During the war years, 9,700 Ural residents were drafted into the Red Army and Navy. Many of the conscripts were volunteers. Our fellow countrymen took part in all major battles of the Great Patriotic War. More than three thousand of those participating in the hostilities from the war front did not return home, they laid down their lives for the glory of the Motherland, for the Fatherland, for all of us. After the rally, which took place in the corner of the city hospital on June 23, 9 medical workers wrote statements asking to be sent to front-line medical posts. Nurse Golikova was the first to apply.
Work of enterprises
This is how our famous poet Sergei Mikhalkov wrote about the heroic deeds of home front workers. Together with the entire Soviet people, the workers of the Urals also performed innumerable feats on the labor front.
One of the addresses to the rear workers said: “We, women social activists of the Guards mine, understand well that the current situation requires hard work from every patriot. We assure the party and the government that, as one, we will take the jobs of our husbands” (“Ural Worker”, No. 146, June 24, 1941). “Everything for the front, everything for victory!” - this slogan became the main one for the rear workers. The strongest, most reliable and powerful people from the Urals went to the front. In production, men were replaced by women and teenagers.
In August 1941, the copper smelter received the task of creating a defense workshop - producing shells for the legendary Katyusha rockets. Lathes were collected from all over the plant and highly qualified machine operators were united.
Already in September 1941, the defense workshop was launched. “We worked day and night,” recalled Nikolai Turchaninov, holder of the Order of the Banner of Labor. - There was a buffet in the workshop: you’d have lunch and go back to the machine. When you can no longer stand at all from fatigue, you immediately sleep and get back to work, and when the line was launched, we began to work normally, 12 hours a day.” Women have replaced men and railway. A.S. Selivanova quickly mastered the profession of a mechanic at a locomotive depot and became a Stakhanovite, performing one and a half norms per shift.
The decision to create a chemical plant producing explosives was made by the USSR government on June 6, 1941. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War found representatives of the design organization in the People's Commissariat of Ammunition selecting a site for construction, and already in August of the same year the first construction battalions arrived in Uralsk. Around the clock, despite the bad weather and forty-degree frosts, people did not leave the construction sites. The first director of the plant (until October 1961) was a worker's faculty student and then a graduate of the Military Engineering Academy of the Red Army V.M. Loginov, and the chief engineer (1941-1945) was V. M. Eletsky, a graduate of the LTI named after. Lensovet.
At the same time, training of future technologists was underway. Construction of the first stage of explosives production was completed within 19 months. In April 1943, the plant produced its first products and began to increase its production volumes. The explosives made on it were already used in the famous Battle of Kursk. In February 1944, the chemical plant team became the winner in the All-Union Socialist Competition. At this time, about 400 people worked at the plant, including 48 engineering and technical workers. In 1944, production output almost doubled. The people of the Urals worked tirelessly, despite difficulties and hardships.
The severity of wartime
During the war, residents of the rear had a very hard time. People needed strength, but bread was given on coupons. Underground workers received 1 kilogram of bread, those who worked on the surface received 700 grams, and for each of the children another 300 grams. The workers were in a barracks situation and did not leave the plant territory. They worked 12-16 hours a day. They lived in barracks that were not designed for living in winter conditions. What we walked in was what we slept in. The water in the rooms froze. Water was transported to enterprises from the city; there was no running water at the plant yet. After the shift they went to unload coal. They had no days off: they had to cut wood for the factory and work on the farm.
These were difficult years, full of hardships and hardships. But they didn't break people. Everyone worked in unison, wanting to defeat the enemy as quickly as possible.
Hospital in the Urals
In July 1941, military hospital No. 3101 was formed in the city of Uralsk, which was located in school No. 1. The first head of the hospital was V.K. Petunin, the chief surgeon was T.V. Kamenskaya. Many nurses from the cities of the region were mobilized and ordered to take part in equipping the hospital. On August 4, 1941, Shirykalova A.G., Tokarev A.P., Orlova O.I., Krupenya A., Kuznetsova L.I. were enrolled in the hospital staff. and many others.
