Streams, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans - without them it is difficult to imagine what the planet would look like, what life would be like on it, what living organisms would be like. Reservoirs are classified according to many criteria and have obvious differences, for example, in water, in the living organisms living in them and in other specific features.

The main differences between lakes and seas and oceans

As already noted, lakes, seas and oceans have a number of significant differences and specific features. Therefore, first you need to give each type of reservoir.

A lake is a body of water filled, in the vast majority of cases, within the lake bed. Natural is formed by the accumulation of water from rivers, streams or springs (groundwater). The lake does not have access to the sea, therefore it is part of the mainland. This is the key difference between lakes and seas and oceans. As already mentioned, lakes are usually fresh, which creates a completely unique fauna. There are natural and artificial. There are about 5 million lakes in the world.

Seas are part of the oceans. The sea may not flow into the World Ocean, but it has an outlet into any of the four oceans, including through the waters of another sea. The water in the seas is salty to varying degrees. Flora and fauna, relief features are largely different from lakes and oceans. The seas are characterized by the presence of endemic species of the underwater world. By definition, a sea has access to the ocean, otherwise it is a lake. It is noteworthy that examples of naming lakes as seas exist. A total of 63 seas are identified.

The ocean is the largest body of water, part of the World Ocean. Currently there are 4 oceans: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic, Arctic.

Scientists are again considering the identification of the Southern Ocean off the coast of Antarctica, which was on maps from 1937 to 1953.

Ocean and seas occupy 71% earth's surface. The oceans have their own specifics, both in terms of relief and the diversity of underwater life. Among other things, oceans are deeper than seas and have a slightly different composition of salt water.

Lakes called seas

Historically, several very large lakes are called seas, which, although incorrect, is nevertheless accepted. There are four such “seas” in total. This is the largest closed lake in the world - the Caspian Sea (Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan), the Dead Sea, unique in its salt composition (Israel and Jordan).

The Sea of Galilee or Lake Tiberias, unlike the three previous bodies of water, is the lowest freshwater lake in the world.

Lake Tiberias is located 213 meters below sea level.

Not so long ago, the Aral Sea was also considered a large salt lake (it was the 4th largest salt lake in the world), until more than 20 years ago it became very shallow and divided into two lakes - the Northern and Southern Aral Seas.

Differences between rivers, lakes, ponds and seas.

Many of us have forgotten the information that was given in science and geography lessons. Very often, adults forget and cannot clearly answer the question of how the sea differs from a lake and a river. In this article we will try to answer the question.

What is a sea, river, stream, swamp, pond and lake: definition

Sea- part of the world's oceans that is limited by parts of land or underwater terrain. The result is a certain isolated part of the water, so it is called the sea. The water in it is salty and can be bitter.

A water flow created by nature, which is fed by groundwater. The size of the river is decent and water can flow from the source at high or low speed. Mountain rivers are considered the fastest. The water in them is fresh.

Creek- a small watercourse, up to several meters wide. The depth of the reservoir is small, approximately 1.5 m. There is a clear separation between small river and no stream.

Swamp- areas of land with excessive moisture and a landscape that loves moisture. Bogs contain approximately 30% peat.

Pond - a reservoir that is created artificially. Most often created for growing fish or storing water.

Lake- a large natural body of water with clear banks. These bodies of water are not part of the world's oceans and do not flow anywhere.

What is the difference between a lake and a river: comparison, similarities and differences

There are significant differences between these bodies of water. First of all, this is the composition and condition of the water.

Common features:

They feed on groundwater and rainwater
Fish live in these reservoirs

A river has a beginning and an end and it flows somewhere
A lake is simply a depression in the ground filled with water. In this case, the lake may not flow anywhere
The water in the lake can be either salty or fresh
The river has a higher current speed than the lake
Most often in lakes Still water with constant temperature
The lake exists in already created natural conditions, the river can change the landscape and flow direction

How does a lake differ from the sea: comparison, similarities and differences

There is one huge difference between the sea and the lake. The sea is part of the world's oceans, but the lake is not. Although there are exceptions such as the Caspian and Dead Sea. They are lakes and are not part of the world's oceans. But they are called seas because of their salty water and large size.

What is the difference between a lake and a pond: comparison, similarities and differences

The lake in its structure and shape is very similar to a pond. But there are many differences between reservoirs.

Common features:

Clear shores and the basis of reservoirs are depressions in the land
Presence of fish in reservoirs and flora if they were introduced into the pond

Differences:

The lake is of natural origin, and the pond is artificial
Fish and plankton will not grow in a pond on their own.
The water in the lake can be either salty or fresh. In the pond - only fresh
In winter the pond freezes, the lake may not freeze
The lake is fed by groundwater and sediments, and the pond is fed only by sediments

Lakes in Belarus

What is the difference between a lake and a swamp: comparison, similarities and differences

The differences here are huge. The fact is that a swamp is not a body of water. It is land with a high moisture content. Something similar to any kind of dirt. At the same time, the swamp consists of 30% peat. The lake has fairly clean water and no peat.

