Until the 19th century, the concept of “biology” did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of biological sciences. Let's remember who they were domestic biologists(and we will briefly describe their discoveries), which influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known throughout the world. Among the most famous is Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at the Agricultural Institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost all Earth, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. He collected a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified centers of origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there were certain centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in evolution flora. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, domestic biologists occupy a worthy place. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals and undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Created the Sevastopol marine biological station and for a long time was its director. He made a huge contribution to aquarium husbandry.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. He became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were appreciated throughout the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and received his education at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, and proved, using embryological methods, the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. Mechnikov's works had great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera. The scientist was interested in the aging process. He believed that premature death is caused by poisoning with microbial toxins and promoted hygienic methods of control; he assigned a large role to the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, and pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What is the contribution to the study of higher nervous activity contributed by domestic biologists and their discoveries? The first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergy and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in my last year I read a book by I.M. Sechenov about brain reflexes and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at St. Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for this research. The next area of interest was higher nervous activity, to the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic “Domestic biologists and their discoveries.” Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born into a family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology and collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works were included in science under the name “Koltsov’s principle.” Koltsov is one of the founders of the first laboratories and the department of experimental biology in Russia. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist to use the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, a researcher of photosynthesis and a promoter of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family and graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has made significant progress along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small-scale nobles, from whom the scientist adopted an interest in gardening. Also in early childhood he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began selection work in a rented, neglected estate. During the period of his activity, he developed more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of central Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. He received a law degree at St. Petersburg University, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic “Famous biologists and their discoveries” will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he received his education at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist examined the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work “Reflexes of the Brain,” where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. He imagined the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of blood. The scientist created the domestic school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries was the time when great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky, a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by tiny bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only 50 years later. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, as well as soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, and received his education at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article “Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries.” A table of their achievements can be compiled based on the proposed material.
Knowledge about nature, living and inanimate, began to develop back in antiquity. The term “Biology” appeared only in the 19th century. Therefore, those whom we proudly call biologists today were previously called doctors or natural scientists.
The role of biologists in the development of medicine, in pharmaceuticals, in the study of the structure of man and the world around us is not just enormous, but forms the basis for the development of many sciences. Without their studies and works, there would not now be even elementary, as it would seem, antibiotics, there would not be a whole knowledge base on the structure of the human being, and, accordingly, the usual operations would not be performed and the necessary treatment would not be carried out. Scientists biologists, their names, are firmly entrenched in the history of mankind, and every self-respecting person should understand their significance and appreciate their contribution to our lives and to our development. Let's get to know these famous people closer.
William Harvey(1578-1657) - English naturalist. He found out the meaning of the heart, the role of the valves; proved the movement of blood in a circle returning to the heart; described two circles of blood circulation. In addition, Harvey is the founder of embryology.
Carl Linnaeus(05/23/1707-01/10/1778) - Swedish naturalist. Created a system of animal and plant life. His system became the logical conclusion of the work of zoologists and botanists of the first half of the 18th century. In this system, he introduced a binary nomenclature in which each specific species is designated by two names - specific and generic. Linnaeus defined the very concept of “species”.
Friedrich August Gebler(12/15/1782-03/09/1850) – natural scientist. He described many new species of Altai animals and the fauna of these places.
Charles Darwin(1809-1882) - English naturalist. His merit is the creation of the theory of evolution. In 1858 He published the book On the Origin of Species. His theory is still a matter of controversy, but the theory natural selection I found a lot of confirmation.
Gregor Mendel(1822-1884) - Austrian naturalist - derived the existing laws of inheritance. He proved that traits can be inherited.
Louis Pasteur(1822-1895) – French immunologist and microbiologist. His work became the beginning of stereochemistry as a science. Refuted the possibility of spontaneous generation of life. Proved that diseases in humans and animals can be caused by bacteria. Invented vaccination.
Robert Koch(1843-1910) – German bacteriologist. He studied microbes as pathogens. He found out the cause of anthrax and discovered the causative agent of cholera and tuberculosis.
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin(06/07/1855 -1935) – breeder and biologist. Author of many varieties of fruit and berry crops known today.
Alexander Fleming(06.08.1881-11.03.1955) - Scottish bacteriologist. Born in East Ayrshire. In 1928 discovered penicillin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov(09/26/1849-1936) – physiologist. Known for his teaching on higher nervous activity. He was the first to use the so-called “chronic method” of conducting experiments, the essence of which is to conduct research on an almost healthy animal. Pavlov formulated the idea of the analytical-synthetic work of the brain, created the doctrine of analyzers, revealed the systemic nature of the work of the cerebral hemispheres, and established the relationship between the brain and the work of all organs.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov(11/13/1887-01/26/1943) – Soviet geneticist and plant breeder. He is considered the creator of modern breeding principles, the founder of the doctrine of the places of origin of all cultivated plants. Conducted research in the field of immunity.
Bunting Frederick(1891-1941) - Canadian physiologist - studied the nature of diabetes. With his assistant Charles.
Alexey Petrovich Bystrov(1899-1959) – Soviet biologist. He began his research with human anatomy and moved on to paleontology. Of particular interest is his work “The Past, Present, Future of Man.”
Alexander Baev(10.01.1904-1994) – biochemist. Known for his work in the field of molecular biology, as well as his work in biotechnology and genetic engineering.
Francis Crick(1916-2004) - English scientist. He discovered the structure of DNA, revealed how the DNA molecule reproduces and is passed on from generation to generation.
Joshua Lederberg(05/23/1925-02/02/2008) – American biologist and geneticist. He studied the mechanisms of recombination in bacteria. His merit is also the discovery of the phenomenon of transduction.
David Baltimore(03/07/1938) - American biologist and virologist. He advocated for a moratorium on certain types of DNA experiments. He proposed to classify viruses according to the type of genomic nucleic acid. He proved that the RNA molecule, just like the DNA molecule, can be a carrier of genetic information.
Much of the knowledge that seems obvious today was once first discovered by great minds. The titans of science made the world the way it is presented to modern people. Biology is no exception here. After all, it was biologists who discovered such concepts as evolution, heredity, variability and many others.
"King of Botany": Carl Linnaeus
Biologists around the world still revere the name of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). His main achievement is the classification of all living and nonliving nature. Linnaeus also included a person in it, for whom previously scientists could not find a place among other living objects. The scientist was one of the founders of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Paris Academy and other academies of the world.
Linnaeus was born in a small village called Roshult in Sweden. Since childhood, he loved to spend time in garden beds. When the time came to send Karl to school, the parents were very disappointed, because their child did not show any desire to study and turned out to be incapable of the then compulsory Latin. The only exception for little Karl was botany, to which he devoted all his time. free time. For his passion, Carl Linnaeus was prophetically called a “botanist” by his peers.