The hospital was being prepared to receive the wounded. The nurses were passing military service- marched, studied weapons. At the end of September, the first ambulance train “Letuchka” arrived. The first wounded were met by the whole city. The wounded came from forward positions, from field hospitals. Doctors, nurses, and hospital aides showed extraordinary dedication. In the winter of 1942, they received an ambulance train from Leningrad. Very exhausted and thin patients arrived. They most of all needed enhanced nutrition, because they arrived from a besieged city. On New Year's Day 1942, small gifts from the factory committee were organized for all the wounded. Pioneers and Komsomol members of the city often came to the hospital, read reports from the Soviet Information Bureau, wrote letters to the relatives and friends of the wounded, read poetry and thereby raised the spirits of all the patients. Our school teacher Lidiya Georgievna Karaseva was a schoolgirl during the Great Patriotic War and often went to the hospital to help the wounded. They gave her pieces of sugar in gratitude.
M.A. Pivovarova recalls that every week they went to the hospital with concerts, many pioneers patronized the wounded. The seriously ill loved the pioneers very much and waited impatiently for them. People from the Urals also ended up in the hospital. A graduate of the Lithuanian V. school was wounded and lay in the classroom ward where he studied before the war.
The wounded arrived from forward positions and field hospitals in plaster casts, bleeding, and many had amputated legs. The sanitary checkpoint, dressing rooms, and operating rooms worked day and night. Heavy casts and bandages were changed for the wounded, and blood was transfused. City residents brought milk, vegetables, and donated blood for weak fighters. The wounded kept coming and coming. It was necessary to open two more buildings to receive the wounded in the engineering and technical personnel house and school No. 2. From the end of December 1943, the hospital began to prepare for redeployment. The front moved away (our troops were advancing). It was decided to move the hospital closer to the front so that ambulance trains do not travel long distances. On February 1, 1944, after the liberation of Ukraine from the Germans, hospital No. 1932 moved to the city of Pryluky.
Help the front
The front needed tanks and planes, guns and shells. There weren't enough funds. During the war years, the people of the Urals collected and transferred more than 27 million rubles to the National Defense Fund for the construction of the “Ural Craftsman”, “Fighter”, “Soviet Medic” aircraft, for three “Sverdlovsky Komsomolets” tank columns and the “Uralsk” air force.
the Urals sent parcels to the front. In total, 30,000 warm clothes and 19,000 parcels were collected and sent to the front. From the chronicle of the heroic years (newspaper “For Copper” No. 129, 1942):
The reception center is busy day and night. Hundreds of gifts are coming from all the factory's workshops and kindergartens for our valiant defenders.
Here are the parcels from substation workers Nina Platunova, Tamara Sergeeva, Dora Fetisova. In addition to food and sweets, there are tastefully embroidered handkerchiefs and tobacco pouches. A note was included in the pouch: “Having completed heroic feat“Sit down, comrade, light a cigarette!”
Pupils orphanage, many of whom lost their parents during the Patriotic War, send a letter along with gifts in which they report to the front-line soldiers that they, together with adults, are participating in the defeat of the enemy. Children actively participate in the sowing and harvesting campaign. We provided ourselves with vegetables until the new harvest and prepared 1000 cubic meters of firewood. The collection of parcels at the plant took place with great patriotic enthusiasm. The teams from OKS, the metallurgical and transport workshop prepared the parcels well and quickly.
Bolotov Vasily
presentation reveals the contribution of the Urals to the Victory in the Great Patriotic War
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Municipal Autonomous educational institution Average comprehensive school No. 145 MAOU Secondary School No. 145 Student of class 4B Bolotov Vasily Aleksandrovich Yekaterinburg 2015 Ural during the years of the Great Patriotic War Nomination: “Best presentation dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945”
Yuri Levitan The courageous, solemn voice of Yuri Levitan sounded like an alarm bell, like a bell in a time of grief. The voice called for protection, inspired confidence in the power of the country, and was a symbol of victory and the power of our state. The broadcast sounded not from Moscow, but from Sverdlovsk, which almost no one knew about.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Ural region was a powerful industrial base. Under the leadership of the Evacuation Council created on July 3, 1941, a grandiose operation was carried out, equal in significance to the greatest battles of the Second World War. 40% of the country's total military production, including tanks, guns, artillery, weapon- this is the contribution of the Urals to the final defeat of the enemy.
