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Global problems modernity.
The concept of "global problems". 2nd half 20th century problems of human survival - preventing the 3rd World War, - overcoming the environmental crisis, - reducing the difference in the level of development between developed countries and the countries of the “3rd world”, - stabilizing the demographic situation. , -fighting drug addiction, AIDS, etc. , -the fight against international terrorism, -the revival of cultural and moral values.
The concept of "global problems". causes of global problems Planet is one house local conflicts and contradictions of a global nature Human activity = Destructive forces of nature But! Low level of: - social organization, - political thinking, morality, environmental thinking.
Threat of environmental crisis. Scientific and technological revolution Disturbance of ecological balance Depletion of natural resources (40 years) Depletion of fertile layer Deforestation
Threat of environmental crisis. Scientific and technological revolution Disturbance of ecological balance Atmospheric pollution Pollution of the waters of the World Ocean
Scientific and technological progress and environmental alternative. NTP Disturbance of ecological balance Private human activity Society must regulate Problem! Greens Closure of important industrial facilities
Scientific and technological progress and environmental alternative. NTP Disturbance of ecological balance Exit Closed loop Environmentally-saving technologies Non-waste technologies Development of environmental restoration technologies Environmental assessment of projects
Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. C. Fourier Wars are a constant companion of mankind 4500 years -300 years of peace 20th century - 2 world wars 3 world wars - the death of mankind Nuclear winter Continuation of the arms race
Problems of war and peace in modern conditions. conditions for preventing nuclear war - recognition of the priority of universal human values, - renunciation of war as a means of resolving conflicts, - recognition of the right of peoples to independently and freely choose their destiny, - understanding of the interconnectedness of the modern world.
North-South problem. North-South Developed countries Developing countries -50-60-liberation, -70-fast economic growth, -80-slowdown, external borrowing. 60 26:1 mid-90s 40:1
North-South problem. North-South Reasons -Rapid population growth in the South, -policy of the North - “The South is a raw material appendage.” Ways to overcome this are a reasonable demographic policy, a reduction in the arms race and the direction of funds to the “third world” countries.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Interdisciplinary project "Global problems of our time"
Interdisciplinary project "Global problems of our time"
Objective of the lesson: To characterize the essence of the concept of “global problems of our time”, to analyze the causes of problems and to reveal the main ways to solve them. Objectives of the lesson: Educational...
Social studies lesson in 8th grade. Topic: Modern world. Global problems of our time
Humanity has entered a new era of its development. Today in the lesson we will look at the diversity of the modern world of people, as well as important problems facing society. In modern conditions...
Global problems of humanity
and global economy
Teacher of history and social studies Klepikova Lyudmila Nikolaevna
- Essence, origin and nature of global problems.
- Objective prerequisites for the emergence of global problems.
- Problems of population growth.
- Global environmental problem.
- Global food problem.
- The problem of military spending.
- Global goals of humanity.
Essence, origin and nature of global problems
On modern stage development of civilization, questions have arisen more acutely than ever before, without the solution of which further forward movement of humanity along the path of economic progress is impossible. Despite the fact that economics is only a part of universal human activity, its development in the 21st century. issues of security and preservation of peace, the natural environment and the human environment, as well as moral, religious and philosophical values largely depend.
Classification
global problems
The exceptional difficulties and high costs of solving global problems require their justified classification.
According to their origin, nature and methods of solution, global problems, according to the classification adopted by international organizations, are divided into three groups.
1 . Preservation of peace, cessation of the arms race and disarmament, non-militarization of space, creation of favorable conditions for global social progress, overcoming the lag in the development of countries with low per capita income.
Main global problems:
- Ecological.
2. Preservation of peace and disarmament.
3. Demographic.
4. Fuel and raw materials.
Ecological problem has now taken first place, although until recently its place was occupied by the struggle for the preservation of peace and disarmament. Changes are also taking place within global problems: some of their components lose their former significance and new ones appear.
Thus, in the problem of the struggle for peace and disarmament, the main emphasis began to be placed on the reduction of weapons of mass destruction, non-proliferation mass weapons, development and implementation of measures for the conversion of military production; appeared in the fuel and raw materials problem real opportunity exhaustion of a number of non-renewable natural resources, and in the demographic one, new tasks have arisen associated with a significant expansion of international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.
