The series of various “color” and “flower” revolutions that have recently swept through the former Soviet outskirts is a consequence of the fallacy, defectiveness, uncalibration, lack of balance and blindness of Russian foreign policy, which was formed in the late 1980s - 1990s.
A series of various “color” and “flower” revolutions that swept through Lately in the former Soviet outskirts - this is a consequence of the fallacy, defectiveness, uncalibration, lack of balance and blindness of the Russian foreign policy, formed in the late 1980s - 1990s. It was during this period that the politicians who came to power in the then Soviet Union radically changed the foreign policy priorities of our country, abandoning its interests in various countries and regions in favor of momentary, sometimes frankly dubious, political interests. In addition, a significant role in changing these priorities was played by both the so-called “agents of influence” in Soviet politics and massive Western ideological propaganda, which skillfully manipulated the minds of people and played on their natural and unnatural aspirations. The first major defeat of Soviet foreign policy was the one that took place in 1989-90. in the countries of the “Eastern bloc” there was a series of so-called “velvet revolutions”, as a result of which openly pro-Western forces came to power in them, reorienting these countries towards the United States and Western civilization as a whole. This became possible due to the lack of an adequately formulated ideological justification for the orientation of countries of Eastern Europe to Moscow. In addition, in Moscow itself, the authorities were also increasingly and boldly looking at the West, trying to please it and flirting with it. Pro-Moscow forces, seeing such a situation, were in no hurry to be active and speak out in favor of Soviet Union. Moreover, under those conditions, such a speech would be extremely dangerous for their political future. Thus, on the wave of popular uprisings, partly fair and partly artificially inspired, openly pro-Western regimes came to power in the countries of the former socialist camp, plunging their countries into harsh political confrontation with our country.
The experiment was considered a success, and after some time the same scenario was used in the vastness of our country. As a result, by mid-1991, the USSR actually collapsed - in the former national outskirts, openly anti-Moscow forces came to power, setting as their goal the fastest possible integration into the so-called " global community" By the way, it should be noted that the central Moscow government set itself exactly the same goal, but, apparently, the “world community” was not satisfied with either the timing or methods of our country’s accession, or the fact that it would enter there, although shabby, but still still strong and dangerous. Therefore, it was decided to replace Gorbachev with the more radical and pro-Western Yeltsin. The situation that developed in August 1991 in the USSR was, down to the last detail, reminiscent of the one that developed in Ukraine in the fall and winter of last year, 2004: a central government incapable of anything, not supported by the majority of the people, trying to please the “world community” that had written it off in advance “, but, nevertheless, still being, even in such an amorphous form, the core, the stronghold of statehood, tried at all costs to hold on, probably without even realizing that she, hated by the people who had fallen into expression and obsessed with emotions, is the last bastion of state traditions. With its destruction, the USSR ceased to exist as a state entity.
The new state formation that came to replace the USSR - the Russian Federation, led by an openly pro-Western “party”, took the United States as a guideline in its foreign policy. Any action of the United States was a priori justified by this government and even compared to our realities. This led to the fact that the pro-Moscow forces that found themselves in a difficult situation, still remaining in the former spheres of influence of the USSR, reduced their political activity to zero, curtailed their activities and actually ceased to exist. Russia, in the eyes of world forces opposed to the total hegemony of the United States in the world, turned into a loyal satellite and lackey of the “world gendarme.” Cooperation and business contacts with her became impossible and even dangerous. As a result of such promiscuity and inflexibility, Russia has lost influence even in those regions where it seemed unshakable, for example, in Afghanistan and some countries of the Middle East, as well as in the non-former Soviet space.
Meanwhile, processes unfavorable for Moscow were taking place in the CIS. The countries of Western civilization with promises of unprecedented economic and even military assistance seduced the former Soviet republics and made their authorities wary and even openly hostile towards Russia. The Russian authorities, either out of thoughtlessness or from the bottom of their hearts, truly believed in the integrity of the West and in its promises not to interfere in the internal affairs of the CIS countries. As a result, no active work was carried out in the political field of the CIS countries in their interests. And the sometimes curtseys of the leadership of these states to Russia were explained by purely mercantile economic considerations. The exception, perhaps, is Belarus with its phenomenon of Alexander Lukashenko, who is the most realistically thinking and sober leader in the CIS.