During the war, the Ural region became the largest point of industrial evacuation. 830 enterprises were located in the Urals, 212 - accepted Sverdlovsk region 200 - Chelyabinsk region 124 - Perm region 90 - Orenburg region 172 - Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 34 - Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Ural Heavy Engineering Plant turned into a workshop for the production of T-34 tanks
Uralmashzavod produced self-propelled artillery mounts SAU - 100 and SAU - 122
Chelyabinsk plant "TANKOGRAD", heavy tank KV-1
Ural Compressor Plant and the Uralelectroapparat plant and the Chelyabinsk plant named after. D. Kolyushchenko, the Chelyabkompressor plant produced the famous Katyushas
In total, during the war years they produced: 5,000 self-propelled artillery units 732 T-34 tanks 3,219 heavy tanks 6,510 medium tank corps 7,100 tank turrets 150,000 artillery pieces 11.1 million rifles and carbines 213,400 cannons 961,500 pistols “The Urals are the true kingdom of guns and the homeland self-propelled artillery. All artillery systems are of excellent quality: light, elegant, and most importantly, highly penetrating...” Marshal R. Ya. Malinovsky
The Urals became the most important place of formation military units and training of combat resources 58,000 volunteers went to the front, of which 7,000 were women. Militia units were formed - 195,300 people. We formed 500 military units and formations.
The region sent 2 mechanized corps 1 to the front tank corps 78 divisions, a large number of brigades, regiments, battalions, companies. More than 3,000,000 Ural residents fought in them, 600,000 did not return from the war.
For excellent fighting Moscow saluted the Ural tank crews 27 times. The massive heroism of volunteers is evidenced by 54 orders attached to the banners of the corps and its units.
For courage and bravery shown during military operations, the Ural “miracle heroes” received 42,368 awards: among them 1,000 heroes Soviet Union, 27 full holders of the Order of Glory.
Philip Afanasyevich Ershakov Commander of the 22nd Army, participated in the Battle of Smolensk, the defense of Polotsk, and the battle for Moscow. He received the rank of lieutenant general and was awarded two orders. Died in the Hammelburg concentration camp on June 9, 1942. The Ural land gave wonderful military personnel
Silantyev Alexander Petrovich Hero of the Soviet Union, made 562 combat missions, participated in 20 attack aircraft, conducted 58 air battles, personally shot down 23 enemy aircraft
Scout Kuznetsov Nikolai Ivanovich
Evacuation is the most important task of the Ural residents. The Ural region from July 1941 to December 1942 received 2,127,000 people. Women and children were sent to rural areas, skilled workers to large cities
The Urals became the center of science, education, literature and art. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences was located in Sverdlovsk. The Moscow State University them. Lomonosov 46 universities were evacuated to the Urals. Under the leadership of P. Bazhov and A. Karaeva, a literary center was created and began to operate actively. The Urals received 25 evacuated theaters. Artists made significant contributions.
The Urals, whose contribution to the defeat of the enemy was extremely significant, rightfully celebrated the GREAT VICTORY!
May 9, 2015 will mark 70 years since the end of the Great Patriotic War - the most terrible and bloody war in human history.
During the Great Patriotic War, from 1941 to 1945, the Chelyabinsk region literally became the forge of Victory, providing the front with ammunition, military equipment and everything necessary. The industry of the region was immediately transferred to a war footing. The Southern Urals received seemingly endless trains with equipment from evacuated industries and institutions. Since the beginning of the war, over 200 industrial enterprises have been transported here, 35 new factories have been built, including ChMZ, ChTPZ, ChZAP. In the most difficult conditions, knee-deep in snow, people unloaded equipment, built buildings, produced the first products - sometimes under open air. Women, old people, and children stood at the machines. They worked 12-16 hours a day, mastered complex equipment, collecting shells and cartridges, tanks and Katyushas with frozen fingers.
The Chelyabinsk region, like the whole country, lived at that time under the slogan “Everything for the front! Everything for Victory! From the first days of the war, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works received an order to master the production of armor. In order to fulfill a new, unusually complex order, it was necessary to radically restructure production. Armor was required for the manufacture of tanks and other military equipment. Exactly a month after the start of the war, the plant produced its first smelting of armor steel. The metal went into large quantities for the production of various types of weapons, and Chelyabinsk tank builders received Magnitogorsk armor for a month and a half ahead of schedule, established by the government. Every third shell fired at the enemy, and the armor of every second tank was made of Magnitogorsk steel.
