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition and in connection with the growing variety of conditions for the activities of the communist parties, it was disbanded in 1943.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Communist International
int. org-tion, uniting the Communist Party of various. countries; existed in 1919-43. In oct. 1941 apparatus of the executive committee K.I. (ECCI) and its institutions were evacuated to Bashk. Until May 1943, members worked here. of the Presidium of the ECCI K. Gottwald, G. Dimitrov, V. Kolarov, I. Koplening, O. Kuusinen, D. Manuilsky, A. Marty, V. Pik, M. Torez, Ercoli (P. Togliatti), V. Florin and other Comintern assisted the Communist Parties in the development of basic. directions of policy, personnel, propaganda materials, etc., initiated the organization and training of partisan groups from political emigrants. An important means of mobilizing the masses for the fight against fascism was the radio propaganda organized by the ECCI for the states of the fascist bloc and the occupied countries. In 1943, the transmission of nat. radios were conducted almost around the clock in 18 languages. Watered became one of the areas of practical activity of the Comintern. work among prisoners of war. In Ufa, there were issues. certain numbers. "Communist International". In with. Kushnarenkovo (near Ufa) the Comintern school worked. Prez. The ECCI in May 1943 decided to dissolve the Comintern. Lit .: Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1984. Great Patriotic War... 1941-1945. Encyclopedia. M., 1985; Yu.I. Uzikov Guardsmen of the planet. Cominternists in Bashkiria. Ufa, 1978. Yu.I. Uzikov, A.D. Kirillov
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL
Comintern, 3rd International (1919-43), - international. organization created in accordance with the needs and objectives of the revolutionary. the labor movement at the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism; arose and acted in the initial period of the great revolution. transformation of the whole world; ist. successor to the 1st International (see International 1st) and heir to the best traditions of the 2nd International (see International 2nd). The Second International, corroded from within by opportunism, openly changed its span. internationalism as soon as World War I broke out. It split mainly into two warring groupings, each of which went over to the side of its own bourgeoisie and actually rejected the slogan "Workers of all countries, unite!" The most authoritative and cohesive force in the international. working movement, staying true span. internationalism, was the RSDLP (Bolsheviks) headed by V.I. Lenin. Revealing the essence of the collapse of the Second International, Lenin showed the working class a way out of the situation created as a result of the betrayal of the opportunist. leaders: the workers' movement needed a new, revolutionary. International. "The Second International died, defeated by opportunism. Down with opportunism and long live ... the Third International!" - wrote Lenin already on November 1. 1914 (Soch., Vol. 21, p. 24). The Bolsheviks of Russia actually prepared the creation of K.I. primarily by developing a revolution. theory. Lenin exposed the imperialist. the nature of the outbreak of world war and substantiated the slogan of turning it into a civil war against the bourgeoisie of its own. countries - as the main strategic. slogan international. labor movement. Lenin's conclusion about the possibility and inevitability of the victory of the revolution initially in a few or even in one, taken separately, is capitalistic. country, formulated by him for the first time in 1915, was the largest, fundamentally new contribution to the Marxist theory of socialist. revolution. This conclusion, given to the working class by the revolutionary. perspective in a new era, was an important step in the development of theoretical. foundations of the new International. The second direction along which the Bolsheviks headed by Lenin were working to prepare a new International was the rallying of the Left Social-Democratic groups. parties that remained loyal to the cause of the working class. The Bolsheviks used a number of international conferences held in 1915. conferences (socialists of the Entente countries, women, youth) to promote their views on the issues of war, peace and revolution. They took an active part in the Zimmerwald movement of socialist-internationalists, creating in its ranks a left-wing group, which was the embryo of a new International. However, in 1917, when, under the influence of Feb. bourgeois-democratic. revolution in Russia began a stormy rise of the revolution. movement, Zimmerwald movement, which united in the main. centrists, went not forward, but backward (see. Zimmerwald Association), the Bolsheviks broke with him, refusing to send their delegates to the Stockholm Conference (Sept. 1917). World imperialistic. The war concentrated huge masses of people in the armies of the belligerent powers, bound them with a common fate in the face of death, and in the most merciless manner pushed these tens of millions, often very far from politics, with the monstrous consequences of imperialism. Deep spontaneous discontent grew on both sides of the fronts, people began