What is the difference between a stream and a river: comparison, similarities and differences

The stream is much smaller in size and narrower than the river. Although now there is no clear division between a small river and a stream. Streams can form seasonally, especially as veins when snow melts and water flows from the mountains. At the same time, streams often change their direction. A river has a permanent beginning and end. A stream can be part of a river and replenish it. The depth of the stream usually does not exceed 1.5 m.

What kind of artificial reservoir: pond, river, lake, sea?

Of all the above, only the pond is artificial.

What is bigger: a river or a lake, a sea?

The largest in size are the seas. Rivers can replenish lakes and seas. But there are also very large lakes, which are considered to be seas. These are the Dead Sea and the Caspian Sea. In fact, they are lakes and do not replenish the world's oceans.

What gets polluted faster: rivers or lakes, ponds?

Everything depends on human participation. If we take into account natural pollution, it is insignificant compared to human impact. If nothing is discharged into reservoirs, then ponds become polluted most quickly, since the water in them is stagnant and there is no inflow or outflow.

This is mainly foliage and what is contained in the soil. Water can also rot due to the presence of bacteria in it. The river is the cleanest, since its flow speed is much higher than that of the lake. Mountain rivers are considered the cleanest, and they are cleaned with the help of stones placed in the water. They trap debris and act as filters of sorts.

Why is it necessary to protect rivers and lakes?

Water pollution contributes to the spread of pathogens and toxic substances into the soil. Accordingly, the risk of developing diseases increases. This may cause an increase in the incidence of cancer. In addition, water is often taken from rivers and lakes for technical needs and internal consumption. How cleaner water, the easier it is to clean it. Dirty water can cause waterlogging in the area and change the animal world.

Can rivers flow into a lake?

Yes, rivers can flow into lakes, and there is a lake into which 336 rivers flow. It is quite normal for rivers to replenish lakes. In the same way, rivers can flow out of lakes; they are called wastewater. But it’s quite normal if no river flows into the lake.

As you can see, not all bodies of water are the same. Their difference is not only in size, but also in the terrain and water composition.

VIDEO: Difference between rivers and lakes

Oceans

The ocean contains most of the salty water of the Earth, and is also a major component of the hydrosphere. The oceans make up one global, interconnected body of salt water, often called the world's oceans. The boundaries of the oceans are defined continents.
Parts of the World Ocean surrounded by land are called seas, bays, bays.

Ocean statue on a fountain in Rome.

Ocean- in ancient Greek mythology deity, element of the world's greatest river, washing the land and sea, giving rise to all rivers, springs, sea currents; shelter of the sun, moon and stars. For Homer, the Ocean is not only a god, but the origin of all things.

Homer(VIII century BC) - legendary ancient Greek poet-storyteller, creator epic poems"Iliad" and "Odyssey".

Mariana Trench- 10,994 m.

1 - North Pole.
2 - North magnetic pole.

(or Great) is the largest ocean in terms of area (49.5%) and depth (4,280 m) on Earth. - the second largest (16%) ocean on Earth after the Pacific Ocean.
The average depth is 3,736 m, the greatest is 8,742 m (Puerto Rico - Caribbean Sea trench). The name comes from the name of titanium Atlas (Atlanta) V Greek mythology or from the legendary island of Atlantis. Atlas or Atlas - in ancient Greek mythology a mighty titan, shouldered vault of heaven

Atlant
(Roman copy of a Greek sculpture, 2nd century BC, Naples).

- the third largest (20%) ocean on Earth. Width The Indian Ocean is approximately 10,000 km between the southern points of Australia and Africa. - the smallest ocean in area (4%) on Earth.

Southern Ocean (since 2000).

IN 2000 year, member states of the International Hydrographic Organization decided to distinguish the Southern Ocean as an independent fifth ocean, connecting the southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, within the limits limited on the north by the 60th parallel of southern latitude, and also limited by the Antarctic Treaty.
The accepted area of the Southern Ocean is 20.327 million km? (between the coast of Antarctica and the 60th parallel south latitude).

Oceans Square

The nature relief at the bottom ocean there are several stages:

Shelf- depth from 100 m to 200-500 m;
Shelf (English shelf - sandbank) is a leveled area of the underwater edge of the continent, adjacent to land and characterized by a common geological structure with it.
continental slope- depth up to 3,500 m;
Continental slope - transitional inclined the area of the underwater margin of the continent, located between the shelf and the foot of the continent, bordering the ocean floor. According to its geological structure and topography, the continental slope is a continuation of the land.
Ocean bed(Ocean bottom) - depth up to 6,000 m;
Deep sea trenches- depth below 6,000 m.

Ocean defines the main atmospheric properties and is a source of energy for many processes occurring in the atmosphere.
On circulation Ocean water is influenced by winds, the rotation of the Earth, and land barriers.