Production of ammunition at the Sergo Ordzhonikidze plant. Stakhanovka A.M. Maryashina, 1945.
Another flagship of the Ural industry, the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, had to quickly establish tank production. At first, there was no high-quality metal, armor plate, or materials necessary for the production of powerful engines. Many workers from the factory went to the front. The turning point occurred in the fall of 1941. From the beginning of October, workers and equipment from the Leningrad Kirov, Kharkov diesel engine and machine tool plants began arriving at ChTZ. Somewhat later - the Moscow factories "Red Proletary" and "Dynamo". On October 6, 1941, the plant began to be called Kirovsky. As on the battlefield, tank builders, regardless of hardships, did not leave their jobs day or night. Car production increased every day. On August 22, 1942, the first T-34 tank rolled off the factory assembly line, later recognized as the best tank of the Second World War. To fix it mass production, Chelyabinsk residents needed only 34 days. During the Great Patriotic War, ChTZ produced 18 thousand tanks and self-propelled artillery units, which is one fifth of all those produced in the country. It is no coincidence that Chelyabinsk received a second, unofficial name - Tankograd.
However, the Southern Urals went down in the history of the Great Patriotic War not only thanks to its famous tanks. Here they assembled no less formidable weapons that terrified the enemy - MB-13 rocket artillery systems, better known as Katyushas. Development and production were carried out in strict secrecy, which is why this fact became known many years after the end of the war. “Katyushas” produced a stunning effect on the enemy: the shells flying out with a deafening roar reached speeds of up to 355 meters per second, sweeping away everything in their path.
For 1,418 long days, the people of the South Urals worked at the limit of human capabilities, courageously enduring hardships and losses for the sake of such a desired and long-awaited Victory. The monument “Rear to Front”, erected in Magnitogorsk, is dedicated to the labor feat of our fellow countrymen. This is the first part of a unique sculptural composition. A worker with outstretched arms hands over a forged Sword of Victory to a warrior, who raises the “Motherland” on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd and lowers the “Warrior Liberator” in Treptower Park in Berlin.
Despite all the difficulties of wartime, life did not stop - schools, theaters were open, and film shows were held. Interesting fact: during the Second World War, for the first time in its history, Chelyabinsk became a city with a population of one million: over 500 thousand people were evacuated here, deep in the rear.
The Southern Urals can rightfully be proud of their contribution to the Great Victory. In the Chelyabinsk region during the Great Patriotic War, dozens of military units and formations were formed. From 1941 to 1945, over 1 million people were sent to the front from regional conscription centers and military registration and enlistment offices. Of these, 250 thousand, one in four, remained on the battlefields. There is no such kind of troops, no matter where our fellow countrymen fight. Many Chelyabinsk residents and guests of the city are well aware of the memorial to volunteer tankers on the Walk of Fame of the regional center. It was installed in memory of all those who did not return from the battlefields on the square from where they saw off the South Urals who were leaving for the front. The figure of the fighter represents a tank builder who is already wearing a tank helmet and boots. And this is no coincidence. The fact is that during the war years a volunteer tank corps was formed in the Urals. Inspired by the victory in Battle of Stalingrad, in a few months, workers of the Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions not only assembled and trained the corps personnel - volunteer factory workers, but also equipped it with all the necessary weapons and military equipment. Having received a baptism of fire at the Kursk Bulge, the volunteer tankers marched victoriously to Berlin, becoming an example of perseverance and courage.
Tens, hundreds of thousands of our fellow countrymen have earned the glory of defenders of the Fatherland, liberators of the world from fascism, but not all South Urals soldiers managed to live to see the bright Victory Day. In memory of their exploits, the Eternal Flames burn in the Chelyabinsk region. About 50 years ago, the Eternal Flame was lit in the very heart of the regional center on the Walk of Fame. The memorial is framed by granite slabs on which are carved the names of natives of the Southern Urals - Heroes of the Soviet Union and full holders of the Order of Glory.