to think about the reasons for the senseless mutual extermination, in which they were involuntary participants. An epiphany gradually came. The working masses, especially the belligerent states, felt more and more sharply the need to restore the internats. the unity of their ranks. Countless bloody losses, ruin and hard labor by the bourgeoisie, profiting from the war, were a difficult experience, to-ry convinced of the ruinousness of nationalism and chauvinism for the labor movement. It was chauvinism, which split the Second International, that destroyed the International. unity of the working class and thus disarmed it in the face of imperialism ready for anything. Hatred was born among the masses for those leaders of the Social Democracy who stubbornly adhered to chauvinism. positions of cooperation with "their" bourgeoisie, with "their" governments. “... Already from 1915,” Lenin pointed out, “the process of splitting the old, decayed socialist parties, the process of the proletarian masses' departure from the social-chauvinist leaders to the left, to revolutionary ideas and sentiments, to revolutionary leaders was clearly revealed in all countries "(ibid., vol. 28, p. 267). This is how the mass movement for the international. solidarity of the proletariat, for the restoration of the revolution. center of int. labor movement. This was the objective soil from which K.I. grew. However, it was possible to create it only after the victory of Vel. Oct socialist revolution. It shook the whole world, all the peoples who were looking for a way out of the bloody impasse, showed in practice what the slogan of turning war into imperialist means. in a civil war. Oct the revolution awakened the faith of the working class, people. masses in their strength and showed that they can not only end the war, but also liquidate the system, which gave rise to it. This is the source of that powerful rush of the masses, to-eye is characterized by the direct impact of Oct. revolution for the whole world. Under their pressure, the international collapsed. order, to-ry pr-va capitalists and landowners created for more than a hundred years. The emergence of the world's first socialist. state-va has created fundamentally new conditions for the struggle of the working class. The success of the victorious socialist. revolution in Russia was explained by the fact that only in Russia there was a party of a new type. In an atmosphere of powerful upsurge of the workers and national liberation. movement began the process of formation of the communist. parties and in other countries. In 1918, the communist. parties originated in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Greece, the Netherlands, Finland, Argentina. In Jan. 1919 in Moscow, under the leadership of Lenin, a meeting of representatives of the Communist Parties of Russia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Latvia, Finland, as well as the Balkan Revolution was held. s.-d. federations (Bulgarian gorges and Romanian left) and Socialist. Workers' Party of the United States. The meeting discussed the issue of convening an international conference. Congress of representatives of the revolution. span. parties and developed a draft platform for the future International. The meeting pointed out the heterogeneity of the socialist. movement. Opportunistic leaders of social democracy, relying on a narrow stratum of the so-called. labor aristocracy and "labor bureaucracy", deceived the masses with promises to fight against capitalism, without resorting to dictatorship, they suppressed the revolution. the energy of the workers, distracting them with theories of "class peace" in the name of "national unity." That is why the conference demanded to wage a merciless struggle against open opportunism - social chauvinism and at the same time recommended the tactics of a bloc with left-wing groups, the tactics of splitting off all revolutionaries. elements from the centrists, who were fact. accomplices of the renegades. Thus, already in these first decisions, which brought the creation of K.I. nearer, is visible a firm Leninist line, linking the success of the development of the revolution with the mobilization and unification of all healthy forces of the labor movement on the basis of the revolution. Marxism. But a union on such a basis could only be created by uncompromising dissociation from the ideological and political. the legacy of the decayed 2nd International. The meeting turned to 39 revolutionaries. parties, groups and trends of the countries of Europe, Asia, America and Australia with an appeal to take part in the work will establish. Congress of the New International. At the beginning of March 1919, the Founding took place in Moscow. Congress of K.I., which was attended by 52 delegates from 35 parties and groups from 30 countries of the world. Representatives of the communist took part in the work of the congress. parties from Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Finland, etc. countries, as well as a number of communist. groups (Czech, Bulgarian, Yugoslavian, English, French, Swiss, etc.). Social-Democrats were represented at the congress. parties of Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, USA, Balkan revolution. s.