Fortunately, among the teachers there were those who helped young Karl master other subjects. For example, one of the teachers gave Linnaeus the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. Thanks to this, Karl was able to master Latin very quickly - and so well that this language is still taught by biologists all over the world. Being a commoner by origin, Linnaeus was buried in the cemetery of kings. During his lifetime, Linnaeus was sure that he was chosen higher powers in order to bring all God's Creations into a single system. The role of biological scientists like Linnaeus cannot be overestimated.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel was born in 1822 in the small town of Heinzendorf in the Austrian Empire (now the territory of the Czech Republic). The family of the future biologist lived very poorly. As a child, Johann helped his parents take care of the garden and learned to care for trees and flowers. The father really wanted Johann to receive a good education, as he immediately noticed the child’s unusual abilities. However, parents could not pay educational expenses. In 1843, Mendel became a monk. Having gotten rid of the constant worry about a piece of bread, he had the opportunity to devote all his free time to science. In the monastery, Mendel received a small garden plot. On it he conducted selection experiments, as well as world-famous experiments on pea hybridization.
Conclusions ahead of the times
Within the walls of the monastery, Mendel painstakingly crossed species of peas for eight whole years. He obtained valuable results on the patterns of inheritance and sent them to large cities - Vienna, Rome, Krakow. But no one paid attention to his conclusions - scientists of that time were not interested in the strange mixture of biology and mathematics. They believed that biological scientists should explore only the area in which they are competent, without going beyond their sphere of knowledge.
But the scientist’s conclusions were far ahead of his time. Mendel did not know then that genetic information is located in the nuclei of cells. He had no idea what a “gene” was. But gaps in knowledge did not prevent Mendel from giving a brilliant explanation of the laws of heredity. Gregor Mendel died in 1884. His obituary did not even mention that he was the discoverer of the law of heredity.
Achievements of Nikolai Vavilov
Another name revered by biologists is the name of Nikolai Vavilov. He was not only a geneticist and plant breeder, but also a geographer, the creator of the doctrine of the basics of selection and the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Vavilov organized expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, Northern and South America, Africa. All this was done in order to expand knowledge in the field of botany and agronomy. After all, biologists must study the distribution of plants and their surrounding conditions, and not just gain information within the walls of laboratories.
Vavilov collected one of the largest collections of seeds different plants. The scientist substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, as well as the law of homological series and hereditary variability of living organisms. But in 1940, Vavilov was arrested on charges of espionage. According to the verdict, the scientist was to be shot. However, the decision was replaced by a pardon - twenty years in prison. Vavilov died of exhaustion in 1943 in a prison hospital in Saratov.
Charles Darwin
Darwin was born in 1809 in the English city of Shrewsbury. Since childhood, he began to show interest in nature and animals. In 1826, Darwin entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but then, at the insistence of his father, transferred to the Faculty of Theology at Cambridge. But young Darwin was not at all interested in theology. He was much more interested in natural history. The development of his scientific interests was greatly influenced by biologists of that time. For example, botanist J. Henslow.
Darwin's trip around the world
In 1831, on the advice of Professor Henslow, Darwin went to trip around the world, which decides the fate of all his further research. The voyage on a small ship called the Beagle became the most celebrated scientific expedition of the 19th century. The captain of the ship was Robert Fitz Roy. Darwin writes that during the trip he was amazed at how widespread animals were throughout South Africa. Since biological scientists must explore the habitats of animals in their natural environment, Darwin decides on a journey that later became a turning point in the entire history of science - and not only biological.
In the period from 1839 to 1843, Darwin published materials obtained from his study of coral reefs. And in 1842, the scientist wrote his first essay, in which he first expressed his opinion on the origin of species. Darwin created the doctrine of evolution over almost twenty years. Reflecting on the processes that move evolution forward, Darwin came to the conclusion that the struggle for survival is this fundamental process.
In 1859, Darwin's first fundamental work was published, which is still appreciated by biologists around the world. It is “The Origin of Species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.” The entire circulation of his book - which is 1250 copies - was completely sold out in one day.
The most famous Russian and foreign biologists in history
BEKETOV ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH(1825-1902), botanist, founder of the Russian school of botanists and geographers. Studied the patterns of structure of vegetative organs of plants. Justified the position that in surrounding nature there is a very close connection between the internal properties of the plant and environment, the changing conditions of which affect metabolism and cause changes in plant characteristics. Acquired changes can be inherited. Thus, even before Charles Darwin, the Russian scientist called the external environment the main factor in the evolution of the organic world.
BOLOTOV ANDREY TIMOFEEVICH(1738-1833), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, writer. From all industries Agriculture Bolotov especially loved gardening. In his notes, he described more than 600 varieties of apple and pear trees, and for the first time created a pomological system, that is, he laid the foundations for the varieties of fruit and berry plants (zoning, varietal classifications, etc.). Bolotov’s work “On the Division of Fields” was the first guide to introducing crop rotation and organizing agricultural areas. Bolotov developed agricultural techniques depending on zonal soil and climatic conditions, and a number of scientific methods for applying fertilizers. He was the first in the world to apply mineral fertilizer to plants in the fields of the Tula province. He developed many valuable varieties of fruit crops. In Bolotov we find attempts to use hybridization in the selection of fruit crops. Bolotov developed the scientific principles of afforestation and forest use, and compiled the first Russian botanical manual on the morphology and taxonomy of plants.
VAVILOV NIKOLAY IVANOVICH(1887-1943), geneticist, plant breeder, geographer. Organized botanical and agronomic expeditions to Mediterranean countries, North Africa, America, established ancient centers of the formation of cultivated plants in these territories. Vavilov collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants, was the founder of the modern doctrine of the biological foundations of plant and animal breeding, and substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity.
DARWIN CHARLES ROBERT(1809-1882), English naturalist and traveler. His first laboratory for five years was a cabin on the sailing expedition ship Beagle. Collecting zoological, botanical, geological collections, analyzing his observations, Darwin suggested that the emergence various types plants and animals must be sought in nature itself, which selects individuals better adapted to certain living conditions. In 1859, the work “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” was presented to the Linnean Society in London, where the main provisions of his theory of evolution - the irreversible process of change in the living (organic) world - were revealed.
ERMOLYEVA ZINAIDA VISSARIONOVNA(1898-1974), Russian microbiologist. Area of scientific interests: biochemistry of microbes. Among the most interesting results of research carried out by Ermolyeva in the 30s was the preparation of the enzyme lysocin and the development of methods for its practical use. Creation of a complex preparation of cholera bacteriophage: she managed to combine 19 types of “eaters” of microbes. The first in 1942 to obtain penicillin from domestic raw materials. This drug saved the lives of thousands of wounded during the war.
KOCH ROBERT(1843-1910), German microbiologist. Involved in identifying pathogens infectious diseases and ways to combat them. In 1882, he discovered a special type of microbacteria called “Koch’s bacillus.” This type of bacteria is widespread in nature, resistant to many environmental factors, and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. He was the first to isolate a pure culture of anthrax. The methods of disinfection proposed by scientists marked the beginning of sanitary microbiology.
LINNEAUS CARL(1707-1778), Swedish naturalist. Linnaeus considered the systematization of plants to be the main work of his life. This work took 25 years and resulted in the book “The Plant System” in 1753. He proposed a binary (double) system of generic and species names for all nature, gave names to plants and animals known in his time, and outlined the biological terminology he used and improved. Linnaeus described everything medicinal plants, studied the effect of medicines made from them, and even invented a thermometer.