In total, more than 2 million Urals residents went to the front, of which about 600 thousand did not return home. The stories of most of them are practically unknown. Last year, the Portal site met with 23 veterans of the Great Patriotic War. We tried to convey the stories of their war as accurately as possible in order to preserve these memories for posterity.
On the eve of the 67th anniversary of the Victory, we went to the Museum of Local Lore, where the exhibition “Urals to the Front” is being held. We will talk not only about those who fought directly at the front, but also about those who forged victory in the rear.
Philip Afanasyevich Ershakov
At the beginning of the war, Philip Ershakov was the commander of the Ural Military District. In June 1941, the 22nd Army was formed in the district and Lieutenant General Ershakov was appointed its commander. At the beginning of July, the 22nd Army took part in the defense of Polotsk, and in August it was defeated by superior enemy forces. Ershakov and part of his troops managed to escape from the encirclement.
In the fall of 1941, Philip Afanasyevich was appointed commander of the 20th Army. In October, during Operation Typhoon, German troops broke through the defenses of Soviet troops and closed the ring in the Vyazma area. Several were surrounded Soviet armies, including Ershakov’s 20th Army. As a result, some of the troops managed to escape from the encirclement.
Ershakov himself ended up in the Hammelburg concentration camp in November, where he died on June 9, 1942. Buried in the camp cemetery. Filipp Ershakov was declared an enemy of the people, because a leaflet allegedly appeared under his signature, stating that it was necessary to surrender. It is noteworthy that no one has ever seen it with their own eyes. Nevertheless for a long time Ershakov's name was banned. Museum workers were forbidden to place a photograph of Philip Ershakov, but museum workers managed to save one of them.
Alexander Petrovich Silantiev
Before the war, Alexander Silantyev worked at the Metalist plant in Sverdlovsk. In 1938 he was drafted into the army, and in 1940 he graduated from the Stalingrad Aviation School. He participated in the Great Patriotic War from the first days.
On September 13, 1941, Silantiev received an order to accompany the plane with Georgy Zhukov. Nazi fighters were spotted over Lake Ladoga and aimed at the guarded side. Silantiev managed to shoot down one of the four Me-109s and drive away the rest. In fact, it was for this that in December 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Silantiev the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In general, by the end of 1942, he made 203 combat missions, conducted 23 air battles, in which he personally shot down 7 enemy aircraft. In April 1942, Silantyev won his last victory, but was very seriously wounded. From January 1943 until the end of the war, he was an instructor-pilot-navigator of the Fighter Aviation Directorate of the Main Directorate of Combat Training of Front-line Aviation. By the end of the war, he made 359 combat missions, participated in 35 air battles, in which he personally shot down 8 enemy aircraft. Another 16 aircraft were burned on the ground during attacks on enemy airfields.
After the war he continued to serve. In 1976, he was awarded the rank of air marshal.
Arkady Timofeevich Lidsky
During the war, Arkady Lidsky was the chief surgeon of evacuation hospitals in the Sverdlovsk region. Our region was home to the third most important hospital center in the country. In total there were 56 hospitals in the region. There are no exact statistics on how many people were cured in Sverdlovsk hospitals. Eyewitnesses recall that Lidsky not only supervised, but also performed complex operations on a daily basis, and also developed new tools to facilitate their implementation. After the war, Arkady Timofeevich headed the Department of Hospital Surgery at the Medical Institute for almost thirty years.
Grigory Andreevich Rechkalov
Literally the day before the start of the war, Grigory Rechkalov underwent a medical flight commission and was rejected due to color blindness. However, on June 22, when he returned to the unit, the regimental chief of staff gave him an urgent task to deliver documents and did not even look at the medical report.
Already on the 35th day of the war there was another test: Rechkalov was seriously wounded by fragments of an anti-aircraft shell. With difficulty he was able to land the plane, but he could no longer get out of the cockpit. He underwent three complex operations, and as a result, the medical commission forbade Grigory Andreevich from flying combat aircraft. According to the recollections of museum workers, Rechkalov had amazing strength of character. That's why he returned to duty.
And he was a very successful pilot. In total, during the war, Rechkalov flew 450 combat missions and 122 air battles. Data on how many aircraft Rechkalov shot down during the war vary - from 61 to 63. For these military successes, Rechkalov was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. After the war, he served and retired with the rank of Major General of Aviation. He was buried in the village of Bobrovsky (Sysertsky district).