-d. federation, Zimmerwald left wing of France. The Congress heard reports that showed that the revolution was growing everywhere. movement that the world is in a state of deep revolution. crisis. The Congress discussed and adopted K.I.'s platform, based on the document developed by the January 1919 meeting in Moscow. The new era, which began with the victory of October, was characterized in the platform as "the era of the disintegration of capitalism, its internal disintegration, the era of the communist revolution of the proletariat." On the order of the day was the task of conquering and establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat, the path to which lies through a break with opportunism of all stripes, through the international. workers' solidarity on a new basis. In view of this, Congress recognized the need for urgency. founding K. I. Lenin's report on the bourgeois. democracy and the dictatorship of the proletariat became one of the program documents at the founding of K. I. Lenin revealed the class. the nature of the bourgeois. democracy, which stubbornly defended under the guise of "democracy in general" not only bourges. party, but also the party of the 2nd International. He showed that the bourgeois. democratic in whatever form it is carried out, there is always a class in essence. the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, the dictatorship of the minority, while the dictatorship of the proletariat, suppressing the overthrown classes in the name of the interests of the majority against the minority, means democracy for the working people. Lenin's entire report was permeated with the idea of a struggle against the bourges. democracy, and such a formulation of the question was then the only correct one: in the atmosphere of the greatest revolution. any attempts to tie the hands of the working class with references to the merits of democracy, which cover up the domination of the exploiters, played a reactionary. role. The striving of the Right Social-Democrats leaders to discredit the Sov. power by shouting about "dictatorship" and justifying intervention against it directly and openly served the cause of counter-revolution. The First Congress of K.I. determined its attitude to the Berne Conference, held by the opportunist. leaders in Feb. 1919 and formally restored the 2nd International (see Berne International). The participants in this conference went so far as to condemn Oct. revolution in Russia and even considered the issue of arms. intervention against her. Therefore, the Congress of KI called on the workers of all countries to begin the most resolute struggle against the yellow International and to warn the broad masses of the people against this "International of lies and deceit." Will establish. K.I.'s congress adopted a Manifesto to the proletarians of the whole world, in which it was said that the communists gathered in Moscow, representatives of the revolution. of the proletariat of Europe, America and Asia, feel and recognize themselves as the successors and leaders of the cause, the program of which was announced by the founders of the scientific. communism by Marx and Engels in the "Manifesto of the Communist Party". “We call upon the workers and women workers of all countries,” the congress proclaimed, “to unite under the communist banner, which is already the banner of the first great victories” (Communist International in Documents, 1933, p. 60). Assessing the role that the new International was to play, Lenin wrote in April. 1919, that K. I. "... took the fruits of the work of the Second International, cut off its opportunist, social-chauvinist, bourgeois and petty-bourgeois filth and began to exercise the dictatorship of the proletariat ... A new era began. world history ... Humanity is throwing off the last form of slavery: capitalist or wage slavery "(Soch., Vol. 29, p. 281). The creation of the Comintern was the response of the revolutionary Marxists to the demand of a new era - the era of the general crisis of capitalism, the main features of which are all were more clearly indicated in the revolutionary events of those days.KI, according to Lenin's thought, was to become an international organization designed to accelerate the creation of revolutionary parties in other countries and thereby give the decisive weapon into the hands of the entire labor movement for victory over capitalism. But at the First Congress of K.I., according to Lenin, "... the banner of communism was only hoisted around which the forces of the revolutionary proletariat were to gather" (Soch., vol. 31, p. 245). The II Congress was to carry out the complete organizational design of the new type of international fly-by organization. In the period between the I and II Congresses, the revolutionary upsurge continued to increase. June) Soviet republics arose.In England, France, S Sha, Italy, and other countries, a movement in defense of the Sov. Russia from the imperialist intervention. powers. Massive national liberation. the movement arose in colonies and semi-colonies (Korea, China, India, Turkey, Afghanistan, etc.). The process of the formation of the communist. parties: they originated in Denmark (Nov. 1919), Mexico (1919), USA (Sept. 1919), Yugoslavia (Apr. 1919), Indonesia (May 1920), Great Britain (31 July - 1 Aug 1920), Palestine (1919), Iran (June 