MANASSEIN VYACHESLAV AVKSENTIEVICH(1841-1901) Russian doctor. One of the first Russian scientists to begin studying the properties of green mold. Described the medicinal antibacterial properties of young cultures of the fungus Penicillum glaucum.
MECHNIKOV ILYA ILYICH(1845-1916), biologist-immunologist. While still a student, he became acquainted with the works of Charles Darwin and became a staunch supporter of Darwin's theory of evolution. He studied the embryology of invertebrates. In 1882, scientists made a major discovery in his scientific life- discovered cells - phagocytes (from the Greek phagos - devouring and kytos - cell) and formulated the main provisions of the phagocytic theory of immunity (from the Latin immunitas - liberation, deliverance). Studied infectious diseases. Discovered the technology for making kefir. For his work on immunity, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
MOROZOV GEORGY FYODOROVICH(1867-1920), Russian botanist, geographer, forester. For the first time, he brought together a huge amount of factual material accumulated by foresters, botanists, geographers, generalized it, showed its general biological significance, thereby laying the foundation for a new branch of knowledge - biogeocenology. This idea became the scientific basis of the study of forests, the basis of forestry.
PASTER LOUIS(1822-1895), French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. He proved that fermentation is a biological phenomenon, the result of the vital activity of special microscopic organisms. Discovered anaerobiosis and proposed a method of preservation food products using heat treatment - pasteurization. Discovered the nature of many infectious diseases. Found reliable way fight against infectious diseases - vaccination. He developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
POLOTEBNOV ALEXEY GERASIMOVITCH(1838-1907), Russian doctor. While researching the causes of skin diseases, he first drew attention to the antibacterial properties of green mold fungus. Studied and described healing properties fungal cultures in the treatment of skin diseases and wounds.
SOCRATES(470-399 BC), ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates came up with the idea that animals have instincts. He called it the "lowest form of the soul" or "urge." This is what determines the nature of animal behavior in certain conditions. Socrates contrasted these forms of innate behavior with reason, the “mental power” of man.
THEOPHRAST(372-287 BC), ancient Greek naturalist, philosopher, one of the first botanists of antiquity. Created a classification of plants. Systematized numerous observations on the morphology of plants and the geography of their distribution. He owns valuable works on the use of plants in medicine.
FLEMING ALEXANDER(1881-1955), English microbiologist. In 1922, he discovered an enzyme that destroys the membranes of bacterial cells and creates an antibacterial barrier - lysozyme. He discovered this substance in the tissues of the heart, liver, lungs, as well as in human saliva and tears. But he did not attach any practical significance to it. He worked on problems of general bacteriology, discovered penicillin - the first antibiotic effective for clinical use, isolating it from one of the types of mold (1929).
Russian biologists have made a great contribution to world science. In this article we will talk about the main names that every person interested in the animal and plant world should know. Russian biologists, whose biographies and achievements you will become acquainted with, inspire the younger generation to study this interesting science.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
This man needed no introduction in Soviet times. However, now not everyone can say that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (life - 1849-1936) created the doctrine of higher nervous activity. In addition, he wrote a number of works on the physiology of digestion and blood circulation. He was the first Russian scientist to receive the Nobel Prize for his achievements in the field of digestive mechanisms.
Experiments on dogs
Many people remember his experiments on dogs. Countless cartoons and jokes have been created on this topic both in our country and abroad. Every time they talk about instincts, they remember Pavlov’s dog.
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich already in 1890 began conducting experiments on these animals. He used surgical techniques to bring out the ends of the dogs' esophagus. When the animal began to eat, food did not enter the stomach, however gastric juice still stood out from the created fistula.
Over time, Pavlov's experiments became more complex. He trained the dogs to respond in a certain way to external stimuli, in particular to a bell that signaled imminent feeding. Thanks to this, the animal developed a conditioned reflex: immediately after the bell, food appears. Even without seeing food, the dogs began to secrete gastric juice from their fistulas.
Features of Pavlov's technique
The peculiarity of Pavlov’s technique was that he connected physiological activity with mental processes. The results of many studies have confirmed the existence of this connection. Pavlov's works, describing the mechanism by which digestion occurs, became the impetus for the emergence of a new direction in science - the physiology of higher nervous activity. Ivan Petrovich devoted more than 35 years of his life to this area.
Origin, training
The future scientist was born in Ryazan on September 14, 1849. His ancestors on the maternal and paternal lines were clergymen who devoted their lives to the Russian Orthodox Church. Pavlov graduated from the Ryazan theological school in 1864, after which he entered the theological seminary of the same city, which he later spoke about with great warmth. When he was in his last year, he read Sechenov’s work “Reflexes of the Brain.” He turned his future life around.
Pavlov's achievements
He published his first work in 1923, and in 1926 the USSR government built a Biological station. Here Pavlov began his research in the field of nervous activity and genetics of behavior of great apes (anthropoids). In addition, he worked in psychiatric clinics.
It should be noted that Pavlov made almost the largest contribution in history in the field of knowledge of how the brain works. Usage scientific methods This scientist allowed science to understand a lot about mental illness, as well as to outline ways to treat them. The academician, with the support of the USSR government, had access to the resources necessary for research. This allowed him to make revolutionary discoveries.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Great Russian biologists of world renown are Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. We have already talked about the first of them. Let us introduce the reader to the second one.
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (years of life - 1845-1916) - a famous Russian microbiologist, as well as a pathologist. In 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology (jointly with P. Ehrlich). Mechnikov received this prestigious award for his achievements in the field of the nature of immunity.
The future scientist was born in a village near Kharkov on May 3, 1845. In 1864, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov graduated from Kharkov University, after which he interned at the departments of universities in Munich, Göttingen and Giessen. Mechnikov also traveled to Italy, where he studied embryology. He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1868. From 1870 to 1882 the scientist worked in Odessa. Here, at Novorossiysk University, he was a professor of zoology. The scientist successfully combined teaching activities with scientific work. In 1886, together with N.F. Gamaleya, he organized a bacteriological station, the first in Russia. The scientist moved to Paris in 1887, and a year later, at the invitation of L. Pasteur, he began working at his institute, where he headed the laboratory. Since 1905, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was the deputy director of this educational institution.
Ilya Ilyich’s first works were written on the topic of zoology of invertebrates (coelenterates and sponges), as well as evolutionary embryology. He belongs to the theory of phagocytella (the origin of multicellular organisms). The scientist discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, which is the absorption of living cells and particles by single-celled organisms or phagocytes - special cells, which include, for example, some types of leukocytes. Based on this theory, Mechnikov developed another - comparative pathology of inflammation.
There are many works written by Ilya Ilyich on bacteriology. He conducted experiments on himself, as a result of which he proved that Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of Asian cholera. Ilya Ilyich died on July 2, 1916 in Paris.
What other Russian biologists are worthy of attention? We invite you to meet one more of them.
Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky
This is another great Russian scientist whose name cannot be ignored. Kovalevsky was a zoologist, worked in Imperial Academy sciences as an ordinary academician.
Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich was born in 1840, November 19. He received his primary education at home and then continued his studies in the corps of railway engineers. Alexander Onufrievich left there in 1859 and entered St. Petersburg University (department of natural sciences). In the period from 1860 to 1862, Kovalevsky studied with Bronn, Carius and Bunsen in Heidelberg, and then with Leydig, Quenstätt, Luschka and Mohl in Tübingen.
In 1862, Kovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich completed his studies at St. Petersburg University, followed by the defense of his master's and doctoral dissertations. In 1868, Kovalevsky became a professor of zoology. At this time he worked at Kazan University.
The period from 1870 to 1873 included a trip to Algeria and the Red Sea with scientific purpose. In 1890, after another trip abroad, he was elected a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and also received the title of ordinary academician. In 1891, he took the chair of histology at his native St. Petersburg University.
Most of this scientist's work is devoted to embryology, especially invertebrates. His research in the 1860s discovered the germ layers in these organisms. Kovalevsky's research in last years were devoted mainly to the definition of phagocytic and excretory organs in invertebrates.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
This man owns the doctrine of the immunity of plants, as well as their origin from world centers. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov discovered the law on hereditary changes in organisms and on homological series. This man made a great contribution to the study of biological species. He created the most impressive collection of seeds of various cultivated plants in the world. This is another scientist whose name has glorified our country.
Origin of Vavilov
Vavilov Nikolai Ivanovich was born in Moscow on November 25, 1887 in the family of a merchant of the second guild and public figure Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. This man came from a peasant background. Before the revolution of 1917, he worked as director of the Udalov and Vavilov company, which was engaged in manufacturing. Postnikova Alexandra Mikhailovna, the scientist’s mother, was from the family of an artist-carver. In total, Ivan Ilyich’s family had 7 children, but three of them died in childhood.
Study and teaching activities
Nikolai Ivanovich received his primary education at a commercial school, and then began to study at the Moscow Agricultural Institute. He graduated in 1911, after which he remained to work at the institute in the department of private agriculture. Vavilov began lecturing at Saratov University in 1917, and from 1921 he worked in Petrograd. Nikolai Ivanovich headed the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing until 1940. Based on research conducted in 1919-20, he described all cultivated plants of the Volga and Trans-Volga regions.
Vavilov's expeditions
Nikolai Vavilov led expeditions to study vegetation for 20 years (from 1920 to 1940) Central Asia, Mediterranean, etc. With one of them he visited Afghanistan in 1924. The obtained materials allowed the scientist to determine the origin and distribution of cultivated plants. This greatly facilitated the further work of botanists and breeders. The collection of plants collected by the researcher includes more than 300 thousand specimens. It is stored at VIR.
last years of life
Vavilov received the Lenin Prize in 1926 for his work on immunity, the origin of cultivated plant species, as well as for the law of homological series discovered by him. He received a number of awards and several medals. However, a campaign launched against the scientist was launched by his student T.D. Lysenko and supported by party ideologists. It was directed against research in the field of genetics. In 1940, as a result of this, Vavilov’s scientific activities were terminated. He was accused of sabotage and arrested. The great scientist had a difficult fate in recent years. He died in Saratov prison from hunger in 1943.
Rehabilitation of a scientist
The investigation against him continued for 11 months. During this time, Vavilov was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, Nikolai Ivanovich was even denied a separate grave. He was buried along with other prisoners. Vavilov was rehabilitated in 1955, all charges of activities directed against the revolution were dropped. His name was finally restored to the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka
Modern Russian biologists show great promise. In particular, A.L. Vereshchak, who owns many achievements. He was born in Khimki on July 16, 1965. Vereshchaka is a Russian oceanologist, professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 1987, he completed his studies at Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology. In 1990, the scientist became a doctor, in 1999 - a professor at MIIGAIK, and since 2007 he has headed a laboratory belonging to the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in Moscow.
Vereshchaka Alexander Leonidovich is a specialist in the field of oceanology and geoecology. He owns about 100 scientific papers. His main achievements are related to the use of modern methods in the field of oceanology and geoecology, such as the deep-sea manned vehicles "Mir" (more than 20 dives, 11 expeditions).
Vereshchaka is the creator of a model of a hydrothermal system (three-dimensional). He developed the concept of a boundary ecosystem (benthopeligal), inhabited by a specific fauna and associated with the bottom layer. In collaboration with colleagues from other countries, he created a method for determining the role of marine nano- and microbiota (prokaryotes, archaea and eukaryotes) using modern advances in molecular genetics. He is responsible for the discovery and description of two families of shrimp, as well as more than 50 species and genera of crustaceans.
Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich
The scientist was born in Ufa in 1949. He began his career as an engineer, but soon began to head a laboratory located at the Institute of Biology of the Bashkir branch of the Academy of Sciences. Gennady Samuilovich Rosenberg moved to Tolyatti in 1987, where he worked as chief researcher at the Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin. In 1991, the scientist headed this institute.
He is responsible for the development of methods for analyzing the dynamics and structure of ecosystems. He also created a system for analyzing the ecology of large regions.
Ilyin Yuri Viktorovich
This scientist was born in Asbest on December 21, 1941. He is a molecular biologist, and since 1992, an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His achievements are great, so the scientist is worthy of a more detailed story about him.
Yuri Viktorovich Ilyin specializes in molecular genetics and molecular biology. In 1976, the scientist cloned dispersed mobile genes, which are a new type of eukaryotic genes. The significance of this discovery was very great. These were the first mobile genes to be discovered in animals. After this, the scientist began to study mobile elements of eukaryotes. He created a theory about the role of dispersed mobile genes in evolution, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
Zinaida Sergeevna Donets
The great biologists of Russia are not only men. It is worth telling about such a scientist as Zinaida Sergeevna Donets. She is a Doctor of Science, professor of zoology and ecology at Yaroslavl State University.
Of course, there are other biological scientists in our country worthy of attention. We talked only about the largest researchers and achievements that are useful to remember.
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Famous biologists of Russia and the world and their discoveries
The advancement of science is the lot of talented and hardworking people who were not afraid to put forward their own hypothesis, propose a project, or invent a new device. Improving, humanity over each millennium has seen many special, interesting and important discoveries in the field of biology. Who are the very people who glorified Russia? Who are these famous biologists?
From antiquity to the 19th century
Famous biologists and their discoveries began to appear a long time ago. Even in ancient times, when there was no talk of such a science, people appeared who wanted to comprehend the secrets of the surrounding world. These are like this famous personalities, like Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.
Biology as a science began to emerge closer to the 17th century. A taxonomy of living organisms appeared, and disciplines such as microbiology and physiology arose. Anatomy continued to develop: the second circle of blood circulation was opened, red blood cells and spermatozoa of animals were studied for the first time. Famous biologists of that time were William Harvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.
The 19th and 20th centuries are the peak of new discoveries that changed the world. The most famous biologists living at that time were able to enormously change the course of scientific development. The significance of the 19th and 20th centuries cannot be overestimated, because the main hypotheses and innovations appeared precisely at this time, not only in biology, but also in other areas of science. Probably, the most important research was carried out only thanks to such personalities as Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov and many other famous biologists of Russia.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Born in 1744 in Picardy. He put forward his hypothesis of the evolution of life on earth, for which he was called Darwin's predecessor. Lamarck also introduced the term “biology” and laid the foundation for such disciplines as zoology and paleontology of invertebrate animals.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
After the death of his father, Leeuwenhoek began working as a regular glass grinder. After a few years, he became a master of his craft, which helped him design his own microscope with 200x magnification. Using this microscope, Leeuwenhoek discovered free-living organisms - bacteria and protists.