Lakes

Lake- a component of the hydrosphere, which is a natural or artificially created body of water filled within the lake bowl with water and not having direct connection with the sea (ocean).
Lakes eat river waters There are about 5 million lakes in the world.
Total area of lakes globe makes up about 1.8% of the landmass. Lake classification

Natural
Artificial
Ground
Underground
Sewage
Drainless
Fresh
Salty

The largest lakes in the world

Lake name	Maxim square surfaces, thousand km2	Height above sea level, m	Maxim depth, m	Part of the world
Caspian	371	-28	1025	Asia ( Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan)
Upper	82	183	393	North America
Victoria	68	1134	80	Africa
Huron	60	177	208	North America
Michigan	58	177	281	North America (USA)
Tanganyika	34	773	1470	Africa
	32	456	1637	Asia ( Russia)
Malawi	31	472	706	Africa
Big Bear	30	157	137	North America (Canada)
Great Slave	29	156	150	North America (Canada)
Erie	26	174	64	North America
Chad	26	281	11	Africa
Winnipeg	24	217	28	North America (Canada)
Balkhash	22	342	26	Asia (Kazakhstan)
Ontario	20	75	236	North America
Ladoga	18	5	230	Europe ( Russia)
Maracaibo	16	0	250	South America
Bangweulu	15	067	5	Africa
Aral Sea	13,9	3,5	54,5	Asia
Dongting	12	11	8	Asia
Onega	10	33	127	Europe ( Russia)
Tonle Sap	10	12	14	Asia
Air	9,5	-15 (-9)	4	Australia
Turkana	8,5	375	73	Africa
Nicaragua	8.4	32	70	North America
Titicaca	8,3	3812	304	South America
Athabasca	7,9	213	60	North America (Canada)
Deer	6,3	350	60	North America
Issyk-Kul	6,2	1608	668	Asia (Kyrgyzstan)
Bolshoye Solenoye	6	1282	15	North America
Torrance	5,7	34	8	Australia
Albert	5,6	619	58	Africa
Wenern	5,5	44	100	Europe (Sweden)
Nam Tso	1,87	4718	45	Asia

Baikal is the deepest and cleanest lake on the planet

Largest natural reservoir fresh water.

Seagulls on Lake Baikal

Seagulls in the Chivyrkuisky Bay of Lake Baikal.

Coastal lake landscape and view of Lake Baikal.

View of Lake Baikal.

- the most deep lake on the planet (up to 1,642 m) and one of the oldest, about 25 million years old. The lake contains about 1/5 of the world's surface fresh water reserves.

Flows into Baikal 336 rivers and streams. The largest river flowing into Lake Baikal is the river Selenga, which originates in Mongolia.
Only one river flows from the lake - Angara, which flows into the Yenisei River.

Baikal is home to about 2,600 species and subspecies of aquatic animals, more than half of which are endemic(they live only in this lake). In Baikal there are such fish, such as Baikal omul, grayling, whitefish, Baikal sturgeon, burbot, taimen, pike. On the stamp depicted:
schematic outline of Lake Baikal, as well as representatives fauna of Baikal: seagull, Baikal seal and Baikal omul.
In the center of the photo composition is the coast of Olkhon Island and the Shamanka rock. Olkhon Island is located in the central part of the lake and is the largest among the 27 islands of the lake.

The stamp was issued under the program of joint issues of postage stamps “Europe” (with the EUROPA logo). Stamps have been issued since 1956 under the auspices of CEPT (European Conference of Postal Administrations) with the aim of closer cooperation and integration of European countries, with the aim of educating the history and culture of European countries.

Ponds

Pond- an artificial reservoir for storing water for the purpose of water supply, irrigation, fish and waterfowl breeding, as well as for sanitary and sports needs. Artificial reservoirs with a volume of up to 1 million cubic meters are usually called ponds, over a million - reservoirs. Pond - body of water standing water, artificial (or natural) origin, with a size smaller than that of a lake.
Ponds and lakes differ from streams in the speed of water flow.

(Losinoostrovsky district of Moscow)

Lower Dzhamgarovsky pond. Moscow, 2012

Ice drift on the Rybinsk Reservoir

Ice drift on the Rybinsk Reservoir.
Yaroslavl region.

Rivers

River- natural water flow, current from the source down to the mouth in the developed them deepening - permanent natural in the riverbed and fed by surface and underground runoff from its basin. River flows into into the ocean, sea, lake or other river, stream, channel, spring, source, spring - are considered small rivers. River water is usually going from precipitation through surface runoff, melting natural ice and snow covers, as well as from groundwater and springs. Energy fast rivers and waterfalls are used in economic activity humans as a source of energy to operate water mills and hydroelectric turbines.

Water mill in Belgium.

Water mills

Post block "Water Mills". Ukraine, 2011

Windmills

Post block "Windmills". Ukraine, 2011

Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station on the Yenisei River

Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station on the Yenisei River, 2012.