1920) and Spain (Apr 1920). At the same time, socialist. parties of France, Italy, Independent Social-Democrats the party of Germany, the Workers' Party of Norway and others broke with the Berne International and declared their desire to join KI. Then they were basically. centrist parties and in them there were elements that carried with them into the ranks of K.I. the right danger, threatened his ideological monolithicity, edges were a necessary and obligatory condition for K.I.'s fulfillment of his ist. mission. Along with this, in pl. Communist parties, there was a threat "from the left", engendered by the youth and inexperience of the Communist parties, often inclined too hastily to solve the fundamental questions of the revolution. struggle, as well as the penetration of anarcho-syndicalist elements into the world communist. motion. If, with danger from the right, the revolutionary. the proletariat faced not for the first time, then the "left" danger, which, moreover, was covered by a very revolutionary. phrase, was less known to him. It was all the more difficult to immediately recognize its real origins and possible grave consequences. She could inflict a revolution. great harm to the movement. That is why Lenin in the spring of 1920 directed the fire of his criticism in this direction, creating his immortal book "The Childhood Illness of Leftism in Communism." East. the significance of this work lies in the fact that, having generalized in it the experience of the strategy and tactics of the revolution. the struggle of the Bolshevik Party, Lenin helped the fraternal parties to master its experience. Lenin pointed to German, English, Italian. and goll. examples of typical features of "left communism": sectarianism, leading to separation from the masses and, ultimately, to the preservation of the key positions of the labor movement in the hands of the reformists; denial of partisanship and party discipline, which meant the destruction of the party - the decisive weapon of the proletariat in the struggle for its liberation; denial of the need to work in those organizations and movements (and to be able to use them in the interests of the revolution) to which the masses are accustomed, which are recognized by them and in which they are members (trade unions, cooperatives, parliaments, municipalities, etc.). Lenin defined "leftism" as reluctance, fraught with adventurism, to prepare a political army of revolution from the mass that capitalism generated, and there is no other mass and cannot be in the conditions of the bourges. building; refusal to work with it is tantamount to refusal of the revolution, no matter how "super-revolutionary" phrases it may be justified. Unwillingness to work in the midst of the masses and learn from their experience, Lenin said, leads to tactfulness. narrowness, to dogmatic. adherence to some already known methods of struggle, deprives the party of the opportunity to correctly assess the situation and act in accordance with the specific requirements of the moment. "Right doctrinairism," Lenin emphasized, "rested on the recognition of only old forms and went bankrupt to the end, not noticing the new content. Left doctrinairism rests on the unconditional rejection of certain old forms, not seeing that the new content is making its way through all and all kinds of forms. that it is our duty, as communists, to master all forms, to learn to supplement one form with another as quickly as possible, to replace one by another, to adapt our tactics to any such change caused not by our class or not by our efforts "(ibid., p. 83) ... Lenin's book largely determined the content and direction of the work of the II Congress of K.I., held in July-August. 1920. The II Congress of KI was more representative than the first: 217 delegates from 67 organizations (including 27 Communist Parties) from 37 countries took part in its work. With the right to consult. votes at the congress were represented by socialist. the parties of Italy, France, the Independent Social-Democratic Party the party of Germany and other centrist organizations and parties. Congress heard a report by Lenin on the international. position and DOS. tasks of K.I. Having deeply analyzed the situation in the world by that time, Lenin warned of two dangers on the way of developing communist. in batches of correct tactics. On the one hand, this is an underestimation of the depth of the crisis that was tearing apart the capitalist. the system, the tendency to regard it only as a "temporary concern", and on the other hand - an overestimation of the crisis as a hopeless situation, which will automatically lead to the collapse of capitalism. Lenin gave an exhaustive and scientifically substantiated assessment of the situation and, on this basis, posed the key question of the congress: “It is necessary,” he said, “to now“ prove ”through the practice of the revolutionary parties that they have enough consciousness, organization, ties with the exploited masses, determination, skill, in order to use this crisis for a successful, victorious revolution. To prepare this "proof" and we gathered mainly at the present Congress of the Communist International "(ibid., p. 203). The experience of the revolutionary. battles of 1917-20, the experience of the victories and defeats of the proletariat showed what a huge role in the struggle the party of the working class plays, its theory, strategy and tactics, the principles of its organization. build. The Second Congress of K.I., according to Lenin, was to become a turning point in the development of the Communist Parties, to give impetus and create conditions for the formation of parties of a new type, so that this process would not lag behind the course of events and that the parties in short term managed to take root in the labor movement of their countries. It was this that dictated the need for 21 conditions for admission to K.I., approved. 