The scientist was also the first to prove that blood is a liquid with a large number of cells. Blood cells, erythrocytes, were also discovered by Leeuwenhoek.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
I. P. Pavlov was born in Ryazan in 1849. After graduating from theological seminary in his hometown, he decided to connect his life with science. The future scientist graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy, having mastered the use of a scalpel from the teachers. What successes did the most famous biologists of the 19th century achieve?
Pavlov's research activities were based on the functions of the nervous system. He studied the structure of the brain, the process of transmission of nerve impulses. The scientist also studied the digestive system, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904. Until his death, I.P. Pavlov worked as rector of the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences.
Like all famous biologists, Pavlov spent most of his life on science. For about 35 years he conducted research linking the functioning of the central nervous system with characteristics of psychological behavior. The scientist became the founder of a new direction in science - the physiology of higher nervous activity. Research was carried out in laboratories, mental hospitals and animal kennels. In general, all conditions for normal work were provided by the USSR government itself, since the research results helped to take a big step towards a scientific revolution in the field of nervous activity.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky
Almost all famous biologists in Russia were outstanding chemists, physicists, and mathematicians. A striking example is V.I. Vernadsky, a great thinker, naturalist, and researcher.
Vernadsky was born in 1863 in St. Petersburg. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, he began to study the properties of radioactive elements, the composition of the earth's crust, and the structure of minerals. His research gave impetus to the founding of a new discipline - biogeochemistry.
Vernadsky also put forward his hypothesis about the development of the biosphere, according to which all organisms are living matter. Involving radioactive solar energy into the cycle of substances, he united living and nonliving things into one biological system. 
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Famous biologists of the 19th century made many discoveries in the field of human physiology and immunology.
Mechnikov was born in 1845 in the village of Ivanovka, Kharkov province, graduated from school in 1862 and entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Kharkov University. After graduating from university, the scientist began his research in the field of invertebrate embryology.
In 1882, Mechnikov met with Louis Pasteur, who offered him Good work at Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich worked there for several more years. During this time, he not only made several important discoveries in the field of embryology, but also began studying the phenomenon of phagocytosis. Actually, Mechnikov managed to discover it for the first time using the example of leukocytes.
In 1908, the scientist received the Nobel Prize for the development of immunology and medicine. Thanks to his research, these disciplines were able to rise to a new level of development.
Mechnikov worked at the University of Paris until the end of his life and died after several heart attacks.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov
Famous Russian biologists can boast of the significance of their discoveries. N.I. Vavilov, a microbiologist, botanist, plant physiologist, astronomer and geographer, was no exception.
Vavilov was born in 1887 in Moscow. From early childhood he was interested in collecting plants, compiling herbariums, and studying the properties of chemical substances. It is not surprising that his future place of study will be the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he was able to show his talent.
Vavilov’s most important discovery is the law of homologous series, which explains the parallelism in the inheritance of characteristics of several generations of organisms. The scientist found that closely related species have identical alleles of the same gene. This phenomenon is used in breeding to predict possible properties plants. 
Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)
Famous biologists worked not only in the fields of botany, anatomy, and physiology, but also promoted new disciplines. For example, D.I. Ivanovsky contributed to the development of virology.
Ivanovsky graduated from St. Petersburg University in 1888 at the Department of Botany. Under the guidance of talented teachers, he studied plant physiology and microbiology, which gave him the opportunity to find source material for his future discovery.
Dmitry Iosifovich conducted his research on tobacco. He noticed that the causative agent of tobacco mosaic is not visible under the most powerful microscope and does not grow on ordinary nutrient media. A little later, he concluded that there are organisms of non-cellular origin that cause such diseases. Ivanovsky called them viruses, and from then on the beginning of such a branch of biology as virology was laid, which other famous biologists in the world could not achieve.
Conclusion
Is not full list scientists who were able to glorify Russia with their research. Famous biologists and their discoveries gave impetus to the qualitative development of science. Therefore, we can rightly call the 19th-20th centuries the peak scientific activity, a time of great discoveries.
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Famous Russian biologists and their discoveries
Until the 19th century, the concept of “biology” did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of biological sciences. Let us remember who the Russian biologists were (and we will briefly describe their discoveries) who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known throughout the world. Among the most famous is Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at the Agricultural Institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. He collected a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified centers of origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there were certain centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and identified the law of homologous series, which made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, domestic biologists occupy a worthy place. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals and undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and was its director for a long time. He made a huge contribution to aquarium husbandry.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. He became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were appreciated throughout the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and received his education at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, and proved, using embryological methods, the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. Mechnikov's works were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhoid, tuberculosis, and cholera. The scientist was interested in the aging process. He believed that premature death is caused by poisoning with microbial toxins and promoted hygienic methods of control, assigning a large role to the restoration of intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, and pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution did domestic biologists and their discoveries make to the study of higher nervous activity? The first Russian Nobel laureate in the field of medicine was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergy and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in my last year I read a book by I.M. Sechenov about brain reflexes and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at St. Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for this research. The next area of interest was higher nervous activity, to the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic “Domestic biologists and their discoveries.” Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov is a biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born into a family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology and collected scientific material in European laboratories. Organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works were included in science under the name “Koltsov’s principle.” Koltsov is one of the founders of genetics in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the department of experimental biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist to use the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, a researcher of photosynthesis and a promoter of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family and graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has made significant progress along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin is a famous biologist and breeder. His ancestors were small-scale nobles, from whom the scientist adopted an interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began selection work in a rented, neglected estate. During the period of his activity, he developed more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of central Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov is a biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. He received a law degree at St. Petersburg University, but became interested in biology and received a second degree at Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic “Famous biologists and their discoveries” will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he received his education at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist examined the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system and proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work “Reflexes of the Brain,” where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. He imagined the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of blood. The scientist created the domestic school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries was the time when great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky, a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by tiny bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only 50 years later. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, plant anatomy, and soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, and received his education at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article “Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries.” A table of their achievements can be compiled based on the proposed material.
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Russian biologists and their discoveries:: SYL.ru
In the article we will talk about Russian biologists. We will look at the most significant names of the discoverers, and also get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Anyone who is interested in the animal and plant world simply must know the names that we will name below.
Ivan Pavlov
This scientist in Soviet times didn't even need to be introduced. However, in modern world Not every person can say exactly who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is anymore. The man was born in 1849. His most significant achievement is the creation of the doctrine of the activity of the higher nervous system. He also wrote many books on the peculiarities of blood circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist to receive the Nobel Prize for his achievements in studying the mechanisms of digestion.