It is obvious that global problems are closely interconnected. For example, the severity of the food problem is aggravated by faster population growth than the growth of agricultural production in many developing countries. To solve the food problem, it is necessary to use the resource potential of industrialized countries or international organizations that develop and implement special assistance programs. Consideration of the impact of global problems on the formation of the world economy requires their detailed analysis and assessment from the positions of both individual countries and the world community as a whole. Features of world development of the second half of the twentieth century. are that scientific and technological revolution has become a constant factor influencing all areas of economic activity. Economic activity has spread to territories and areas that were previously not accessible to humans (the World Ocean, polar zones, space, etc.).
The accelerated development of productive forces, the planned nature and global scale of technical progress, if not supported by a perfect management mechanism, can lead to irreversible negative consequences.
In particular, the unevenness in economic development between countries will increase even more, the gap between the levels of material and spiritual culture of mankind will increase, the balance of the biosphere will be disrupted, and environmental deterioration may lead to the impossibility of life on Earth.
The world economy is constantly developing, which is reflected in the changing arrangement of the main economic forces between states and subsystems of the world economy. Therefore, developing countries face big problems: inflation, unemployment, external debt, etc., the gap in the levels of economic development of industrialized and developing countries is constantly increasing. And this leads to the fact that global problems create great complications in developing countries.
Objective prerequisites for the emergence of global problems
An objective prerequisite for the emergence of global problems is the internationalization of economic activity. The global development of labor has led to the interconnectedness of all states. The scale and degree of involvement of various countries and peoples in world economic relations have acquired unprecedented proportions, which has contributed to the development of local, specific problems of development of countries and regions into the category of global ones. All this indicates that there are objective reasons for the emergence of such problems in the modern world that affect the interests of all countries. Contradictions on a global scale are emerging, affecting the foundations of the existence of life on earth.
Founded 1945 The United Nations appeals to all countries that if we are to get the best of globalization and avoid the worst, we must learn to govern better and learn how to manage better together.
Population growth problems
1.Rapid population growth.
2. Aging population.
3. Unemployment.
Global environmental problem
Currently, one of the most pressing and difficult to resolve questions is how to change the environmental situation that has already become dangerous. It is important at least not to worsen the existing state of the environment. You must not only love nature and strive to preserve the environment, but also be able to do this.
The main directions of exacerbation of the environmental crisis include the withdrawal from land use of saline soils subject to wind and water erosion; excessive use of chemical fertilizers, etc.; more and more chemical exposure on food, water, human habitat; destruction of forests, i.e. everything that in one way or another affects the life and health of people; growing emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere leading to the gradual destruction of the protective ozone layer; rapid growth of waste, proximity to landfills of various industrial and household waste human habitat.
Global
food problem
Food is unevenly distributed across individual countries. There are countries with an abundance of high-quality food and countries where the bulk of the population today experiences a shortage of the most necessary products nutrition. The first group includes industrialized countries, and the second group includes the poorest developing countries. FAO estimates that the total number of people suffering from acute hunger and malnutrition is over 1 billion.
The lack of essential nutritional components negatively affects people's health, and this reduces the quality of the labor force and, as a result, does not allow achieving high rates of economic growth.
The problem of military spending
Since the end of World War II, the world community has made gigantic efforts to preserve peace and disarmament. However, humanity still spends huge amounts of money on weapons. Military expenditures slow down economic and technological development, increase the budget deficit, contribute to rising inflation, divert human and natural resources from solving pressing social problems, increase foreign debt, and have negative impact on international relationships and their stability.
The negative impact of military spending on a country's economic development can be long-lasting. Excessive military spending of past years is placing a heavy burden on countries with low level development of the economic space, which at the present stage of the world economy includes many developing countries.
Disposal
radioactive
The problem of radioactive waste disposal has been in the focus of attention of specialists and the entire society for more than 50 years, but during this time not only has no acceptable way of solving it been found, but on the contrary, today it seems more and more insoluble. If at the dawn of the atomic era the bulk of radioactive waste consisted of products of production, operation and recycling working materials of nuclear installations for research, energy and military purposes, then currently their range has expanded significantly due to these technical devices themselves, the infrastructure serving them and the territories in which they are located, including the people living there. The nuclear industry, choked in its waste, has already turned into one common radioactive “waste” of nuclear fusion-decay reactions, which live their own, uncontrollable physical life in the depths of the crystals of atomic reactors, deadly substances, while “sleeping”, nuclear and thermonuclear warheads and in the earth's strata of numerous radioactive burial grounds. The situation is so serious that the further development of such a barbaric form of exploitation of nuclear technologies becomes environmentally impossible, economically unprofitable and even technically senseless.