6 Aug 1920 II Congress. The main conditions among these were: recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat as the main principle of the revolution. struggle and the theory of Marxism, a complete break with the reformists and centrists and their expulsion from the ranks of the party, a combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle, systematic. work in the countryside, in trade unions, in parliament, democratic. centralism as Ch. organizer the principle of the party, the binding on the party of resolutions of congresses and plenums of K.I. and its governing bodies. 21 conditions were necessary to ensure the organization. politician the foundations of the activities of both K.I. himself and the communist parties that were part of it. The conditions were based on the Leninist doctrine of a new type of party and played a huge role in forging Marxist-Leninist parties and their cadres, in the fight against opportunism and in the further development of the world communist party. movement. Compare small number of young communist parties, polit. inexperience of their personnel and theoretical. their immaturity demanded the very decision. protecting them from pressure not only from open opportunists, who threw off the revolution. the tasks of the labor movement anathematized the first flight. state, but also from the influence of sincerely mistaken, intoxicated by reformism elements, whose inconsistency and inclination to compromise with traitors is a flight. affairs excluded the possibility of unity with them. 21 conditions were the shield to-ry protected the ideological and political. the integrity of the young communist. movement. During that period, the most important problem of the international. the labor movement was to consolidate it on the positions of the revolutionary. span. internationalism. Span requirements. internationalism in that situation consisted primarily of the selfless support of the Sov. republics as unities. the country that won the socialist. revolution and nature. base of the world revolution. movement. From the side of the owls. communists flyby. internationalism was expressed in doing the maximum possible to preserve and strengthen this revolution. base and in order, relying on it, to help the working class of other countries to stand firmly on the revolution. the path of struggle against capitalism. 21 conditions just contained the necessary and absolutely obligatory sum of the span requirements. internationalism, to-rye and allowed K.I. to fulfill his function of the organizer of the revolution. the movement of the working class. Some of the clauses of this document were temporary and, so to speak, extraordinary in nature, while the other, basic. part, embodied the principles of Leninism, valid throughout the whole ist. era. The center parties that took part in the work of the Second Congress were unable to rise to an understanding of ist. responsibility to the labor movement, which has entered a new era in its development. They did not accept the conditions of admission to K.I. and in February. 1921 created at a conference in Vienna the so-called. Int. workers' association socialist. parties, which went down in history under the name. two-half International. This International actually played the role of a kind of dam, calculated to slow down the revolution. flow, to keep the masses from going over to the position of communism. In 1923, the 21st / 2nd International merged with the 2nd International (Bernese) into the Socialist Workers' International (Socialist International). The decisions on the nat. and columns. questions. Based on the fact that in the new ist. the era of the national liberation movement becomes part of world socialist. revolution, Congress set the task of merging the revolution. the struggle of the proletariat of the developed countries with the national liberation. the struggle of the oppressed peoples into a single anti-imperialist. flow. The emergence of socialist. state-va and its leading role in the worldwide revolution. movement opened to those fighting for the nat. independence of the peoples, huge new opportunities and, above all, the prospect of transition to socialism, bypassing the capitalist stage. development. That is why the Second Congress with all decisiveness reflected in its resolution Lenin's idea of a close alliance of all nationalities. and colonial liberation. movements with Sov. Russia. At the same time, the Congress pointed out the need to combat petty-bourgeois. nationalistic. prejudices, edges are brought to the fore as the dictatorship of the proletariat turns into an internat. strength. When determining the positions of the