As a result of Russia’s inaction, there is a complete absence or insignificance of pro-Moscow-oriented forces in Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and even more so in the Baltic countries. And when the time came for the leadership of these countries to leave, Moscow “suddenly” realized that they could be replaced by even more anti-Russian forces and figures and rushed to look for an adequate counterweight to them. However, it was too late - in the absence integrated approach to the problem, a sane figure, targeted funding and even a program of further actions in the several pre-election months, it was not possible to form an adequate response to the threat - the resources were too powerful and the other side had been involved in these processes for a very long time. A clear example of this is the first of a series of “color” revolutions – the Georgian one. With the weak pro-Russian forces rallying around the former Minister of Security Igor Giorgadze, the choice had to be made from the pro-Western Shevardnadze and the even more radically pro-Western team of Saakashvili-Burjanadze and the now deceased Zhvania. In 1991, the entire USSR faced this choice in the person of Gorbachev and Yeltsin and their team.
Apparently, having learned a lesson from the Georgian events, the Russian authorities, on the eve of the elections in Ukraine, feverishly rushed to look for a pro-Russian party in this country. However, in this state there was no strong pro-imperial force, and the bet had to be placed on a representative of the “less pro-Western” team of Leonid Kuchma operating at that time. The choice was made on the most unfortunate, but, in the opinion of Russian political constructors, the “heaviest” figure of Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych. Super-heavy artillery in the face of Russian President Vladimir Putin. However, such a move was interpreted by Yanukovych’s opponents as interference in the internal affairs of Ukraine, and the Western propaganda machine helped them here, skillfully playing on the most sensitive strings of a wide and open soul Ukrainian people. The result was mass popular protests that culminated in what happened.
The same thing happened in Kyrgyzstan, and, I think, in the near future it may happen in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and, probably, in Turkmenistan. Russia is reaping the fruits of what was sown from the ruins of the USSR in the early 1990s. And it seems that nothing can be done - time is irretrievably lost. There is only one thing left to do - to build smooth official relations with the regimes established there and at the same time nurture, nourish and strengthen the pro-Russian forces that undoubtedly exist there. However, in order for them to engage in real cooperation, Russia must slightly change its foreign policy guidelines, stop trailing behind the foreign policy of the US State Department and clearly define its policy.
IN mandatory only for export goods
Air is supplied from outside
G) relative humidity air
E) gas composition of air
D) air exchange
B) illumination
A) storage temperature
Product information that supplements basic information and is intended for manufacturers, suppliers and sellers, but is not readily available to the consumer
C) component
B) compliance of the product with the requirements of specific regulatory documents
c) compliance of the product with the consumer requirements of buyers
d) compliance of the product with environmental friendliness indicators
15. The symbol “E” on goods is used as a sign:
a) manipulative
b) precautionary
d) environmental
16. Commercial product information includes:
2) product information intended to create consumer preferences, showing benefits resulting from the use of a specific product and ultimately aimed at consumers
3) information about the product, primarily identifying the product and intended for all subjects of market relations
17. Climatic storage conditions are characterized by the following indicators:
c) atmospheric pressure
f) heat capacity
h) radiation saturation
18. Commodity losses caused by natural processes causing a change in the quantity of goods –
a) distribution costs;
b) natural loss;
c) costs of the trading enterprise.
19. The process of placing goods in a warehouse, maintaining and caring for them in order to ensure their quality and quantity:
a) storage of goods;
b) goods supply;
c) product distribution.