Global goals of humanity
- In the political sphere - reducing the likelihood and, in the future, completely eliminating military conflicts, preventing violence in international relations;
2 . IN economic and environmental spheres - development and implementation of resource- and energy-saving technologies, transition to non-traditional energy sources, development and widespread use of environmental technologies;
3. In the social sphere - improving living standards, global efforts to preserve people's health, creating a global food supply system;
4. In the cultural and spiritual sphere - restructuring of mass moral consciousness in accordance with modern realities.
n taking action towards achieving these goals
draws up a strategy for the survival of humanity
Used
materials
- http://www.bestreferat.ru
- http://vpnews.ru
- http://www.grandars.ru
- http://otherreferats.allbest.ru
- http://ru.wikipedia.org
- http://www.freesession.ru
- http://festival.1september.ru
Global problems of humanity- these are problems that concern all of humanity, affect the relationship between the countries of the world community, the relationship between society and nature, and issues of joint resolution. Global problems do not respect borders. No state, no matter how powerful it may be, is able to solve these problems on its own. Wide only the international cooperation necessary to solve them. Only awareness of universal interdependence and highlighting the objectives of society will prevent social and economic catastrophes.
Global problems are different in nature. These include primarily:
Problems of environmental protection are solved at three levels: state, regional, global. The global level is most important in relation to such types of natural resources, which by their nature are a common heritage.
3.Demographic problem, generated by the rapid growth of population in. The solution to this global problem rests on a complex set of socio-economic problems of our time in these countries.
5.Energy and raw material problems.
These are, first of all, the tasks of reliably providing humanity with fuel and raw materials. The limited resources and their depletion confront humanity with the need to strictly conserve raw materials and energy, and use new, resource-saving technologies. Overcoming backwardness.
After gaining political independence, many states achieved noticeable successes in economic and social development. However, they still feel the legacy of the colonial regime, which is manifested in their economic backwardness. The main way to overcome the backwardness of developing countries is to carry out fundamental changes in all spheres of their life. If this problem is not resolved, the ongoing situation in developing countries threatens to cause socio-economic upheavals on a global scale and will aggravate other global problems.
6. Environmental, economic and social problems World Ocean.
They arose as a result of a shift of productive forces to the sea coast, thereby increasing the load on many areas of the World Ocean. Intensive economic activity has led to ocean pollution and a decrease in its biological productivity.
Of course, global problems are not limited to the above. In reality there are more of them. Sometimes they also include a cultural crisis, the spread of dangerous diseases, etc. All global problems are closely interconnected. Nowadays, their solution has become not just a scientific policy, but also a subject of intense ideological struggle. Scientists have developed many global forecasts for the development of mankind, and they clearly show two fundamentally different approaches: optimistic and pessimistic.
Topic: Global problems of our time.
Developed by a social studies teacher
Prokina Tatyana Nikolaevna
The purpose of the lesson: identify the main aspects of global problems of mankind, be able to analyze and characterize the global problems of mankind.
Lesson objectives:
personal: understand that among the duties of a citizen of Russia
the duty to take care of one’s land, peace on this land is associated with patriotic feelings and
the moral duty of every person;
to develop in students a conscious need to be a full participant in the process of life, to bear responsibility for their activities;
meta-subject: learn goal setting, formulate your own
opinion and position, argue your point of view, analyze
additional literature, draw conclusions, work with the text.
subject: know the main points of the lesson, terms: globalization,
global problems of our time, environmental problem, demographic problem, threat of the third world war, the problem of “North and South”
Educational and methodological support:
Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Social studies, textbook for 7th grade of general education institutions
edited by L.N. Bogolyubov, L.F. Ivanova, Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 2013,
Information resources (Electronic Library named after B.N. Yeltsin)
Lesson type: learning new knowledge and concepts.
Teaching methods:
verbal, visual, practical;
problematic, partially searching (zvristic conversation) – system
logically related tasks and questions, the purpose of which is to solve a new problem for students, to create a situation of alternativeness and surprise;
analytical, generalizing - analysis of documents and sources according to
problem, identifying main ideas, searching for arguments, drawing up generalizing
conclusions.
Equipment for the lesson: computer, projector, board
During the classes.
Student activitiesOrg. moment.
1. “Introduction to the topic” - 7 min.
There are many of us people in this world.
Serious minds are toiling:
In this life, in this whirlwind, Crazy, we multiplied!
There are demographic explosions,
The rivers dry up and the crust turns black,
Cities are coming in like boils.
There are too many, too many of us!
There are many of us.
The scientist praises the bomb.
There are many of us.
The destroyer breaks the wave.