Mikhail Petrovich Odintsov
Mikhail Odintsov made his first combat mission on the second day of the war. It is believed that stormtroopers rarely returned alive from the war. Mikhail Petrovich also found himself between life and death more than once. The last could have been the 13th sortie, when he took on an unequal battle to cover his comrades. Depicting unimaginable aerobatic maneuvers, Mikhail Petrovich drew fire from German planes on himself. In this battle, he was wounded in the side and both legs, but was still able to land the plane. For his exploits, Odintsov was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Mikhail Odintsov not only went through the entire Great Patriotic War, but also lived for 90 years. He was actively involved in social activities and was an honorary citizen of Yekaterinburg. It was Mikhail Petrovich who carried the Victory Banner at the anniversary parade in May 1995. A bust of Odintsov is installed in front of the building of the Suvorov Military School in Yekaterinburg.
Every second shell fired at the enemy was made from Isural steel!!!
INTRODUCTION
The epic of the Great Patriotic War has been going on for more than 60 years. Quite a few loud and bright words were said to the working Urals.
Brutal fascism, led by Hitler, attacked our homeland on the night of June 21-22, 1941. Barbarians and tyrants, whose economy and political structure were not able to compete with other countries, tried to take the lives of the patriots of our country, which was conquered and built by our ancestors. The enemy paid dearly for violating the peace treaty. The losses on the part of the Germans were enormous. In a short time, a decree was adopted on the relocation of the main productive forces.
The relocation of the main productive forces close to military operations was caused by the need to preserve them and further use them in the war with Germany. It was carried out in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Under the leadership of the Evacuation Council, created on July 3, 1941, a grandiose operation was carried out, equal in significance to the greatest battles of the Second World War; for 1941-1942 An entire industrial power was moved to the East, including 2,593 industrial enterprises.
Our task is to talk about the political mood of the region at the beginning of the war, most of its exploits, and, of course, about industry and agriculture. Also, about the volunteer tank corps, which was created with the personal savings of the Urals, about their patriotism, amazing resilience and the quality of their work works combined with high productivity.
2. ABOUT THE FORMATION OF THE URAL VOLUNTEER TANK CORPS.
At the decisive moment of the Great Patriotic War, the Urals took the initiative to create a volunteer tank corps and equip it with their savings. The volunteer tank corps became the crown of the combat formations of the Urals. It included 3 tank brigades (including the Perm tank brigade), one motorized rifle brigade and other military units. The birthday of the Perm Tank Brigade is considered to be March 23, 1943. On June 1, 1943, a farewell ceremony for the tankers took place.
Heroism shown in battles, corps awarded with orders Red Banner, Suvorov, Kutuzov, and the Perm-Keletsk brigade additionally - the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. On October 25, 1943, the corps was awarded the title of Guards.
Fully equipped (from buttons on a tunic to formidable tanks) with the personal savings of the Urals, tank warriors began their battle journey on the Kursk Bulge. They fought along the roads of Ukraine and Poland. The mighty post-Ural tanks were seen on the streets of defeated Berlin and liberated Prague. With their streamlined actions, the Urals terrified the enemy and sowed panic in their ranks.
The combat feat of the tank corps volunteers forever entered the annals of not only the history of the Great Patriotic War, but also the entire world history. The memory of the heroism of the Urals people is carefully preserved in the minds of subsequent generations. Scientific articles and monographs have been written about the corps, collections of memoirs of participants in the events have been published, and television and radio broadcasts have been prepared and broadcast. Continuing painstaking research into the combat path of volunteers is revealing more and more new facts from the front-line biographies of soldiers.
2.1.TOWARD THE FIGHTS.
Back in 1942, when the Battle of Stalingrad was taking place on the battlefields, a proposal was born in the work collectives of Sverdlovsk factories: to make a gift to the front - to create our own Ural tank formation. On the initiative of tank builders, the newspaper “Uralskyrabochiy” on January 16, 1943 published the material “Tank Corps - Above Plan”: tank builders of the Urals pledged to exceed production plans for the production of military products, work for free and, in excess of the plan, regularly deduct part of their earnings to equip the corps with combat vehicles, weapons, and uniforms.