20. During ventilation:
2) air moves inside the warehouse without supplying outside air
21. The barcode is applied:
1) mandatory for all goods
3) at the discretion of the manufacturer or reseller
Knowledge of dates (A1):
1. In what year did the baptism of Rus' take place? A). 945; B). 972; IN). 988; G). 1036
2. Which of the following events dates back to the 11th century? A). congress of princes in Lyubech; B). the first chronicle mention of Moscow; IN). Baptism of Rus'; G). conclusion of the first treaty between Rus' and Byzantium
3. In what century was Yaroslav’s Truth compiled? A). VIII century; B). IX century; IN). X century; G). XI century
4. In what year did the congress of princes take place in Lyubech? A). 862; B). 988; IN). 1097; G). 1223
5. In what century did Vladimir Monomakh reign in Kyiv? A). VIII century; B). X century; IN). XII century; IN). XIV century
Knowledge of facts (A2):
6. Indicate the prince during whose reign the first written agreement was concluded between Russia and the Byzantine Empire. A). Yaroslav the Wise; B). Oleg Prophetic; IN). Igor Stary; G). Vladimir Saint
7. Enter a name Prince of Kyiv X century, whose troops defeated the Khazar Kaganate. A). Oleg; B). Igor; IN). Svyatoslav; G). Vladimir
8. Which of the following relates to the activities of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich? A). unification of Kyiv and Novgorod; B). adoption of Christianity by Russia; IN). construction of Moscow; G). annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates to Russia
9. Indicate the prince whose activities include the compilation of the code of laws Russian Truth A). Igor Stary; B). Svyatoslav Igorevich; IN). Vladimir Svyatoslavich; G). Yaroslav the Wise
10. Which of the following relates to the activities of Vladimir Monomakh? A). the first mention of Moscow in the chronicle; B). participation in the congress of princes in the city of Lyubech; IN). defeat of the Pechenegs; G). annexation of Novgorod and Tver to Moscow
11. Which of the following relates to the activities of Prince Vladimir Monomakh? A). adoption of Christianity by Russia; B). introduction of lessons and graveyards; IN). defeat of the Khazar Khaganate; G). Congress of Princes in Lyubech
12. Which of the following relates to the activities of Vladimir Monomakh? A). establishment of “lessons” and “cemeteries”; B). legislative relief of the situation of debtors; IN). the introduction of an indefinite search for fugitive peasants; G). abolition of the right to transfer peasants to another owner on St. George's Day
Knowledge of causes and effects (A4):
13. The consequence of the active military activities of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich was A). expansion of borders Old Russian state; B). stopping the Pecheneg raids; IN). the unification of Kyiv and Novgorod under the rule of one prince; G). cessation of military campaigns against Byzantium
14. Which of the above was a consequence of the baptism of Rus'? A). the growth of the international authority of Rus'; B). Rus''s campaigns against Byzantium; IN). wars between Rus' and the Polovtsians; G). defeat of the Khazar Khaganate
15. What was one of the consequences of the baptism of Rus'? A). development of cultural ties with the Byzantine Empire; B). formation of the Old Russian state; IN). the beginning of the political fragmentation of the Old Russian state; G). victory of Prince Vladimir in the struggle for the Kiev throne
16. Which of the above was one of the consequences of the baptism of Rus'? A). Rus''s campaigns against Byzantium; B). strengthening the power of the Kyiv prince; IN). the beginning of military clashes between Rus' and the Pechenegs; G). defeat of the Khazar Khaganate
17. Consequence foreign policy activities Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich became A). cessation of military campaigns against Byzantium; B). weakening the danger of Polovtsian raids; IN). strengthening the southeastern borders of the Old Russian state; G). stopping the onslaught of the crusaders on the northwestern Russian lands
Searching for information in the source (A5)
18. Read an excerpt from the chronicle and indicate the prince whose military campaign is being discussed. “And with all these he went... on horses and in ships, and there were 2000 ships. And he came to Constantinople: the Greeks closed the city. And he went... ashore, and began to fight, and committed many murders to the Greeks in the vicinity of the city, and broke many chambers, and burned churches. ...And he ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when a fair wind blew, they raised sails in the field and went to the city. The Greeks, seeing this, were frightened and said: “Do not destroy the city, we will give you the tribute you want.” A). Oleg Prophetic; B). Svyatoslav Igorevich; IN). Yaroslav the Wise; G). Vladimir Svyatoslavich
19. Read an excerpt from the chronicle and indicate the ancient Russian prince to whom the following words were addressed. “And they sent with the words: You, prince, are looking for a foreign land and taking care of it, but you left your own, and the Pechenegs, and your mother, and your children almost took us. Don’t you feel sorry for your homeland, your old mother, your children?” A). Oleg Prophetic; B). Igor Stary; IN). Svyatoslav Igorevich; G). Vladimir Saint
20. Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and indicate the name of the ancient Russian prince in question. “The next year the prince went with an army to Korsun and besieged it. The city stubbornly resisted. The prince vowed to be baptized if he took Korsun, and he really took it. Without being baptized yet, he sent to Constantinople to the brother-kings Vasily and Constantine, threatening to go against them and demanding their sister Anna to marry him. The kings told him that they could not marry the princess to a “filthy” man, that is, to a pagan. The prince replied that he was ready to be baptized. Then the kings sent their sister to Korsun and with her the clergy, who baptized the Russian prince and married him to the princess.” A). Oleg Prophetic; B). Svyatoslav Igorevich; IN). Vladimir Svyatoslavich; G). Ivan Kalita
21. Read an excerpt from the document and indicate the prince in question. “He also founded the church of St. Sophia... then the church on the Golden Gate... And with him the Christian faith began to expand... His father, Vladimir, enlightened the earth... with baptism, [the son] sowed the heart with book words faithful people, and we reap by accepting book learning. ...Even during his lifetime, he gave instructions to his sons: “And if you live in love with each other, God will be in you and will subdue your enemies...” And so he divided the cities between them...” A). Yury Dolgoruky; B). Yaroslav the Wise; IN). Vladimir Monomakh; G). Alexander Nevskiy
22. Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and indicate the prince whose calling is being discussed. “The prince died, and immediately a rebellion began in Kyiv against the moneylenders, who took huge interest from debtors and enjoyed the patronage of the late prince. The rebellious townspeople headed to the city center, where the boyars lived and the Church of St. Sophia stood. The crowd destroyed the courtyards of the elected head of the city, Tysyatsky Putyata, as well as the houses of moneylenders, and then rushed to the princely court and the Pechersky Monastery. Frightened authorities urgently called to the city<…>: “Go, prince, to your father’s and grandfather’s table.” A). Yaroslav the Wise; B). Vladimir Monomakh; IN). Yury Dolgoruky; G). Andrey Bogolyubsky
23. Read an excerpt from the historian’s essay and indicate the name of the collection of laws in question. “Among the people, that is, the free, non-service common people, precisely in the rural population, two classes are formed. One of them consisted of farmers who lived on princely, i.e., state land, which was not anyone’s private property; in the collection of laws they are called smerds. Another class was made up of rural workers who settled on the lands of private owners with a loan from the owners. This class is called in the collection mercenaries or role purchases.” A). "Russian Truth"; B). Code of Law of Ivan III; IN). Code of Law of Ivan IV; G). "Cathedral Code"
To begin with, let’s read the requirements for criterion K3 again.
According to this criterion it is necessary:
“correctly indicate two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the causes of events/phenomena/processes that occurred during a given period.”
So, it is necessary to indicate two PSS, and not just any, but precisely those that characterize the reasons (!) for the occurrence of events of a given period.
What exactly is meant by cause and effect?
PSS - connection between historical events (processes, phenomena), in which one event(process, phenomenon), called cause, in the presence of certain historical conditions generates another event(process, phenomenon), called a consequence.
Thus, Unified State Exam experts want to see in the essay how the graduate can show the CONNECTION between two historical events. Connection between cause event And event-consequence.
At the same time, the event consequence should be exactly within the period on which the essay is written. The consequence event should not be beyond the upper limit or lower limit of the period; it must relate specifically to this (!) period.
For an event (phenomenon, process) that occurred within a given period, it is necessary to select those events (phenomena, processes) from the past that served as its cause .
What are the requirements for a cause event?
1) The cause event may be located both within the period and beyond the lower limit. It is impossible to go beyond the upper limit of the period: after all, causes can only be in the past, but not in the future.
Example “within the period”:
The ill-conceived tax policy of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's associates became one of the reasons for the Salt Riot.
Example "beyond the lower limit":
Publication of Peter's decreeI about succession to the throne was one of the reasons for the beginning of the era of palace coups.
2) When specifying PSS, not only causes, but also preconditions events, processes, phenomena.
Premise- this is the condition that influenced the beginning of this event.
For example:
Influence of Enlightenment ideas was not a direct cause Decembrist uprising on Senate Square, but it appeared prerequisite.
Period: 945 - 972
1) Olga's baptism ( This is the reason) and strengthening ties between Russia and Byzantium ( this is a consequence).
2) The approach of Russia to the Byzantine borders ( This is the reason) and the beginning Russian-Byzantine war (this is a consequence).
“Being a wise and far-sighted ruler, Olga decides to accept the religion of the Byzantine Empire - Christianity. In 957, Olga was baptized in Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor became her godfather. This step contributed to the strengthening of international ties between Rus' and Byzantium: both political and economic.