A lot of!.. But it’s still not enough
We are the people for a new war.
R. Rozhdestvensky
What phrase is in the poem
Robert Rozhdestvensky is repeated most often?
Rozhdestvensky places special emphasis on the increase in the human race and its role on planet earth
Before you is the globe - everyone views this concept differently (define the relationship globe and human)
What concept in post-industrial society is visible in our characteristics?
Question?
Why did I start the lesson with Rozhdestvensky’s harsh poem and from it we approached the concept of globalization?
Try to formulate a goal
our lesson
Right!
Humanity has come a long way from savagery and barbarism to civilization in which the powerful emergence of science took place - its unification with technical progress the role of man elevated him to the top of the pyramid (at the base of which was nature as a workshop, and man is the master of it). “Economic activity” led to the emergence of global problems in the second half of the 20th century, which we will now get acquainted with.
There are many of us
One student at the blackboard
Uniting all people on the planet
Human civilization
World
Interdependence
Cooperation
Controversies (rivalry)
Globalization - the process of rapprochement and growth of interconnection between nations and states of the world, accompanied by the development of common political, economic, cultural and value standards
Today we will talk about processes directly related to globalization - Global problems of humanity.
Objective of the lesson: To become familiar with the concept of global problems, be able to analyze them and characterize them
2. Getting to know new material.
Working in teams.
Target: Through the practical activities of students, form an understanding of the concept of global problems
The teacher acts as a consultant.
l . The class is divided into teams (4
person). Every team member
receives his range of tasks
Tasks: 1. Distribute work to
To the team. (select a moderator who will determine the tasks of each team member)
2. Introduce everyone to their tasks
team member
3. 1 task number 1 in each team - Work with Internet resources (Electronic Library named after B.N. Yeltsin)
Target: Collection additional information about Defenders of the Fatherland through information. resource (Electronic Library named after B.N. Yeltsin)
Working with Internet resources:
Define the concepts of duty and
duty.
Organize topic disclosure in the team
3 .2 task No. 2 in each team - Create a diagram social institutions designed to solve global problems, explain to the team the role of these institutions.
3.3 task No. 3 in each team - Analyze a fragment of text that characterizes one of the global problems. Highlight the main features.
Prepare brief analysis for team members.
Analyze Art. KRF
3.4 task No. 4 in each team – collects information and prepares a model of a person called to solve global problems
The result of the team's work is to create a model of a modern person
Working with Internet resources: students define Global problems of humanity, find brief description, full names of people, names of organizations most involved in the process of solving global problems.
Global Problems modernity -This set of socio-naturalproblems , on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend.
Global Problems These are planetary problems.
At the present stage of development of the world community, the following types of global problems are distinguished:
I. Socio-ecological - environmental pollution, lack of energy, raw materials, the need to explore outer space and the resources of the World Ocean.
II. Socio-demographic - population growth, poverty and backwardness of developing countries, food shortages, diseases.
III. Intersocial - security, arms race, prevention of nuclear war, fight against terrorism, respect for human rights, etc.
Students work with the proposed texts and, based on them, create a diagram of social institutions:
Developed countries - individual states
Public organizations – research institutes –
Analysis of textual information, analysis of art. KRF
The moderator organizes the team discussion and creation of the model a person dedicated to solving global problems
(the stencil of a person’s image is given verbal and written characteristics).
3. Protection of the practical work of teams. Generalization of the obtained result of the work. External evaluation of the performance of performing teams is entered by students into a special evaluation form
Team performance. Each characteristic is drawn up into 1/4 parts of the puzzle, which is combined into a single holistic characteristic of Global problems and a person capable of solving these problems.
A globe created from puzzles and stencils of people appear on the board.
member of the global community
interpersonal participant
defender of nature
humanist
thrifty owner (of natural resources)
lives for the benefit of future generations
aimed at reasonable progressive development
4. Updating the lesson:
We have created a model of modern people called to solve global problems
Faced with the growth of external and the emergence of internal threats, Russia must have the opportunity to actively participate in solving global problems
5. Reflection
Rate our
lesson. What happened?
What did you like?
Internal assessment of the performance of performing teams is entered by students into a special assessment form
I think that the expression: “We did not inherit the Earth from our ancestors. We borrow it from our descendants” very well emphasizes the importance and necessity of solving global problems.
Work with the proposed table and oral assessment of the lesson by students.
6. Homework.
Creative essay.
The generations of the future depend on the generation of the present!