Communist Parties on the agr. the question, the Congress proceeded from the Leninist principles of the alliance of the proletariat and the peasantry and the inevitability after the victory of the socialist. revolution replacing the individual cross. kh-va collective, stressing, however, that in solving this problem it is necessary to act "with tremendous caution and gradualism." The Congress adopted the Charter of K.I., based on the principle of democratic. centralism, and also elected a governing body K. I. - Execute. to-t (ECCI) and other bodies. Characterizing ist. the significance of the Second Congress, Lenin said: "First, the communists had to proclaim their principles to the whole world. This was done at the First Congress. This is the first step. The second step was the organizational formation of the Communist International and the development of conditions for admission to it, - the conditions of separation in practice from the centrists, from direct and indirect agents of the bourgeoisie within the labor movement. This was done at the Second Congress "(Soch., vol. 32, p. 494). At the end of 1920 - beginning. 1921 int. the situation began to change. The first post-war began in many countries. economical crisis, taking advantage of which the bourgeoisie launched an offensive against the working class. The nature of the class. battles of the proletariat began to change - from offensive they began to turn into defensive. The rate of development of the world span. the revolution slowed down. Change in int. the situation demanded a change in KI's tactics. It was obvious that it was not possible to break world capitalism by direct assault, the "Red Guard attack". A more thorough and systematic preparation of the revolution was required, and this posed the problem of being drawn into the revolution at its full height. the struggle of the broad masses of the working people, the real mastery of all forms and methods of classes. fight. Passing to NEP, which was the first link in the implementation of Lenin's brilliant plan for building socialism in one country under capitalist conditions. encirclement, the Bolshevik party again showed a model of change in political. lines in accordance with a change in the objective situation. World imperialism managed to withstand the first onslaught of the revolutionaries. forces. Therefore, the struggle of two social forces in the world arena - capitalism and the Soviet state - was transferred to the economic plan. competitions. The main contradiction of the era found expression in it. "The fact that you have to fight with us in the field of economics is a huge progress," - said Lenin in December. 1920, meaning capitalistic. powers of the West (Soch., vol. 31, p. 422). Ruined, plundered, thrown back decades from the pre-war period. economical level, already low, Russia has thrown no less revolutionary than before, a challenge to the richest powers in the world. "We come out and speak, - said Lenin, - we undertake to build the whole world on rational economic foundations ..." (ibid.). “Now we are exerting our main influence on the international revolution by our economic policy ... We will solve this problem - and then we won on an international scale for sure and finally” (ibid., Vol. 32, p. 413). Everything is international. communist. the movement faced a serious restructuring in accordance with the requirements of a new stage in world development. The task of the III Congress of the Comintern, held in Moscow in June - July 1921, was precisely to "... determine exactly how to work further, in terms of tactical and organizational matters" (ibid., P. 494). The Congress was attended by 608 delegates from 103 organizations (including from 48 Communist Parties) from 52 countries. The congress was held in a stormy atmosphere, in an atmosphere of heated discussions. The fact is that some of the delegates arrived in Moscow with the firm opinion that the old slogans "Down with the centrists" and "Offensive tactics" remain in force, despite the change in the situation. The situation was complicated by the fact that certain representatives of the RCP (Bolsheviks) in the ECCI shared such views, believing that KI should take a "course to the left." Even before the start of the Congress, Lenin had to wage a sharp struggle against "leftist stupidity." Under the leadership of Lenin, a draft theses were prepared, in which the tactics of the United Workers' Front were first developed. The theses put forward the slogan of joint action with all organizations of the working class, including the centrists, in defense of the immediate. economical and polit. the interests of the working people, against the bourgeoisie which has gone over to the counteroffensive. The delegates of the Communist Parties of Germany, Austria, Italy and part of Czechoslovakia criticized the theses "from the left." They contributed numerous. amendments, which fundamentally changed the meaning of the project, reproached Lenin for being on the "right wing of the Congress." On July 1, 1921, Lenin delivered his famous speech at the congress in defense of the tactics of the Comintern. This speech of the brilliant strategist of the revolution can still serve as an example of how revolutionary communists should act when faced with a change in the real