During these same years, a lightning war with Bulgaria took place, ending in the victory of the Russian prince. As a result of the war, Rus' received new lands, but the presence of the warlike Svyatoslav near the borders of Byzantium did not suit the Byzantine emperor. In connection with this, the Russian-Byzantine war began in 970.”
Period: September 1689 - December 1725
The excerpt from the essay contains the following PSS:
1) Northern War ( This is the reason) and the introduction of conscription ( this is a consequence).
2) Working conditions for builders in St. Petersburg ( This is the reason) and high worker mortality ( this is a consequence).
“To strengthen himself in the conquered territory, the Russian ruler in 1703 founded the city, which is now called St. Petersburg. Construction began with the founding of a fortress on Hare Island, but the city itself was built with a high mortality rate among workers. This is due to the “slavish” attitude towards the builders, who worked in a difficult climatic region with hours of work that were “unbearable” for an ordinary person.
During the war, the government needed money and service people. The issue with serving people was resolved by universal conscription, which provided the war with troops and increased it several times.”
Period: October 1894 - July 1914
The excerpt from the essay contains the following PSS:
1) Russian penetration into Manchuria ( This is the reason) and the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War (this is a consequence).
2) Rent of Port Arthur ( This is the reason) and the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War ( this is a consequence).
3) Defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War ( This is the reason) and the loss by Russia of the southern part of Sakhalin ( this is a consequence).
“In 1904-1905. was Russo-Japanese War. The reasons for this war were that the Russian railway went through China, and that our country leased Port Arthur to create a fleet there. Japan didn't like this. We lost this war. Construction has begun railway on our territory, we have lost the southern part of Sakhalin.”
The excerpt from the essay contains the following PSS:
1) Kosygin reform ( This is the reason.) and an increase in the material interest of workers, etc. ( this is a consequence).
2) Foreign policy pursued by A.A. Gromyko ( This is the reason) and the beginning of a course towards peaceful coexistence ( this is a consequence).
“A. Kosygin was entrusted with developing a reform project and implementing it<...> The consequence of the reform was an increase in the material interest of workers, an increase in economic indicators, and the construction of new factories. However, then there was a decline in indicators, and the reform was curtailed.
As for foreign policy, this period is characterized by the so-called “détente” in international relations. The most important figure in the conduct of foreign policy of the USSR was Foreign Minister Gromyko<...> The consequence of his foreign policy can be called the beginning of a course towards peaceful coexistence with capitalist countries.”
Period: October 1964 - March 1985
The excerpt from the essay contains the following PSS:
1) Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan ( This is the reason) and the boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games by Western countries (this is a consequence)
“In 1980, the USSR hosted the Summer Olympic Games. Many Western countries did not come to the Games. They boycotted them because of the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan in 1979.”
General conclusion
To get two points for K3, you must indicate in the text at least twice that “a certain event (phenomenon, process) of a given period occurred because...”
At the same time, it is not necessary to name any historical figures, list their specific actions, etc.
You may have several separate connectives in your essay:
- "Event №1
- "Event №2 + personality + specific actions” - for K-1 and K-2
- "Event №3
- "Event №4 + its reasons/prerequisites” - for K-3
Please note that you can write Notonly about events but also about historical phenomena and processes.
For example, in the examples above it is said that process as “strengthening ties between Russia and Byzantium” and about such phenomenon as “the high mortality rate of workers during the construction of St. Petersburg”.
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In the summer of 2015, the influx of immigrants into the European Union increased like never before. In this regard, EU countries are faced with the question of the need to maintain a unified development strategy. Supporters of Euroscepticism and a radical fight against the increase in the number of refugees are gaining increasing political influence. Thus, in Poland, the conservative Law and Justice party bypassed the ruling Civic Platform. The results of recent parliamentary elections in Portugal and Croatia also show that the importance of national identification has increased for European citizens. Against this background, when assessing the role of Brussels in the issue of migration, some experts point to the latter’s direct involvement in the current situation due to several major miscalculations.