Appendix No. 1
3.1
The Club of Rome and its contribution to solving global problems
3.1.1 Goals and objectives of the Club of Rome
Global problems are closely related to each other and have common sources of origin and development, so it is important to classify and systematize them in a certain way, to understand the reasons for their occurrence and the conditions under which they can be solved by society.
The noted facts of the theory of global problems - the exhaustibility of natural resources, the danger of self-destruction of humanity - formed the basis for the method of studying global problems, called global modeling. A special role in the development and application of global modeling belongs to the Club of Rome - an organization of Western scientists, businessmen, politicians and public figures concerned with the development of measures to prevent global threats. The Club of Rome was created in 1968. Since then, with the moral and material support of this organization, a whole series of studies on global issues have been carried out. Many of them became widely known and found a response in the world community and in the leadership of Western countries.
The Club of Rome organizes large-scale research on a wide range of issues, but mainly in the socio-economic field.
The theoretical activity of the Club of Rome is ambiguous: it includes wide range specific scientific developments that served as the impetus for the emergence of such a new direction scientific research, as global modeling and general philosophical reasoning about human existence in the modern world, the values of life and the prospects for the development of mankind. Work in the field of global modeling, construction of the first computer models of the world, criticism of the negative trends of Western civilization, debunking the technocratic myth of economic growth as the most effective means of solving all problems, searching for ways to humanize man and the world, condemning the arms race, calling on the world community to join forces, stop interethnic strife, preserve environment, increase the well-being of people and improve the environment, increase the well-being of people and improve the quality of life - all this constitutes the positive aspects of the activities of the Club of Rome, which have attracted the attention of progressive scientists, politicians, and government officials.
The first report to the Club of Rome, published in 1972, was called “The Limits to Growth.” The team of authors, headed by D. Meadows, set the task of identifying the limits to the growth of world civilization, conditioned by the finite size of the planet and the limited ability of it to withstand anthropogenic loads. Five parameters were taken as a basis: environmental pollution, use of non-renewable resources, volume of investment, population growth, and food supply.
3.1.2 Aurelio Peccei and his theory of the origins of global problems
Of particular interest is the concept for solving global environmental problems put forward by the Club of Rome, a representative world organization, which brings together famous scientists, cultural figures, entrepreneurs, government officials from different countries. For a number of years it was headed by the prominent Italian entrepreneur and economist Aurelio Peccei (1908–1984). In his famous book “Human Qualities,” A. Peccei states that the environmental situation in the world that had developed by the early 70s was a crisis. He emphasizes that man, whose material power has reached its apogee, has turned the planet into his empire, which is already turning into an environmental disaster. Man increasingly develops an insatiable appetite for consumption, without thinking at all about the consequences of his growing aspirations and needs. The diverse artificial world created by man is increasingly crowding nature.
A. Peccei notes that a person is connected with other people by thousands of threads, his present predetermines the future, there is no and cannot exist environmental independence. We especially emphasize this idea, because no matter how this or that country protects its natural environment, no matter what sophisticated measures it takes in this regard, destruction of this environment by neighboring countries cannot be ruled out. The Chernobyl accident is convincing proof of this.
The main thing is to reduce the gap between the highest incomes of rich countries and the lowest for the poorest. To do this, all efforts should be directed towards changing a person and thereby changing civilization.
From the point of view of A. Peccei, a new humanism is needed, based and aimed at significantly improving the human qualities of all inhabitants of the planet. In other words, A. Peccei proposes to make the center of attention a person, his way of existence and way of life, because the fate of the new world order will depend on his qualities and abilities. The progressive development of man, A. Peccei believes, and the parallel improvement of his human qualities will bring with it a radical revision of man’s perception of himself and man in general, his role and responsibility. And this is the only way not only to satisfy the growing needs of humanity, but also to give man a certain opportunity to intelligently plan your future.
3.1.3 Solving global problems
The Western organization for solving global problems, the Club of Rome, believes that a one world state or one world government would be able to take responsibility for solving and controlling all modern global problems.
The theorists of the Club of Rome place the main emphasis on solving global problems on strengthening international cooperation of all countries. Naturally, following the path of developing and strengthening international cooperation is the most realistic way of practical implementation and solving the problems facing modern humanity. However, such international cooperation should exclude the imperial policy of more developed countries in relation to less developed ones. It is no secret that even today international trade redistributes global resources in such a way that the primacy of countries becomes especially noticeable. Often unprofitable production is transferred to less developed countries under the guise of assistance, energy resources are pumped out of them, and in return weapons are offered at a very high price. Another form of exploitation of lagging countries is practiced, such as dumping hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries on their territory in exchange for financial assistance. Control must be entrusted to the entire human community, states, public organizations, per person.