Arch-gravity dam in El Salvador

One Salvadoran colon (until 2001).
Serron Grande Dam in El Salvador (Central America),
concave to increase the strength of the dam body. 1977

Rivers that flow directly into oceans, seas, and lakes are called main.
Rivers flowing into main rivers are called tributaries. land surface floodable river waters during high water (spring melting of snow) or during floods (short-term phase of rising water levels) is called floodplain rivers. River beds have deeper places - reaches and shallow water areas - riffles. Depending on location with the flow relative to the river bed line there are right and left shores (defined from the point of view of an observer sailing on a boat with the flow at the same time, the observer looks along the flow of the river).

The Greatest Rivers of the World

Name	Length, km	Pool area, (thousand km2)	Part of the world
Amazon	6992	7180	South America (Brazil)
Nile	6670	2870	Africa
Yangtze	5800	1818	Eurasia (China)
Mississippi - Missouri	5969	3229	North America (USA)
Yellow River	5464	752	Eurasia (China)
Ob - Irtysh	5410	2990	Eurasia (Russia- Western Siberia)
Parana - Paranaibi	4380	2970	South America (Brazil)
Mekong	4500	810	Eurasia (China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam)
Amur (from the sources of Arguni)	4440	1855	Eurasia (Russia- Far East)
Lena	4400	2490	Eurasia (Russia- Eastern Siberia)
Congo (or Zaire)	4320	3691	Central Africa (Congo, Angola)
Mackenzie (from the headwaters of the Peace River)	4240	1760	North America (Canada)
Niger	4160	2092	West Africa
Yenisei (from the origins of the Small Yenisei)	4102	2580	Eurasia (Russia- Central Siberia)
Volga	3530	1360	European part Russia
Indus	3180	960	South Asia (India, Pakistan)
Yukon	3180	900	North America (Canada, USA)
Danube	2850	817	Europe (Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine)
Orinoco	2730	994	South America (Venezuela)
Ganges (with Brahmaputra)	2700	2055	South Asia (India, Bangladesh)
Zambezi	2660	1330	South Africa (Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique)
Murray	2574	1072	Australia
Dnieper	2201	504	Europe ( Russia, Belarus, Ukraine)

We started the topic with the question: “Why do you think our planet is called the Blue Planet?”
Because most of the earth's surface is occupied by water. Astronauts can see this very well from space. And we can look at the map. Then we remembered how our Earth was at first similar to the planet Venus, and how then water appeared on our planet, how one ocean was formed (there was 1 continent) and how then there were 4 of them. We looked at a soft map (I already showed a photo before ).
So we figured out that the World Ocean is divided into 4 parts - 4 oceans (they divided it due to the properties of water in each part). The names of all the oceans were repeated. We also talked about the Southern Ocean (which is distinguished as the fifth ocean due to the specifics of its waters). We laid out the names on a contour map.

The largest and deepest ocean is the Pacific (we check everything on the map)))), then the Atlantic, Indian, Southern (if you count it among the number of oceans) and Northern. Arctic.
Although we have known the names of the oceans for a long time, we still wanted to “shove in” some games, even the simplest ones: we remembered our favorite game - flying on an airplane: we flew across the ocean that I call (before we used to have both continents and oceans taught), acted out the situation as if we were flying on a rescue plane in search of a missing ship.
Ocean waters surround continents and islands. Large regions (children can also say parts) of the oceans (oceans are also divided into parts :-))))) are called seas. At the same time, we figured out what bays and straits are, but very briefly and didn’t dwell on it for long.
The seas differ from each other in vegetation, fauna, in short, flora, fauna and specialties. characteristics of water.
Those. The ocean was conventionally divided into parts - seas (due to the specifics of the waters, and the seas also differ from each other in flora and fauna).
There are 63 seas in the world. There are seas that are not seas at all, but large lakes (Caspian, Aral, Dead and Galilee), these names simply developed historically (but we’ll talk about lakes later).
By some seas interesting names(I did not talk about all the theories for the names of these seas, but only about the most common and memorable ones):
The Red Sea gets its name from the bloom of microscopic reddish algae.
We remembered our vacation on the Red Sea, looked at photos of the underwater world, and agreed that it was an unforgettable sight to see so many corals and amazing fish. Senka remembers our trips and really wants to go somewhere again as soon as possible.
The Yellow Sea is named because the rivers carry yellow silt into the sea.
White because of the ice (must be shown on the children's map. On our map it is actually white).
Coral speaks for itself))
Dead (which is actually a lake) because. Life is impossible in it - it is very salty.
Next we looked at the relief of the ocean (on our model too)

The topography of the bottom of the oceans and seas is as diverse as the land: there are mountains, underwater volcanoes, plains, and deep depressions.
They repeated that in the place where the lithosph. The plates move apart, a fault (rift) is formed, from which hot magma flows in the form of lava, building up mountains along the edges of the plates, and new oceanic crust is formed inside the fault. In such places, a mountain range and even a whole mountain range with numerous volcanoes appears.
On our model we have a rift (a mid-ocean ridge that has just begun to “emerge” because the mountain range does not fit in ours, but the main thing is that the essence is clear):