Among the most significant errors - solution ending the arms embargo on the Syrian opposition in May 2013
Supplying the European Free Syrian Army military equipment allowed the opposition to create a stable internal structure, to achieve first parity and then superiority in quantitative and qualitative terms. The escalation of the conflict led to the fact that the Islamic State came to its fertile land - ravaged by a protracted war and overflowing with freely available weapons. Nothing could stop the terrorists from occupying vast areas of Syria and Iraq, devastated by fighting (reminiscent of the Taliban's occupation of Afghanistan without a fight in the 1990s). In turn, this prompted indigenous people look for safer habitats - in Turkey and European countries.
Another significant miscalculation is that today European Union has no existing levers to reduce the flow of refugees
It is important to note: in Brussels this moment there is no clear distinction between those fleeing war and economic refugees. This suggests that the arrival of new migrants is currently uncontrolled; At the same time, European politicians are reporting more and more new quotas, the latest of which involves the creation of an additional 100,000 places to receive refugees.
Here it is worth recalling one of the economic principles that states that among the factors influencing the amount of demand, subjective expectations for the next time period are quite serious. By analogy, as the volume of proposed quotas increases, refugees' expectations of inclusion also tend to increase. It follows that any announcement about new places for asylum seekers is disastrous due to the absence or ineffectiveness of mechanisms for stabilizing and limiting flows, since this process can lead to an unregulated increase in maintenance costs and, as a result, destruction of the EU economy.
Finally, Brussels is accused of pursuing its own goals without taking into account the final consequences
First of all, the European Union was counting on a gradual decrease in gas supplies from Russia in favor of more profitable offers from Qatar and Saudi Arabia. At the same time, there was the influence of the United States, which pursued a policy of intervention around the world and had its own interests in Syria. States that do not agree with this course or wish to maintain neutrality did not pay due attention to the potential threat, without taking into account possible risks, and again in accordance with local tasks. For example, Germany, which has a dominant economic and political position in the region, preferred a neutral position from the very beginning of the conflict. This is explained by two reasons, namely the struggle for the electorate of Chancellor Merkel’s Christian Democratic Party and the confrontation between the Alternative for Germany party, which is gaining popularity and represents Eurosceptic parties.
In general, it must be emphasized that the united European states face the prospect of a complete loss of control over the situation both in the Middle East and directly within their borders. The possibility of restoring balance is becoming less and less realistic, since if the moderate opposition is at least ready to sit down at the negotiating table, then ISIS will require a different method of resolving the conflict. This means that only the end of the war in Syria will reduce immigration to Europe. It remains to express the hope that European politicians will not allow a critical situation to arise by choosing the correct solution for this problem.
The active development of domestic tourism in Russia has been talked about since 2011. However, due to recent economic and political changes, this topic is raised especially often both in the media and at the government level. The Ministry of Culture is already planning to increase funding for the Federal Target Program for the Development of Tourism; the government is discussing the possibility of creating new tourist destinations, such as the Arctic, and introducing a bill that would allow the return of taxes paid for the purchase of tourist packages in Russia. The coordinating council for the development of domestic and inbound tourism in Russia began its work under the chairmanship of Olga Golodets.
In general, the state really became concerned about this problem at the official level and for the first time in many years began to take at least some action. Such lively interest is dictated not only by concern that in the summer of 2016 Russians may have nowhere to vacation. The benefits of developed domestic tourism for the country are obvious, because it can play a huge role in the economy, providing quite a lot of money to the budget, and become the strongest driver of development during political and economic crises, which is confirmed by the experience of the USA and China.
The United States ranks first in the world in tourism receipts (in 2014 - $177.2 billion). Tourism in the United States not only accounts for 8% of GDP, but also provides jobs for about 15 million people, which is about 10% of the total working population. According to U.S. Travel Association, Each American would pay $1,147 more in taxes if the country did not benefit from tourism. But it's important to note that most of this benefit does not come from international tourism, but from internal. About 80% of GDP receipts from tourism come from Americans, not foreign tourists. Accordingly, domestic tourism brought America about $141 billion in 2014. In the states, a developed system of national parks plays a large role in domestic tourism (more than 292 million people visited them in 2014). There are 59 of them in total, and they are managed by the US National Park Service, created in 1916, which suggests that domestic tourism has been thought about here for a long time. The national park system brings about $27 billion into the economy (for comparison, the volume of arms exports Russian Federation in 2014 amounted to $15.5 billion).