Based on the developments of the Club of Rome to solve modern global environmental problems, it is necessary to conduct a constant targeted search for new options for the harmonious development of man and the biosphere. We need to know exactly what society is prohibited by nature, which can disrupt stability natural world, destroy the conditions under which people can confidently live and build their civilization. We need to understand what this civilization should be like - a reality that meets the growing needs of man and the limited capabilities of nature.
When deciding the issue of harmonizing the relationship between society and nature, people must realize that man, like all living things on Earth, is inseparable from its biosphere. The biosphere is the necessary natural framework for human existence, his life and health. Therefore, an urgent need becomes not only the production and reproduction of the immediate life of people, but also the production and reproduction of the natural environment itself, the conscious management of natural processes and natural complexes. Any disruption to the basic processes in the ecosystem should be eliminated as much as possible.
Evidence that there is widespread awareness of pressing environmental issues is the unfolding environmental movement (of the green parties), which has essentially become a powerful stream of social protest against all the inconsistencies in the implementation of state environmental policy. It is characteristic that the green movement is now building its activities in accordance with three important principles:
– from the concept of inexhaustibility one should move to the concept of finiteness of natural resources;
– the pace of development of nature into society must be comparable;
– people should focus not on artificial, but on the natural conditions of their existence.
3.1.4. Concepts for the future fate of humanity
The power of man becomes a factor determining the inadmissibility of a predatory attitude towards nature. A person must learn to consider what is happening to nature as what is happening to himself.
Within the framework of the philosophy of global problems, the concept put forward by one of the greatest sociologists of the 20th century, P.A., is of interest. Sorokin.
P.A. Sorokin believes that demoralization and its disastrous consequences in society can be stopped only through non-selfish love for man and humanity. In his opinion, the main historical mission of humanity is limitless creation: accumulation and improvement. Truth, Beauty and Goodness in the very nature of man, in the human mind and behavior, in public life and outside it, in a person’s relationship to the world and each other. This mission (goal), emphasizes P.A. Sorokin, is set and achieved by people themselves, and it is a true measure of human progress. And only such self-creation by people will contribute to increasing production and neutralizing selfishness in society. P.A. Sorokin argues that non-egoistic creative love is a tremendous force. It is this kind of love that can put an end to people’s aggressiveness towards each other, since love generates love. Non-selfish and wise love, which is cultivated in relations between people in society, manifests itself as a life-giving force, for it becomes the strongest antidote against the tendencies of crime, hatred, and fear. Such love - effective remedy for the enlightenment and moral upgrading of humanity.
It’s hard to disagree with these arguments and I really want to believe with P.A. Sorokin, that if an increase in non-egoistic creative and wise love prevails in society, i.e. If humanity takes this task seriously, then the extremely dangerous crisis of our century can be overcome and harmony, happiness and peace will greet future generations. The role of progressive scientists, politicians, and statesmen is very great. The culture of human coexistence must take shape into a global culture that will not allow a person to perish.
Appendix No. 2
3.2.1
The problem of global thermonuclear war. The search for ways to prevent world conflicts began almost immediately after the end of World War II and the victory over Nazism. At the same time, a decision was made to create the UN - a universal international organization, the main goal of which was to develop interstate cooperation and, in the event of a conflict between countries, to assist opposing parties in resolving controversial issues peacefully. However, the division of the world that soon occurred into two systems - capitalist and socialist, as well as the beginning of the Cold War and the arms race more than once brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. The threat of the outbreak of a third world war was especially real during the so-called Caribbean crisis of 1962, caused by the deployment of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. But thanks to the reasonable position of the leaders of the USSR and the USA, the crisis was resolved peacefully. In subsequent decades, the world's leading nuclear powers signed a number of agreements to limit nuclear weapons, and some of the nuclear powers have committed to stopping nuclear testing. Government decisions were influenced by the social movement for peace, as well as the speeches of such an authoritative interstate association of scientists for general and complete disarmament as the Pugwash movement.
Researchers from different countries have come to a unanimous assessment that the third World War, if it breaks out, it will become a tragic ending to the entire history of human civilization; the most disastrous consequence of possible use nuclear weapons, as well as global accidents as a result of the use atomic energy there will be the death of all living things and the onset of “nuclear winter”; 5 percent accumulated nuclear stockpiles enough to plunge the planet into environmental disaster.