Mid-ocean ridges exist in the central parts of all oceans.
When we looked at the books, then, of course, Senka’s gaze fell on the black smokers. I had to talk about them and about pogonophora. My boyfriend was so impressed that he even wanted to make them:

True, we installed them only later, after the water had been poured out.
Volcanoes also form underwater in places where the oceanic plate is thinnest. Usually a whole range of volcanoes forms in the ocean (Hawaiian Islands, Canary Islands, Kuril Islands). For example, one large volcano has formed, protruding from the surface of the ocean water, which means that a volcanic island has formed. But lithosph. the slabs do not stand still, there was a movement, the slab moved a little and what happened? Our volcanic the island “moved” to the side, and in the place where it originated (the plate is thinnest there, so it’s easy for magma to “break through” out in that place), a new volcano arose, etc. Thus, a series of volcanic islands appears next to our first island.
She clearly showed it with a felt-tip pen and a sheet of paper (I didn’t risk it with a candle and a sheet)))), although I had an idea))

On our model we also looked at an island of volcanic origin)) It’s a pity that everything is very small...
When oceanic and continental collide. plates, the first (due to the fact that it is thinner) “goes” under the second and melts. The depth of the ocean near the continental plate increases and a deep-sea trench is formed here, and next to it chains of active volcanoes appear, forming a mountain range.
On our layout, the deep-sea trench is here:

The deepest trench on Earth is the Mariana Trench.
Here again it went to the wrong steppe: Senka simply fell in love with a sea anglerfish:

He urgently ordered it to be molded)) Here he is, only without teeth

Well, and the abyssal plain (please note that we have everything in a reduced form).

The sea is almost never calm. The waves that appear on the surface of the water are very diverse. Waves arise for various reasons, but the most basic is wind.
It seems that only the surface of the sea was practically motionless (this also happens), but as soon as a light breeze appears, ripples immediately appear - these are small waves only a few feet high. millimeters. Blow on some water and look))
Above the sea surface continued. the wind is blowing, which gradually intensifies. The stripes of ripples give way to clearly visible waves that form parallel rows of crests and troughs.
The wind is getting stronger, increasing the length and height of the waves, and they no longer follow each other in pairs, but are chaotically scattered across the water surface.
If the wind blows very strongly for a long time. at high speed in the same direction (storm), storm waves arise, can be several meters high, which form impressive water shafts. And from time to time a particularly high wave arises, which sailors call the “ninth wave.” These storm waves are especially dangerous for ships on the high seas.
We looked at Aivazovsky's paintings.
While storms may rage on the high seas. waves, sitting on the shore, we can see a different picture: with a weak wind, the waves roll onto the shore, and then retreat, roll and retreat... But as soon as the wind gets stronger, the waves noisily crash onto the shore, breaking into spray and covering the edge of the shore with foam. Moreover, approaching the shore, the waves always slow down their movement, and they are also oriented parallel to the coastline, while in the distance they move chaotically. This picture has always fascinated me. I love watching the waves: when it’s calm near the shore, the water rolls in and recedes, and in the distance you can see a disordered picture.
And while storm waves are dangerous for sea vessels, they cause significantly less destruction in the coastal zone. Another thing is that a tsunami wave is a long ocean wave that occurs during underwater earthquakes or as a result of the explosion of an underwater volcano. The tsunami originated in the ocean and rushes with great speed to the coastal strip, where its speed slows down and its length decreases, but its height increases. And it deals a crushing blow to the coast, causing colossal damage in the coastal zone. And the most interesting thing is that in the open ocean this wave is completely safe. It moves very quickly and the ship can rise and fall smoothly without really understanding what happened.
We watched the waves in the bathtub when Senka was swimming (otherwise I would have been wiping the floors all evening). I drew houses on the wall (this is, like, a coastal area with residential buildings) and then we observed ripples on the surface of the water, storm waves and how dangerous they are for a boat and a tsunami. Senka was so impressed: the wave washed away the houses, as in reality... We also read books from the “I Love to Read” series
Senka's wave:

Ocean water is constantly in motion, and this movement is not limited to waves. Deep underwater, powerful movements of water masses are observed, which are called sea (ocean) currents. Currents can be warm or cold. I didn’t go into too much detail here, I just noted that the most famous warm current is the Gulf Stream, which begins near the Florida Peninsula and goes to the Spitsbergen Islands (looked at the map). The Gulf Stream can be called a kind of river that flows in the ocean.
In the bath, we also used the shower to create underwater sea cold and warm currents (although Senka is already familiar with this, we have studied currents in the bath a long time ago))))
Ocean currents are capricious. Sometimes they deviate from their constant direction, forming giant vortices and whirlpools (we also watched it in the bath, as well as on YouTube), for some reason the whirlpool especially had a magical effect on Senka: he now often weaves it into his games.
She also told us about the ebb and flow of the tides; they remembered how they saw both the ebb and flow of the tide in the Red Sea. But unfortunately, my son didn’t really understand why this was happening, and I couldn’t figure out how to show the influence of the Moon))