China ranks third in the world in terms of tourism receipts - about $57 billion; in Russia, approximately the same income comes from oil exports (January-July 2015, $56 billion). The share of tourism in the formation of China's GDP is 9.4%. Tourism in China provides employment to about 66 million people (8.6% of the total working population). At the same time, as can be seen from the graph below, domestic tourism accounts for 76%. In 2014, it generated almost half a trillion dollars for the Chinese economy.
Over the past 10 years, the domestic tourism market has increased by an average of 10% every year, and the trend continues. The Chinese government also announced that it plans to double domestic tourism spending to $894 billion by 2020. A significant role in the development of domestic tourism in China was played by both the constant increase in the standard of living of the entire population and competent government policy for the development of tourism infrastructure, transport (the capacity of passenger transportation is now increasing annually by an average of 20-30%) and the adoption of rather innovative solutions. An example is the introduction of a 4.5-day policy working week to stimulate domestic tourism and domestic consumption. So far, the only city that has already increased the length of the weekend is the city of Chongqing. It is expected that the extended weekend will provide an opportunity for greater spending and travel around the country, which will have a positive impact on its economy.
In Russia, as Oleg Safonov, head of Rostourism, said, we can already talk about a significant restructuring of the tourism industry. At the end of the past year, the growth of domestic tourism amounted to 20-25%, and outbound tourism decreased by 31%. But can we simply call the need for the beach and sea an imposed stereotype, ban the two most popular tourist destinations and stop supporting travel agencies that deal exclusively with outbound tourism, and expect this trend to continue? What can hinder the development of domestic tourism in Russia?
One of the main factors that can work against traveling within the country is the high cost. They decided to introduce package tourism to the regions of Russia relatively recently, and it is not yet known when it will become a truly attractive alternative to cheap last-minute tours to Turkey or Egypt, which is no longer available to us. The same can be said about the system All inclusive, which Rostourism is actively proposing to implement. Moreover, against the backdrop of increased demand, experts predict an inevitable increase in prices for hotels in the most popular regions (Crimea and Krasnodar region) up to 15%. Maya Lomidze, executive director of the Association of Tour Operators of Russia (ATOR), at the international tourism forum in St. Petersburg, expressed concern that prices could rise up to 30% next summer, which would undoubtedly kill demand. Of course, besides Crimea and Sochi, there are many other places that could potentially be of interest to Russians. However, it is not yet possible to talk about developed infrastructure in all these regions, which would attract massive tourist flows and could compete with foreign resorts. Many Russian tourists simply cannot refuse the package of services and quality of service that they are accustomed to receiving when vacationing abroad. According to a recent ATOR study, the main complaints of Russians about tourist sites around the country in 2015 still boil down to dirt, repairs that leave much to be desired, and rude staff.
The second important factor is transport and transport accessibility. The high cost of air travel around the country can really scare off the average Russian. If you can still somehow get to the cities of the Golden Ring and the Krasnodar Territory without going beyond the planned budget, then you will have to pay a decent amount to Kamchatka or Yakutia. A developed network of low-cost airlines similar to European ones could be a good alternative. Ryanair or American Southwest Airlines(America's largest domestic airline). The low-cost airline Pobeda, which belongs to Aeroflot, should be promising in this regard, but so far Pobeda operates flights to a fairly limited number of cities. At the St. Petersburg Tourism Forum, it was noted that almost every type of transport in Russia has certain problems that can affect the tourism industry and that need to be solved somehow. For example, river companies are complaining about a sharp increase in excise taxes on fuel since the beginning of 2016, which could directly affect the organization of river cruises and increase their costs.
One thing remains obvious: whether domestic tourism in Russia will develop or not depends not only on government agencies, but also on the Russians themselves, their interest in traveling and their desire to see their country from new angles and from new places. A truly stable and sustainable domestic tourism market cannot be created using the method of prohibitions and instructions “from above” alone. Yes, while the ruble exchange rate is experiencing noticeable shocks, Russia is surrounded by sanctions, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs itself does not recommend that we travel outside the country, people will have no choice but to seek rest in their homeland. But you always need to look far ahead and develop an interest in domestic tourism from school, as is done in the already mentioned China and the USA. The same scouting movement in America, which is very widespread among young people, fosters patriotism and interest in their homeland. The US National Park Service actively cooperates with scouting organizations and organizes educational and entertainment tours.