Scientists, using scientific models, have convincingly proven that the main consequence of a nuclear war will be an environmental disaster, which will result in climate change on Earth. The latter can lead to genetic changes in human nature and, possibly, to the complete extinction of humanity. Today we can state the fact that the likelihood of conflict between the leading powers of the world is much less than before. However, there is a possibility that nuclear weapons could fall into the hands of totalitarian reactionary regimes or into the hands of individual terrorists. After the events in New York on September 11, 2001, the problem of combating international terrorism sharply worsened.
3.2.2.
The environmental problem arose as a result of the interaction between society and nature, which leads to a global environmental disaster. These are the problems of global climate change: changes in the composition of the atmosphere (consumption of 02 exceeds its natural formation; violation of the density of the ozone screen (a hole over Antarctica); a huge amount of waste (81% of hazardous waste enters the atmosphere); soil erosion and desertification (10 million km2 ); pollution of the World Ocean (sea level rises by 2 mm per year), fresh water, sushi. In developing countries, 80% of illnesses and 1/3 of deaths are caused by drinking contaminated water; problems of forest conservation and biological diversity(180 million hectares of forest have been cleared over the current decade); increased consumption of natural resources. Thus, in 1997, 8 billion tons of fuel were consumed. According to scientists' calculations, the biosphere can fully compensate for anthropogenic disturbances of natural processes if humanity consumes no more than 1% of primary biological products. The current share of its consumption is approaching 10%. The compensatory capabilities of the biosphere have already been undermined, and the development of a global environmental catastrophe has begun. The environmentally acceptable threshold for energy consumption is 1 TW/year (1 TW = 1000000000000 W). This threshold has already been passed. Consequently, the destruction of the favorable properties of the environment began. Consumer civilization has crossed the line beyond which habitat destruction occurs. In fact, the third world war has begun, and it is being waged against nature. This war may be the last because it will kill the nature of the Earth. The global environmental crisis is also associated with the growth of the world's population. But in order to meet the needs of the planet's population, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of natural resources in developed countries by three times and increase the well-being of the population of individual countries. If the world's population goes over the upper limit - 12 billion - then all ecosystems will be destroyed, and from 3 to 5 billion people will slowly die of hunger and thirst. Ways to solve the environmental problem 1. Legislative definition of environmental management standards. 2. Application of centralized environmental protection measures, for example, uniform international standards and rules for the protection of the oceans, atmosphere, climate, forests, etc. 3. Central planning, for example, a comprehensive recovery plan natural conditions river valleys Tennessee (USA), in the Netherlands - “Delta Plan”; The goal is to drain lands flooded by the sea. 4. Education of environmental consciousness and moral development of the individual.
3.2.3
Over the last millennium, the world's population has increased 18 times. The first doubling took 600 years, the second 230, the third 100, and the last 38 years. From 1975 to 1985, the population increased by 77 million annually, i.e. on average by 1.8%, in developed countries - by 0.5%, in developing countries - by 2.1%, and in Africa - 3%. Such growth rates have never been observed before in human history. In 1999, more than half of Earthlings were under 25 years old. Acceleration of the growth rate of the world population in the second half of the 20th century. often called the population explosion. The population explosion was caused by the rise of the economy, the liberation of third world countries, improved medical care after World War II, illiteracy of the population, especially women, and the lack of social security for the elderly in developing countries. Under these conditions, children (and their labor) are the life support of their parents. Young children provide physical assistance to mothers in their hard housework and to fathers in farming. Due to the lack of social (pension) security, 2-3 adult sons must support elderly parents. It's difficult to do this alone. And in order for 2 - 3 men to be born in a family, the spouses must have at least 4 - 6 children. High infant mortality in the absence of necessary medical care has also traditionally been a reason contributing to high birth rates. Population growth among countries and regions is extremely uneven. Less developed countries account for 95% of the world's population growth. For example, in Kenya, the birth rate (the number of children born per 1,000 people divided by 1,000 and multiplied by 100) rose to 5.8% and approached the biologically possible limit. At the same time, the birth rate in Germany, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and a number of other countries is less than 1.2%. Every second the population increases by 3 people. In the second half of the 90s, the increase was 80 million per year (1.4%). The “demographic explosion” and uneven population growth leads to an exacerbation of a number of other problems: an increase in the load on the environment (the factor of “demographic pressure”); ethnic problems; refugee problem; the problem of urbanization, etc. Demographic pressure complicates the food and environmental situation. The development of a modern economy requires territorial and fuel and raw materials resources. The severity of the problems is due not so much to the limited resources as to the impact of the nature of their use on the state of the environment. The increasing population of the poorest countries has begun to have an irreversible impact on the environment. In the 1990s, changes reached critical proportions. These include continued urban growth, land degradation and water resources, intensive deforestation, development of the greenhouse effect. Decisive action is needed to limit population growth, fight poverty and protect nature. Ethnic and refugee problems are caused by the disproportion of population growth in developing countries and the ability to meet them social needs. For example, rapid population growth does not allow stabilizing the problem of unemployment and makes it difficult to solve problems of education, health care, social security, and others. In other words, any socio-economic problem also includes a demographic one.