The patriotic initiative of Sverdlovsk residents was picked up by the Chelyabinsk and Molotov regions. On February 26, 1943, the Commander of the UralVO, Major General Katkov, issued a directive stating that on the territory of the Ural Military District, by decision of the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Molotov regional committees of the CPSU (b), approved by the People's Commissar of Defense, Marshal of the Soviet Union Comrade Stalin, a special Ural Volunteer Tank was being formed corps numbering 9661 people. Unit and formation commanders were instructed to begin training personnel as they arrived, without expecting staffing levels.
In the very first days after receiving Comrade Stalin’s telegram, the military registration and enlistment office received a flood of applications from volunteers wishing to become soldiers of the corps. More than 100 thousand applications were submitted by factory workers. 12 people applied for one place in the corps. Commissions were created at enterprises and in military registration and enlistment offices. They selected physically strong, healthy people who knew how to operate equipment and those whose specialties were applicable in tank troops Oh. At the same time, voluntary fundraising continued throughout the Urals for the foundation of the corps. Collected over 70 million rubles. This money was used to buy military equipment, weapons and uniforms from the state.
On March 11, 1943, the units and formations of the corps were assigned the following numbers:
corps - 30th Volunteer Ural Tank Corps;
units and formations: 197th Sverdlovsk Tank Brigade, 244th Chelyabinsk Tank Brigade, 243rd Molotov Tank Brigade, 30th Motorized Rifle Brigade, 299th Mortar Regiment, 1621st Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment, 64th Armored Vehicle Battalion, 88th motorcycle battalion, 390th communications battalion, 743rd engineer battalion, 36th fuel and lubricants delivery company, 266th and 267th mobile repair bases. On March 29, 1943, the Guards Mortar Division was assigned the number - 248th Guards Mortar Division.
Based on local conditions and resources of the regions, formations and corps units were formed in Sverdlovsk, Molotov, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Alapaevsk, Degtyarsk, Troitsk, Miass, Zlatoust, Kus and Kyshtym.
On April 24, 1943, the corps command turned to the District Military Council with a request to petition the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for the production of battle flags for units and formations of the corps. On May 1, 1943, in all units and formations of the corps, volunteers solemnly took the military oath and were presented with military weapons.
On June 2, 1943, units and formations of the corps with personnel, tanks, vehicles and ammunition were loaded into trains and redeployed to the Moscow region. The act of transfer of the 30th UDTK to the Kosterevsky tank camp noted that the corps personnel were satisfactorily prepared. The middle level of the command staff was staffed by tank schools and KUKS. Junior commanders and rank and file - volunteers of the Urals. Of the 8,206 corps personnel, only 536 people had military experience. Women also served in units and formations of the corps: 123 privates and junior commanders, 249 signalmen and radio operators.
The material part of the combat vehicles and artillery weapons received by the corps was completely new. Having arrived at the Kosterevsky tank camp (Cuban branch), the units and formations of the corps began combat training under the program “Bringing together tank brigades and corps and tank military camps.”
By order of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the 30th Ural Volunteer Tank Corps became part of the 4th Tank Army, Lieutenant General of Tank Forces Vasily Mikhailovich Badanov. At the beginning of July 1943, a commission of the Main Directorate for the Formation and Training of Armored and Mechanized Troops of the Red Army, under the leadership of Marshal Fedorenko, checked the combat readiness of units and formations of 30 UDTK, noting its good preparation.
On July 17, 1943, the material part of the corps consisted of: T-34 tanks - 202, T-70 - 7, BA-64 armored vehicles - 68, self-propelled 122 mm guns - 16, 85 mm guns - 12, M-13 guns - 8, 76 mm guns - 24, 45 mm guns - 32, 37 mm guns - 16, 120 mm mortars - 42, 82 mm mortars - 52.
2.2. APPLICATIONS TO THE URAL VOLUNTEER TANK CORPS.
The news of the formation of a special volunteer tank corps in the Urals and the approval of such a corps by the great leader and Marshal of the Soviet Union, Comrade Stalin, caused a wide wave of patriotic enthusiasm, a high and ardent feeling of love and devotion to the mother Motherland and the Great Leader and commander Comrade Stalin at the enterprises of the region among communists, Komsomol members and non-party people.