Rivers flow into oceans and seas - natural water streams that flow in the depression they create.
Usually a river begins with a small spring that comes out of the ground and flows in a stream. Gradually other streams merge with this stream, and a river is formed. The place where the river originates is called the source.
The sources of mountain rivers are usually located at the edge of glaciers, flowing in small streams of water and giving rise to a mountain river that quickly flows down to the sea. She showed it on a model: she squeezed out the soaked cotton wool, streams flowed, then she poured water from the bottle, showing where the source was, where the river bed was - the channel through which the river flows. We followed the current: in mountain rivers the current is much stronger than in the plains. And now our river flows into the sea, carrying with it everything that it could acquire along the way))) (stones, sand, etc.). And the place where the river flows into the sea is called the mouth.

We also talked about the fact that small ones, called tributaries, can flow into a large river (called the main one). Tributaries can be left or right. To determine which tributary is which, you need to stand with the flow. The same is true with the definition of the right and left banks of the river. She also said that the river can change its direction: from being more or less smooth, after a while it can turn into a real “snake”. Consolidated knowledge + combined reading:

It's simple: cards with words must be placed correctly in the picture.
Rivers constantly need food. Where do rivers get their food from? Food can be different:
- rain
- glacial
- groundwater (I talked a little about them, but only superficially)
- snowy.
The main source of nutrition is precipitation. Where does precipitation come from? At what time of year does the river receive more nourishment? We remembered once again about the journey of a droplet (the water cycle in nature).

I asked Senka to tell me about the droplet’s journey, and he did an excellent job.
Remember the song: “The river begins with a blue stream...”

Water is a “strong” element)) The water of seas and rivers can destroy even mountains. Even a stone is afraid of water! (water wears away stones).
With the help of water, caves are formed in the mountains (water washes away “weak” (soluble) rocks, while stronger ones remain), and then in the same caves it creates beautiful ensembles of stalactites and stalagmites (remembered from the previous topic).
We looked at different pictures, incl. and Sh7G.
Sometimes, due to the destructive power of water (especially often in spring), landslides and landslides can occur in the mountains - and so big mountain turned into a pile of stones.
In some areas, rivers were able to form narrow and deep gorges, which are called canyons (Colorado River and Grand Canyon, North America)
Sometimes on its way, river water can see a barrier made of strong rock, followed by a weaker one. - sandstone, which water washes out and carries away with it. It turned out that a solid threshold arose, and behind it a hole (niche) formed, which became larger and larger over time, and thus a waterfall was formed. We saw the highest and most beautiful waterfalls: Angel and Niagara.

Over time, rivers can even erode mountains and a plain forms in this place. Of course, this happens very slowly. All the material that they wash out is carried by the current into the sea and due to this the bottom of the oceans increases, as well as with the help of the sea. This material destroys new areas of land (including friction of debris).
We watched the waves destroy the coastal stone wall

We also completed an assignment on this topic:

We destroyed the cliff (however, instead of a mountain we just had soil) with water:

We also looked in books and on the Internet how with the help of water - snow, rain - and wind + temperature changes (weathering) fabulous landscapes can be created - amazing changes in the relief occur (the Arches Museum, for example).
We looked at the largest rivers in the world (the longest): the Amazon and the Nile.
Here is our river (he asked me to draw the outline of the river): I painted it in myself, tried very hard, but for some reason I didn’t want to add anything (I think we’ll revive this drawing later)))