3.2.4.
North-South problem - ϶ᴛᴏ the problem of economic relations between developed countries and developing countries.
Its essence is essentially that in order to bridge the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries, the latter require various concessions from developed countries, in particular, expanding access for their goods to the markets of developed countries, increasing the influx of knowledge and capital (especially in the form of assistance), debt write-off, etc.
The underdevelopment of developing countries is potentially dangerous not only at the local, regional and interregional levels, but also for the global economic system as a whole. The backward South will be his integral part and, therefore, its economic, political and social problems will inevitably find and are already finding manifestation outside. Concrete evidence of this can be, for example, large-scale forced migration from developing countries to developed ones, as well as the spread throughout the world of both new and previously considered defeated infectious diseases. That is why the North-South problem can be rightfully interpreted as one of the global problems of our time.
New International Economic Order
The North-South problem began to receive international resonance in the second half60s XX century . after a widespread wave of decolonization, which led to the developmentconcepts of a new international economic order and the movement among developing countries to establish this order.
The key ideas of this concept were:
firstly, the creation for developing countries of a preferential regime for participation in
international economic relations
secondly, the provision of assistance by developed countries to developing countries in
on a stable, predictable basis and in volumes commensurate with the scale of the socio-economic problems of these countries, as well as easing their debt burden.
The idea of creating a preferential regime for participation in international economic relations for developing countries arose as a reaction to the dissatisfaction of developing countries with the international trade system, in which income from the export of processed goods exceeded (due to the presence of greater added value in these goods) income from the export of raw materials, and developing countries interpreted ϶ᴛᴏ asmanifestation of unequal exchange in North-South trade relations .
By the mid-80s. XX century The movement to establish a new international economic order has achieved a number of positive results. Developing countries have asserted their sovereignty over national natural resources and achieved international recognition of it, which in some cases (for example, in the case of energy resources) has contributed to an increase in the export revenues of developing countries. By the beginning of the 21st century, the problems are aggravating again for 2 reasons: The first is a serious weakening of the unity of the developing countries themselves in defending their demands, the emergence of such subgroups as newly industrialized countries and oil-exporting countries.
The second is the deterioration of the negotiating positions of developing countries: with the entry of developed countries into the post-industrial stage, the possibility of developing countries using the raw materials factor as an argument in the North-South dialogue has narrowed significantly.
As a result, the movement to establish a new international economic order suffered defeat.the North-South problem remains .
Appendix No. 3
External assessmentInternal assessment
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liked?
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External assessment(using a 5-point system) Evaluation of the performance by members of other teams
Internal assessment
Evaluation of the team’s activities by the moderator
What happened?
What
liked?
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(according to a 5 point system)
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External assessment(using a 5-point system) Evaluation of the performance by members of other teams
Internal assessment
Evaluation of the team’s activities by the moderator
What happened?
What
liked?
Grade
(according to a 5 point system)
№1
№2
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External assessment(using a 5-point system) Evaluation of the performance by members of other teams
Internal assessment
Evaluation of the team’s activities by the moderator
What happened?
What
liked?
Grade
(according to a 5 point system)
№1
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What is a "problem"? Problem [Greek] problēma task, task] awareness by the subject of the impossibility of resolving the difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in a given situation by means of existing knowledge and experience. P., like the task, originates in a problem situation. From the large encyclopedic dictionary
What problems do modern school leavers face? Continuing education85% Relationships with parents69% Relationships with peers51% Passing final exams63% Problem with free time 87% Financial problem83% Other (health problem)10%
Students' formulation Scientific formulation Demographic problem Health protection and disease prevention Fight against terrorism Environmental problem Energy and raw materials problem Drug addiction problem The threat of a new world war and the problem of disarmament Preventing the backwardness of developing countries
Assignment: establish the correct correspondence Demographic problem Health protection and disease prevention Fight against terrorism Environmental problem Energy and raw materials problem Drug addiction problem Threat of a new world war and the problem of disarmament Prevention of underdevelopment of developing countries political economic social environmental