situation: not to stick to the old slogans, although correct, but removed from the agenda by life itself, and even more so, not to oppose general provisions Marxism, the need to specifically analyze the new situation and accordingly change the political. well. The "leftists" at the congress noisily rejected the draft theses from the standpoint of the so-called. offensive theory. Lenin told them: the one who, in principle, in the broad ist. plan, I do not agree with the theory of the offensive of the working class on capitalism, he is not a communist and that should be excluded. But the one who, under this pretext in the prevailing to ser. 1921 situation demands, at all costs, immediately, immediately "attack" the bourgeoisie, he pushes the working class on an adventure and can destroy the communist. a party which, if it follows such a call, will inevitably turn out to be a vanguard without a masses, a headquarters without an army. The "left" at the congress demanded that the main blow and the main forces of the communists in the labor movement continue to be directed against the centrists (that is, against the revisionist trend). Lenin showed a complete theoretical. insolvency and political. harm to such a position. KI, he said, not only ideologically defeated the centrists, but also expelled them from his ranks. The "left" turns the struggle against the centrists - this essentially resolved issue - into a sport and, repeating the same "exercises" against centrism countless times, they want to be believed that they are engaged in a serious revolution. business. To this we answer them, - said Lenin, - "Stop! Decisive struggle! Otherwise the Communist International will perish" (ibid., P. 447). Serious revolution. work in the new conditions was to make young communists. the parties, fenced off from centrism and right opportunism, have proved in practice that they are the vanguard of the labor movement, that they know how to unite with the masses, rally them around the correct line, create a united front of the working class, even making compromises with others where necessary. .political currents and org-tions. In this sense, Lenin approved as an exemplary politician. Act "Open Letter" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany (January 1921), which contained an appeal to all organizations of the working class to jointly fight against the offensive of the bourgeoisie. Our first task, Lenin said, is the creation of a communist. parties. The slogan of the 1st and 2nd Congresses was "Down with the centrists!" But that will only prepare. school. Now you need to go forward. The second step will consist in organizing in a party and learning how to prepare for a revolution. And this requires, first of all, the conquest of the majority, the conquest of the working masses. The Third Congress of the Comintern unanimously approved the theses on tactics worked out under the leadership of Lenin. The decisions of the Congress caused a wide resonance in the communist. parties, although in some places the new tactics were not immediately understood. But Lenin consistently defended new correct positions. Even during the Congress, at a meeting of German, Polish, Czechoslovak, Hungarian and Italian delegates, he said: "We were not shy in the face of our enemies to call our leftists" adventurers "... But we said that every attempt to be a little, at least a little , to the left of the Central Committee is stupidity, and whoever stands to the left of the Central Committee has already lost its simple common sense ... Our only strategy now is to become stronger, and therefore smarter, more prudent, "opportunistic", and this we must tell the masses "(Leninsky collection of works. , v. XXXVI, 1959, p. 282). The foundations of the tactics of a united workers' front, which received their further development at the VII Congress of K.I., and then in our time, were worked out by Lenin precisely at the III Congress of K.I. " decisive battles, both defensive and offensive — that is what is fundamental and important in the decisions of the Third Congress "(Soch., vol. 32, p. 496). This is how Lenin defined the significance of this, one of the most important congresses of the Comintern. Based on the decisions of the Congress, the Presidium of the ECCI in December. 1921 adopted detailed theses on a united workers' front. The first experience of applying new tactics in the international. communist. and the labor movement was a conference of three Internationals (3rd, 2nd and 2nd), held in April. 