A river can flow not only into the sea, but also into a lake.
A lake is a body of water that is created by nature itself in the depressions of the land, into which water flows and accumulates.
Lakes are not part of the World Ocean and are not connected in any way to the sea (ocean) - they are a closed body of water into which only a river can flow.
We looked at the largest lakes on the map: Caspian Sea (Europe/Asia), Lake Superior (North America), Victoria (Africa).
She spoke in more detail about why some lakes were called seas. Then we looked at the lakes of our country, because we have a lot of them and our country is called a lake country, and we found the largest lake, Naroch.
We talked about where lakes can form: as I already said, in closed earthly depressions, by filling them with water (precipitation, groundwater), we remembered a crater lake, as well as a lake that formed in the caldera of an extinct volcano, a glacial lake, lakes that form in cracks in the earth's crust (Baikal) - tectonic lakes, mountain lakes and those that form in caves, river and seaside lakes (looked at the cards).
Lakes can become very overgrown with various plants, they can dry out and disappear completely over time, but sometimes they can reappear; Sometimes people drain lakes themselves.
Well, a little about artificial lakes, which include:
pond - an artificial reservoir, i.e. created by man (this differs from a lake), for storing water (for water supply, fish breeding, etc.). (Girls, all sorts of notes - like the one that was just in brackets) - I wrote for myself, so as not to forget to tell Senka, so don’t look that I’m describing everything so verbatim, I’m just copying from my plan and pasting, almost without editing, I just don’t have time, I just add a little here with my comments, and sometimes it turns out that a lot has been written, but in fact I spoke briefly))))
Ponds are usually small (we saw them more than once. When Senka saw them for the first time, he said: “Look, what a small lake!”). But artificial reservoirs large sizes already called a reservoir.
We looked at the cards, but most importantly, we saw all this (except for the ocean and the sea) live when we went to my grandmother (first we saw a river, then a lake, a reservoir, and then we saw many rivers and another lake, and when we came to my grandmother , then we went to the pond (they usually fish there in the summer), it is very close to my grandmother’s house.
She also told a fairy tale of her own composition:
A tale about water.
Once upon a time there lived a fontanel, the water in it was pure, pure... The fontanel began to get bored standing in one place and decided to let out streams. The streams ran happily down the hill, not at all regretting that they had left their home, but for some reason they still converged in this place and decided that they would continue to flow like one river: together it’s more fun!!! Runner is singing a song when she suddenly hears someone to her right crying. "Do not Cry! - says the river, “Better tell me who you are and where you are coming from?” “I am a river! I'm running away from those high mountains! And who are you?"
- I am also a river!
- So big?
- Yes! Why are you crying?
- But I don’t know where to swim next... I’m scared...
- And run with me! It will be more fun together!
-Where are you running?
- I want to run down there, something tells me that it’s so good there...
- Hooray! I agree!
And the small river (the right tributary) merrily flowed into the big river and one main river rushed even faster than before. Suddenly the river on the left side hears a cry:
- And I want to go with you, river! Take me too! It’s sad for me to stand in one place all the time by the lake, but here it rained for so many days, there was so much new water in the lake, so I decided to little by little pave the way somewhere where it’s easier to go.
The river listened to the small river and, of course, agreed. So she got a left tributary. And she ran big river further. Her path was not easy: on the way there were various stones and branches - she picked it all up and carried it with her, sometimes she even had to jump down a waterfall, but she was not afraid of anything, she didn’t care about anything! And when there were very few obstacles on the way, the river spilled as wide as possible in all directions and smoothly flowed down, where, as she thought, something extraordinary was waiting for her!
The river flowed for a long time, it still took not a single river with it, and suddenly it sees endless blue expanses all around...
- What a beauty! So this is where something has been beckoning me all the time...
The river stepped onto the threshold-mouth and confidently swam further. She was not afraid at all, on the contrary, she calmly gave her fresh water and everything that she had saved with great difficulty along the way was happily mixed with the salty sea water and was incredibly glad that now she could walk anywhere: nothing would hinder her movements, because here there is space, space all around! This is my second home!!!
Now it’s time to figure out how the water in the oceans and seas differs from river and lake water. Found out that sea water- always salty, river water - always fresh, but in a lake water can be fresh (in most cases) and salty (the Dead Sea is the most salt Lake and body of water in the world).
She briefly explained why sea water is salty and where so much salt came from. We did an experiment with water evaporation (our salt lake dried up). We made sure that if the water evaporates, the salt still remains.

This is how we became acquainted with the method of extracting sea salt (naturally and by evaporation).

Since we were talking about salt, I had to tell (or rather remind) about the method of extracting stones. salt in mines.
We remembered how easy it is to swim in sea water. We did the well-known experiment with an egg.

Then we talked about the water we drink. those. that sea water - salty - is not suitable for drinking, but only fresh, BUT only that which is processed. And I was hit with a hail of questions about drinking water. My favorite question: “Why do dogs drink water from a puddle and nothing is done to them?))))”
I decided to repeat the properties of water “for company.”
Water is an amazing substance. Only water can exist in three states: liquid, solid and gaseous (everyone looked clearly)
At the same time, we considered the question: why doesn’t ice sink? (when water freezes, it expands (becomes ice) and becomes lighter than water, and ice, as we know, does not sink). This is very important, because if the ice did not float, it would fall to the bottom of the seas and oceans, and they would freeze through.
We remembered about icebergs (we already talked about them in the “Mountains” topic, when we talked about glaciers (how icebergs form), but now we decided to look at them in more detail), how they float in water and do not sink. We let our iceberg float (from the freezer)), and observed that most of it was under water. We watched them melt very slowly. We talked about the size of icebergs. Some of them are so huge that they represent an entire island (Fletcher's Ice Island). You can even see polar bears on icebergs; even scientific stations are installed on them.
We watched the iceberg capsize. Senka liked it. We discussed the question, why is an iceberg dangerous? (at 100 exp it is also there)
Senka is watching the iceberg (the iceberg is almost invisible in the photo))

Water has the property of fluidity. We have known this for a long time, but I decided to repeat it all together. I took a shallow rectangular container and poured water - in a closed depression on level ground the water stands still, it does not flow anywhere (puddle, pond, lake), but as soon as you tilt the container, the water will immediately flow somewhere and the greater the tilt, the Water will flow faster (like a river, for example).
Another property we know: water is colorless and transparent (if we're talking about about water in small volumes), so we see pebbles at the bottom of a puddle, shallow river, stream; and even in shallow waters in the sea we see everything that is on the bottom.
An experiment (also known to everyone): we take a glass of water and a glass of milk, throw something into it and conclude that we can only see the object that is in the water, because it is transparent, and the object is not visible in the milk.
The Clever World in the Palm kit suited this topic perfectly. 100 experiments: Why do we see the bottom?