Experiments on dogs
Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biologist who is famous for conducting experiments on dogs. There are many jokes and cartoons related to this in our country. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately remembers Pavlov’s dog. The scientist began conducting experiments in 1890. He managed to develop in animals conditioned reflexes. For example, he ensured that dogs secreted gastric juice after they heard the sound of a bell, and this bell was always preceded by a meal. The peculiarity of this scientist’s method is that he saw the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies confirmed its presence.
He published his first work in 1923. In 1926 he began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. Ivan Pavlov's discoveries helped to learn a lot about mental illness, as well as possible methods their treatment. Thanks to the support of the USSR government, Pavlov had enough resources to carry out all his experiments, which allowed him to achieve other outstanding results.
Ilya Mechnikov
We continue the list of Russian biologists famous name I. I. Mechnikova. This is a famous microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Born in Kharkov in 1845. He studied in the same city. He studied embryology in Italy and defended his doctoral dissertation in 1868. In 1886, together with other scientists, he created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.
He wrote his first books on the topic of zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the phagocytella theory. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis and developed a theory of comparative pathology of inflammation. He wrote a huge number of works on bacteriology. He conducted experiments on himself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is Vibrio cholerae. Died 1916 in Paris.
Alexander Kovalevsky
List of famous Russian biologist scientists Let's continue with the sensational name of Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. At first he studied at home, and then entered the corps of railway engineers. After that, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in the department of natural sciences. Defended his master's and doctoral dissertations.
In 1868 he was already a professor of zoology and worked at Kazan University. He spent three years in Algeria and the Red Sea, where he carried out his research. Most of them are devoted to invertebrate embryology. In the 1860s, he conducted research that led to the discovery of germ layers in organisms.
Nikolay Vavilov
It is simply impossible to imagine a list of great Russian biologists without the name Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of plant immunity. He also discovered the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. Made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. By the way, it is recognized as the largest in the world.
The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family of a merchant. He came from peasant background. For some time he worked as director of his father’s company, which dealt with invoices. Vavilov’s mother was from the artist’s family. In total, there were 7 children in the family, but three of them died at an early age.
Training and achievements
Nikolai Vavilov studied at a commercial school and later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1911. After that, he began working at the department of private agriculture. From 1917 he lectured at Saratov University, and 4 years later he was already working in Petrograd. Thanks to his research, he described almost all the plants of the Trans-Volga and Volga regions.
The scientist devoted more than 20 years to the expedition, which he conducted in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. I remembered my trip to Afghanistan in 1924 for a long time. All collected materials helped Vavilov determine not only the origin, but also the distribution of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he greatly simplified the further work of breeders and botanists. It seems incredible, but Nikolai managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.
In 1926 he received a prize for his work devoted to the study of immunity, the origin of plants, and the discovery of the law of homological series. Nikolai Vavilov is the owner of a huge number of awards and several medals.
However, there is also a dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologists were opposed to the scientist because of the scientific activities of his student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the scientist's research in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to complete all scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of sabotage, and he was even arrested. A difficult fate befell this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from starvation in the foreign city of Saratov in 1943.
Rehabilitation
The investigation lasted more than 10 months, during which the scientist was summoned for questioning more than 400 times. After his death, this great Russian scientist was even denied a separate grave; as a result, he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 was he rehabilitated. All charges regarding his activities were dropped.
Alexander Vereshchak
We have already talked about Russian biologists who received the Nobel Prize, but this does not mean that we should forget about other researchers, because their contribution is also significant. Alexander Vereshchak is a Russian oceanologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Studied at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Biology. In 1990 he became a Doctor of Science. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory, which belonged to the Institute of Oceanology. This is how we smoothly moved on to considering Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific papers. His main achievements relate to how to apply modern methods analysis in the field of geoecology and oceanology.
Conducted more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. He is the creator of a model of a hydrothermal system. Developed the concept of an ecosystem inhabited by special fauna. Together with collaborators from other countries, he created a methodology that allows one to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiota. Discovered and described more than 50 species of crustaceans.
Gennady Rosenberg
He was born in 1949 in Ufa. In his name we also continue to consider the list of Russian biologists of the 21st century. He planned to become an engineer, but soon headed a laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Tolyatti. He is the creator of a method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created his own system of ecology of large regions for analytical purposes.
Yuri Ilyin
The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Renowned molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976, he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its importance, since it significantly advanced all of science. Studied mobile elements of eukaryotes. He is the creator of the theory about the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.
Zinaida Donets
Other names
It is worth noting that Russian biologists and their discoveries were not always appreciated. There are many researchers who are known only to those who also connected their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov, a Russian biologist who is considered the founder of experimental biology. He was the first to create a hypothesis about the molecular structure of chromosomes and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this outstanding scientist anticipated everything basic provisions modern biology and genetics.
It is impossible not to mention the Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. He is the discoverer of the laws of photosynthesis. He discovered and substantiated the process of the influence of light on the formation of organic substances in the layers of a plant.
Sergei Chetverikov is a talented Soviet geneticist, who is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found a relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in a population and the speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.
Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who discovered artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the doctrine of the individual development of a living being. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture in our country.
So we briefly reviewed information about Russian biologists and their discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.
It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin, a participant in the Great Northern Expedition and a naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, ethnographer and botanist. Described more than 500 plant species of Siberia. I covered more than 34,000 km there. He wrote a voluminous work on the flora of the region.
Nikolai Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region. He collected a huge private herbarium. He described more than 2000 plant species from all over the world. He is the most significant researcher of Asian flora.
It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Famintsyn, who is the discoverer of the semiotic nature of lichens. He also discovered the symbiosis of algae and radiolarians. Globally researched artificial lighting for plants.
This is where we will complete our consideration of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We have mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to imagine Russian biology. However, despite this, there are still many scientists whose contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian biologists are worthy of attention, because they literally created basic principles modern science and actually laid the first foundations.
Every person should know these names, if only because biology is the science of life itself. Summing up the article, I would like to once again express my respect to Russian biologists, thanks to whom we have the opportunity to study holistic, complex science. Remember that you can and should be proud of these names. Of course, the contributions of scientists from all over the world are important, but we must know and respect our own heroes.
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Scientists biologists - Science and education
Knowledge about nature, living and inanimate, began to develop back in antiquity. The term “Biology” appeared only in the 19th century. Therefore, those whom we proudly call biologists today were previously called doctors or natural scientists.
The role of biologists in the development of medicine, in pharmaceuticals, in the study of the structure of man and the world around us is not only enormous, but forms the basis for the development of many sciences. Without their studies and works, there would not now be even elementary, as it would seem, antibiotics, there would not be a whole knowledge base on the structure of the human being, and, accordingly, the usual operations would not be performed and the necessary treatment would not be carried out. Scientists biologists, their names are firmly entrenched in the history of mankind, and every self-respecting person should understand their significance and appreciate their contribution to our lives and to our development. Let's get to know these famous people better.
William Harvey (1578-1657) - English naturalist. He found out the meaning of the heart, the role of the valves; proved the movement of blood in a circle returning to the heart; described two circles of blood circulation. In addition, Harvey is the founder of embryology.