1922 in Berlin. At the conference, an agreement was reached on holding joint demonstrations under the slogans of fighting for an 8-hour working day, against unemployment, for the restoration of diplomats. relations with the Sov. Russia. However, V.I.Lenin believed that these agreements were reached at too high a price, since the delegation of the Comintern (Klara Zetkin, N.I.Bukharin and K. Radek) made excessive and not related to the essence of the issue of unity of action politically. concessions to the representatives of the 2nd and 2nd Internationals. IV Congress of K.I., held in November. - Dec. 1922, in terms of its problems, was, as it were, a continuation of the work of the III Congress. “The main task,” Lenin wrote in his greeting to the Congress, “as before, is to conquer the majority of the workers. And we, in spite of everything, will accomplish this task” (ibid., Vol. 33, p. 379). The Congress was attended by 408 delegates from 66 organizations from 58 countries. In the report dedicated to the 5th anniversary of Oct. revolution and the prospects for a world revolution, Lenin substantiated the position of the need for the communist parties not only to be able to advance during a period of upsurge, but to learn to retreat in the midst of an ebb revolution. waves. Using the example of NEP in Russia, he showed how to use time. retreat to prepare a new offensive against capitalism. The first results of NEP were already favorable - it ensured the restoration of the bunkers. x-va of the country, and the strengthening of the Sov. Russia meant strengthening the base of the world revolution. The prospects for a world revolution will be even better, Lenin pointed out, if all the Communist Parties study and learn to master the organization, structure, method and content of revolutionaries. work. Foreign communist parties "... must accept part of the Russian experience" (ibid., P. 394). IV Congress K.I. paid great attention to fasc. danger (in connection with the establishment of the fasc. dictatorship in Hungary and Italy), as the most open form of offensive by the bourgeoisie. Congress emphasized that Ch. the tactics of a united workers' front is a means of struggle against fascism. In order to rally broad masses of working people in a united front, who are not yet ready to fight for the dictatorship of the proletariat, but are already capable of participating in the economic. and polit. the struggle against the bourgeoisie, was put forward the slogan of the workers 'pro-va (later expanded to the slogan of the workers' cross. pro-va). The Congress pointed out the need to fight for the unity of the trade union movement, which found itself in a state of deep split (in 1919 the Amsterdam International of Trade Unions was formed, and in 1921 - the Profintern). Congress explained that the specific application of united front tactics in the conditions of the colonies. and dependent countries is a single anti-imperialist. front uniting nat. patriotic. the forces of the country capable of fighting against colonialism. 1923 was the year of the last high tide in the post-war period. revolutionary waves. However, the actions of the proletariat, including the armed ones (in Germany, Bulgaria, Poland), were not successful, the proletariat was defeated here again, the communist parties revealed their weakness. The tragedy of germ. revolution, noted E. Telman, was in the subjective weakness of him. labor movement, expressed in the absence of a span. parties of a new type. KI was faced with the task of strengthening the Communist Parties on the basis of their mastery of Leninism — a task that was called the Bolshevization of Communist Parties. This task had to be solved in a very difficult situation. After the defeat of the working class in 1923, a period of partial stabilization of capitalism began. The right-wing leaders of social democracy and reformist trade unions used it to reinforce the imposition of class politics in the labor movement. cooperation. Thus, the Congress of Marseilles (1925) of the Socialist International declared that the stabilization of capitalism means its development along the path of "political. and households. democracy "that the cooperation of the working class and its organizations with the bourgeoisie is a natural path to socialism. The theory of" organized capitalism "put forward by R. Hilferding during these years, the essence of which is to substantiate the peaceful growth of capitalism into socialism, was approved by the Brussels Congress (1928) of the Socialist International The latter called on the Social-Democratic parties to fight both “against the dictatorship on the right and against the dictatorship on the left.” In practice, this led to the fact that the right-wing Social Democracy, in general, was waging a struggle against the USSR and In the conditions of a temporary respite, to which capitalism gained, the weaknesses of the communist movement began to show even more noticeably.In the Communist Parties, both the right-wing elements and the leftist-sectarian, Trotskyist elements raised their heads.In January 1924, Lenin died.It was a huge loss. for the world communist movement.After the death of Lenin, fierce disputes arose in the ranks of the RCP (b) on the fundamental questions of the strategy and tactics of the world fly-through revolution and the construction of socialism in the USSR. The advocates opposed the Leninist theory of the possibility of building socialism in one country and imposed a disastrous line on the arts on the RCP (Bolsheviks) and the entire KI. kindling a "revolutionary fire" in the capitalist countries. However, the RCP (b), the Comintern defended Lenin's views on the nature of the revolution, the Leninist understanding of the revolution. the debt of the first socialist country. “Revolutions,” Lenin taught, “are not made to order, they are not timed to coincide with this or that moment, but ripen in the process historical development and burst out at a moment conditioned by a complex of a number of internal and external reasons "(Works., vol. 27, p.