Water is colorless: when we suddenly accidentally touch a cup of water and spill ourselves, we can simply wipe off the water with a towel or rag, and if there is not enough of it, it will dry on its own, and no traces or stains will remain, which cannot be said about juice, for example.
You can draw with colorless water: on asphalt or on dry sand (plastic in the lid.
make a small hole in the bottle and, pressing on the bottle, draw out drawings with a stream of water).
Water is tasteless and odorless: it acquires the smell and taste of the substance that is added to it.
100 exp: What does the water smell like?
Water is an excellent solvent; almost all substances dissolve in it.
Salt, sugar, compote, paints.
In addition, we also wash our clothes in water. Many stains can be washed off in water, and in our time with the help of all sorts of chemicals. additives (powders, soap, etc.) you can wash almost everything))
All objects in water are subject to buoyant force. Sometimes this force is not enough to push an object (it is very heavy) to the surface of the water, and then it sinks. This has been ours for a long time favorite hobby- check which objects sink, and which float on the surface of the water, and which are half filled (if a champagne bottle is filled with water, it will sink, and if you pour a little out of it, it will sink halfway, and if you pour out the water altogether, then it will float on top and the deeper this empty bottle is then lowered, the faster it will tend to the surface of the water).
Out of 100 exp. took the experiment "Why does a submarine float up?"

The only thing I want to say is that you need to prepare different grapes, otherwise not everyone can float, we only had experience with the 3rd purchase of grapes.
Vytalk. The strength of salt water is greater than that of plain water, so it is easier to swim in salt water. We did the well-known experiment with an egg.

100 exp: Why is it easier to swim in salt water?
Water, like any other liquid, takes the shape of the container into which it is poured.
100 exp: What is the shape of water?
We also looked at experiments related to water from the set:
Can metal float?
Why doesn't the log sink?
Why does the tangerine float?

And the peeled tangerine drowns)

In short, they threw everything they could into the water and observed))
In general, from the set we did the following experiments during the course of the topic:
Another 100 exp:
Why does the stream gurgle? How to raise the water? Which snow melts faster?
Why does water cool? Where is there more water? Why does it rain? Why are there circles in the water?
Why do puddles disappear? How are clouds formed?

This is such magical water! Everyone needs water: people, animals, birds, and even plants. You can travel by water. It was in water (as scientists say) that life appeared. But that's a completely different story... :-)

You can download cards and other materials here: https://yadi.sk/d/5yHmLwvT3q-oY

Moscow Large rivers Moscow Yauza Small rivers and streams (Approximately 330) Canals Drainage canal Grebnoy canal Derivation canal Moscow Canal Likhoborsky canal (also Golovinsky) Karamyshevsky straightening Khoroshevsky straightening Ponds, lakes (32 names)

Golyanovsky Pond Golyanovsky Pond is located in the north-east of Moscow, on the territory national park"Elk Island" Golyanovsky Pond is named after the area of Golyanovo, on whose territory it is located. The name of the reservoir comes from a former village known since the 17th century. Golyanovsky Pond itself is located in the floodplain of the Sosenka River.

The Serebryanka River (Izmailovka, in ancient times - Robka) with its tributaries, which is the left source of the river. Khapilovka, begins east of Moscow and originates from a swamp outside the Moscow Ring Road. It enters the city near the Entuziastov Highway, flows on the surface through the Izmailovsky Forest Park from southeast to northwest, passes through the Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond and then flows to the west, where it merges with the river. Sosenka, flowing from the Cherkizovsky pond, forms the river. Khapilovka. R length Serebryanka is about 12 km. On the territory of the Izmailovsky Forest Park, Serebryanka receives the Lipitinsky and Kosinsky streams on the right. On the banks of Serebryanka there were the villages of Ivanovskoye, Izmailovo and Cherkizovo. Names of water bodies with the bases “silver”, “silver” a large number of, and this, as a rule, does not indicate the presence of silver deposits in the vicinity, but the transparency and purity of the water, its sparkling, and the beauty of the place.

Rules of behavior near water bodies: 1. Protect the animals and plants of water bodies. 2. Cars and others in ponds that are not washed vehicles, as gasoline or motor oil will get into the water. 3. Keep the water clean, clear springs and streams. 4. Do not throw garbage into water bodies or leave it on the shore. 5. Use pesticides and fertilizers in moderation.