Carl Linnaeus (05/23/1707-01/10/1778) - Swedish naturalist. Created a system of animal and plant life. His system became the logical conclusion of the work of zoologists and botanists of the first half of the 18th century. In this system, he introduced a binary nomenclature in which each specific species is designated by two names - specific and generic. Linnaeus defined the very concept of “species”.
Friedrich August Gebler (12/15/1782-03/09/1850) – natural scientist. He described many new species of Altai animals and the fauna of these places.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist. His merit is the creation of the theory of evolution. In 1858 He published the book On the Origin of Species. His theory is still a source of controversy, but the theory of natural selection has found many confirmations.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - an Austrian naturalist - derived the existing laws of inheritance. He proved that traits can be inherited.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) – French immunologist and microbiologist. His work became the beginning of stereochemistry as a science. Refuted the possibility of spontaneous generation of life. Proved that diseases in humans and animals can be caused by bacteria. Invented vaccination.
Robert Koch (1843-1910) – German bacteriologist. He studied microbes as pathogens. He found out the cause of anthrax and discovered the causative agent of cholera and tuberculosis.
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin (06/07/1855 -1935) – breeder and biologist. Author of many varieties of fruit and berry crops known today.
Alexander Fleming (08/06/1881-03/11/1955) - Scottish bacteriologist. Born in East Ayrshire. In 1928 discovered penicillin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (09/26/1849-1936) – physiologist. Known for his teaching on higher nervous activity. He was the first to use the so-called “chronic method” of conducting experiments, the essence of which is to conduct research on an almost healthy animal. Pavlov formulated the idea of the analytical-synthetic work of the brain, created the doctrine of analyzers, revealed the systemic nature of the work of the cerebral hemispheres, and established the relationship between the brain and the work of all organs.
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (11/13/1887-01/26/1943) - Soviet geneticist and plant breeder. He is considered the creator of modern breeding principles, the founder of the doctrine of the places of origin of all cultivated plants. Conducted research in the field of immunity.
Frederick Banting (1891-1941), a Canadian physiologist, studied the nature of diabetes. With his assistant Charles.
Alexey Petrovich Bystrov (1899-1959) - Soviet biologist. He began his research with human anatomy and moved on to paleontology. Of particular interest is his work “The Past, Present, Future of Man.”
Alexander Baev (01/10/1904-1994) – biochemist. Known for his work in the field of molecular biology, as well as his work in biotechnology and genetic engineering.
Francis Crick (1916-2004) - English scientist. He discovered the structure of DNA, revealed how the DNA molecule reproduces and is passed on from generation to generation.
Joshua Lederberg (05/23/1925-02/02/2008) – American biologist and geneticist. He studied the mechanisms of recombination in bacteria. His merit is also the discovery of the phenomenon of transduction.
David Baltimore (03/07/1938) - American biologist and virologist. He advocated for a moratorium on certain types of DNA experiments. He proposed to classify viruses according to the type of genomic nucleic acid. He proved that the RNA molecule, just like the DNA molecule, can be a carrier of genetic information.
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Famous biologists of the world and their discoveries:: SYL.ru
Much of the knowledge that seems obvious today was once first discovered by great minds. The titans of science made the world the way it is presented to modern people. Biology is no exception here. After all, it was biologists who discovered such concepts as evolution, heredity, variability and many others.
"King of Botany": Carl Linnaeus
Biologists around the world still revere the name of the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). His main achievement is the classification of all living and inanimate nature. Linnaeus also included a person in it, for whom previously scientists could not find a place among other living objects. The scientist was one of the founders of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Paris Academy and other academies of the world.
Linnaeus was born in a small village called Roshult in Sweden. Since childhood, he loved to spend time in garden beds. When the time came to send Karl to school, the parents were very disappointed, because their child did not show any desire to study and turned out to be incapable of the then compulsory Latin. The only exception for little Karl was botany, to which he devoted all his free time. For his passion, Carl Linnaeus was prophetically called a “botanist” by his peers.
Fortunately, among the teachers there were those who helped young Karl master other subjects. For example, one of the teachers gave Linnaeus the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. Thanks to this, Karl was able to master Latin very quickly - and so well that this language is still taught by biologists all over the world. Being a commoner by origin, Linnaeus was buried in the cemetery of kings. During his lifetime, Linnaeus was sure that he was chosen by higher powers in order to bring all of God's Creations into a single system. The role of biological scientists like Linnaeus cannot be overestimated.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel was born in 1822 in the small town of Heinzendorf in the Austrian Empire (now the territory of the Czech Republic). The family of the future biologist lived very poorly. As a child, Johann helped his parents take care of the garden and learned to care for trees and flowers. The father really wanted Johann to receive a good education, as he immediately noticed the child’s unusual abilities. However, parents could not pay educational expenses. In 1843, Mendel became a monk. Having gotten rid of the constant worry about a piece of bread, he had the opportunity to devote all his free time to science. In the monastery, Mendel received a small garden plot. On it he conducted selection experiments, as well as world-famous experiments on pea hybridization.
Conclusions ahead of the times
Within the walls of the monastery, Mendel painstakingly crossed species of peas for eight whole years. He obtained valuable results about the patterns of inheritance and sent them to large cities - Vienna, Rome, Krakow. But no one paid attention to his conclusions - scientists of that time were not interested in the strange mixture of biology and mathematics. They believed that biological scientists should explore only the area in which they are competent, without going beyond their sphere of knowledge.
But the scientist’s conclusions were far ahead of his time. Mendel did not know then that genetic information is located in the nuclei of cells. He had no idea what a “gene” was. But gaps in knowledge did not prevent Mendel from giving a brilliant explanation of the laws of heredity. Gregor Mendel died in 1884. His obituary did not even mention that he was the discoverer of the law of heredity.
Achievements of Nikolai Vavilov
Another name revered by biologists is the name of Nikolai Vavilov. He was not only a geneticist and plant breeder, but also a geographer, the creator of the doctrine of the basics of selection and the centers of origin of cultivated plants. Vavilov organized expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, North and South America, and Africa. All this was done in order to expand knowledge in the field of botany and agronomy. After all, biologists must study the distribution of plants and their surrounding conditions, and not just gain information within the walls of laboratories.
Vavilov collected one of the largest collections of seeds of various plants. The scientist substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, as well as the law of homological series and hereditary variability of living organisms. But in 1940, Vavilov was arrested on charges of espionage. According to the verdict, the scientist was to be shot. However, the decision was replaced by a pardon - twenty years in prison. Vavilov died of exhaustion in 1943 in a prison hospital in Saratov.
Charles Darwin
Darwin was born in 1809 in the English city of Shrewsbury. Since childhood, he began to show interest in nature and animals. In 1826, Darwin entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but then, at the insistence of his father, transferred to the Faculty of Theology at Cambridge. But young Darwin was not at all interested in theology. He was much more interested in natural history. The development of his scientific interests was greatly influenced by biologists of that time. For example, botanist J. Henslow.
Darwin's trip around the world
In 1831, on the advice of Professor Henslow, Darwin set off on a trip around the world, which decided the fate of all his further research. The voyage on a small ship called the Beagle became the most celebrated scientific expedition of the 19th century. The captain of the ship was Robert Fitz Roy. Darwin writes that during the trip he was amazed at how widespread animals were throughout South Africa. Since biological scientists must explore the habitats of animals in their natural environment, Darwin decides on a journey that later became a turning point in the entire history of science - and not only biological.
In the period from 1839 to 1843, Darwin published materials obtained from his study of coral reefs. And in 1842, the scientist wrote his first essay, in which he first expressed his opinion on the origin of species. Darwin created the doctrine of evolution over almost twenty years. Reflecting on the processes that move evolution forward, Darwin came to the conclusion that the struggle for survival is this fundamental process.
In 1859, Darwin's first fundamental work was published, which is still appreciated by biologists around the world. It is “The Origin of Species by Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.” The entire circulation of his book - which is 1250 copies - was completely sold out in one day.
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The most famous Russian and foreign biologists (List)
The most famous Russian and foreign biologists in history
BEKETOV ANDREY NIKOLAEVICH (1825-1902), botanist, founder of the national school of botanist geographers. Studied the patterns of structure of vegetative organs of plants. He substantiated the position that in the surrounding nature there is a close connection between the internal properties of the plant and the environment, the changing conditions of which affect the metabolism and cause changes in plant characteristics. Acquired changes can be inherited. Thus, even before Charles Darwin, the Russian scientist called the external environment the main factor in the evolution of the organic world.
BOLOTOV ANDREY TIMOFEEVICH (1738-1833), Russian naturalist, one of the founders of Russian agronomic science, writer. Of all branches of agriculture, Bolotov especially loved gardening. In his notes, he described more than 600 varieties of apple and pear trees, and for the first time created a pomological system, that is, he laid the foundations for the varieties of fruit and berry plants (zoning, varietal classifications, etc.). Bolotov’s work “On the Division of Fields” was the first guide to introducing crop rotation and organizing agricultural areas. Bolotov developed agricultural techniques depending on zonal soil and climatic conditions, and a number of scientific methods for applying fertilizers. He was the first in the world to apply mineral fertilizer to plants in the fields of the Tula province. He developed many valuable varieties of fruit crops. In Bolotov we find attempts to use hybridization in the selection of fruit crops. Bolotov developed the scientific principles of afforestation and forest use, and compiled the first Russian botanical manual on the morphology and taxonomy of plants.
VAVILOV NIKOLAY IVANOVICH (1887-1943), geneticist, plant breeder, geographer. He organized botanical and agronomic expeditions to the countries of the Mediterranean, North Africa, and America, and established ancient centers of the formation of cultivated plants in these territories. Vavilov collected the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants, was the founder of the modern doctrine of the biological foundations of plant and animal breeding, and substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity.
DARWIN CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882), English naturalist and traveler. His first laboratory for five years was a cabin on the sailing expedition ship Beagle. Collecting zoological, botanical, geological collections, analyzing his observations, Darwin suggested that the emergence of various species of plants and animals should be sought in nature itself, which selects individuals better adapted to certain living conditions. In 1859, the work “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” was presented to the Linnean Society in London, where the main provisions of his theory of evolution - the irreversible process of change in the living (organic) world - were revealed.
ERMOLYEVA ZINAIDA VISSARIONOVNA (1898-1974), Russian microbiologist. Area of scientific interests: biochemistry of microbes. Among the most interesting results of research carried out by Ermolyeva in the 30s was the preparation of the enzyme lysocin and the development of methods for its practical use. Creation of a complex preparation of cholera bacteriophage: she managed to combine 19 types of “eaters” of microbes. The first in 1942 to obtain penicillin from domestic raw materials. This drug saved the lives of thousands of wounded during the war.
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910), German microbiologist. He was engaged in identifying pathogens of infectious diseases and ways to combat them. In 1882, he discovered a special type of microbacteria called “Koch’s bacillus.” This type of bacteria is widespread in nature, resistant to many environmental factors, and is the causative agent of tuberculosis. He was the first to isolate a pure culture of anthrax. The methods of disinfection proposed by scientists marked the beginning of sanitary microbiology.
LINNEAUS CARL (1707-1778), Swedish naturalist. Linnaeus considered the systematization of plants to be the main work of his life. This work took 25 years and resulted in the book “The Plant System” in 1753. He proposed a binary (double) system of generic and species names for all nature, gave names to plants and animals known in his time, and outlined the biological terminology he used and improved. Linnaeus described all medicinal plants, studied the effects of medicines made from them, and even invented a thermometer.
MANASSEIN VYACHESLAV AVKSENTIEVICH (1841-1901) Russian doctor. One of the first Russian scientists to begin studying the properties of green mold. Described the medicinal antibacterial properties of young cultures of the fungus Penicillum glaucum.
MECHNIKOV ILYA ILYICH (1845-1916), biologist-immunologist. While still a student, he became acquainted with the works of Charles Darwin and became a staunch supporter of Darwin's theory of evolution. He studied the embryology of invertebrates. In 1882, the scientist made the main discovery in his scientific life - he discovered cells - phagocytes (from the Greek phagos - devouring and kytos - cell) and formulated the main provisions of the phagocytic theory of immunity (from the Latin immunitas - liberation, deliverance). Studied infectious diseases. Discovered the technology for making kefir. For his work on immunity, Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908.
MOROZOV GEORGE FYODOROVICH (1867-1920), Russian botanist, geographer, forester. For the first time, he brought together a huge amount of factual material accumulated by foresters, botanists, geographers, generalized it, showed its general biological significance, thereby laying the foundation for a new branch of knowledge - biogeocenology. This idea became the scientific basis of the study of forests, the basis of forestry.
PASTER LOUIS (1822-1895), French scientist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology. He proved that fermentation is a biological phenomenon, the result of the vital activity of special microscopic organisms. He discovered anaerobiosis and proposed a method of preserving food products using heat treatment - pasteurization. Discovered the nature of many infectious diseases. I found a reliable way to combat infectious diseases - vaccination. He developed a method of preventive vaccination against chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
POLOTEBNOV ALEXEY GERASIMOVICH (1838-1907), Russian doctor. While researching the causes of skin diseases, he first drew attention to the antibacterial properties of green mold fungus. He studied and described the healing properties of fungal cultures in the treatment of skin diseases and wounds.
SOCRATES (470-399 BC), ancient Greek philosopher. Socrates came up with the idea that animals have instincts. He called it the "lowest form of the soul" or "urge." This is what determines the nature of animal behavior in certain conditions. Socrates contrasted these forms of innate behavior with reason, the “mental power” of man.
THEOPHRASTUS (372-287 BC), ancient Greek naturalist, philosopher, one of the first botanists of antiquity. Created a classification of plants. Systematized numerous observations on the morphology of plants and the geography of their distribution. He owns valuable works on the use of plants in medicine.
FLEMING ALEXANDER (1881-1955), English microbiologist. In 1922, he discovered an enzyme that destroys the membranes of bacterial cells and creates an antibacterial barrier - lysozyme. He discovered this substance in the tissues of the heart, liver, lungs, as well as in human saliva and tears. But he did not attach any practical significance to it. He worked on problems of general bacteriology, discovered penicillin - the first antibiotic effective for clinical use, isolating it from one of the types of mold (1929).
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