In the resolution of the Bureau of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the formation of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps”, adopted on February 27, 1943. simultaneously with the regional committees of Perm and Chelyabinsk region, it was said that “The entire personnel of the corps, with the exception of a small number of personnel and command personnel, is staffed exclusively by volunteers... To form, at the expense of the material and human resources of the Sverdlovsk region, formations, units and subunits that are part of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps... Allow the Civil Code and the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party (b) enroll volunteers from among non-partisan military personnel - 30% of their total number.”
The patriotic initiative to create their own Ural military unit was warmly taken up by residents of the Sverdlovsk region. A lot of mass political work was carried out among workers and employees, communists, Komsomol members and non-party members, thousands of rallies and meetings were held, at which tens of thousands of applications were submitted about the desire to join the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps.
“A high patriotic feeling, an ardent desire to defend our beloved Motherland with weapons in hand, hatred of the enemy and a high sacred desire to destroy the fascist wickedness that invaded our land and liberate those groaning under the yoke of the Nazi executioners Soviet people, temporarily occupied areas” - this is the content of the statements.
The day after the resolution was adopted, district commissions were created under the chairmanship of the secretaries of the district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the heads of the military departments of party bodies, the chairman of the district executive committee and the secretary of the RKVLKSM, who were instructed to review tens of thousands of applications and select volunteers from them for the tank corps.
The TsDOOSO preserved more than six thousand applications to the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, received by party and Komsomol bodies. This is only a small part of them. Hundreds of applications were not permanently archived. But even those that are available in various funds of the Documentation Center prove the feelings of enormous patriotism of communists, Komsomol members, non-party people who responded to the call of the party.
Almost immediately after the adoption of the resolution of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee in regional committee The CPSU(b) began to receive reports with information about the formation of the Ural Tank Corps. So, secretary of the district committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) named after. Sergo Ordzhonikidze reported: “The news of the formation of the Special Ural Volunteer Tank Corps named after Comrade Stalin spread with lightning speed to all the factories and enterprises of the region. Party and Komsomol meetings were held in workshops and departments with great patriotic enthusiasm. As a result, on the very first day, 1,200 applications were submitted to the party committees. In just three days, i.e. From March 2 to March 5, 2,250 applications were submitted to party committees. District commissions selected only 200 volunteers from them. In Nizhny Tagil, out of 10,500 applicants, only 544 people were selected, in Verkhnyaya Salda - out of 437, only 385.
In total, in Kamensk-Uralsky, by March 30, 2,000 people had submitted applications, of which 158 were communists and 250 Komsomol members. 243 people were selected and sent to the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, of which 86 were communists and 75 Komsomol members6.
This situation was typical for the entire Urals. Applications were considered not only by a special commission, but also discussed at general meetings. After careful discussion, only those “who worked honestly,” enjoyed the well-deserved authority of the team, those who could be replaced in production, who knew military equipment well, and were fit for health reasons, were enrolled in the corps after careful discussion.
A huge number of applications to the tank corps came from women. Thus, the selection commission of the Talitsky district military registration and enlistment office and the district committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for the selection of applications for the tank corps on March 4, 1943 received a statement from Efrosinya Safronovna Baida: “I ask the selection commission to enroll me as a volunteer in the tank corps named after. Comrade Stalin, I want, together with all the soldiers with weapons in their hands, to defend their sacred homeland. My relatives are behind enemy lines, my husband is Art. the lieutenant died in battle for the socialist homeland, I want to take revenge on the insidious enemy for ruining our happy life. Please do not refuse my request. Petitioner Bayda." Those who were refused for various reasons became restless and wrote and complained to higher authorities.
From the documents of the city committees and district committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks we learn that not everyone, imbued with the spirit of patriotism, submitted a voluntary application and actually went to the front as a volunteer. In the protocols of the Civil Code and the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks there are several personal files of communists who, at the selection commission, refused their “voluntary application to enroll them in the Ural Tank Corps” for various reasons: ill health, sick relatives, numerous children, and so on. As a rule, after consideration of applications, such “communists” were expelled from the membership of the CPSU (b).
Thus, already in March 1943, workers of three regions - Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk created a volunteer tank corps. On October 23, 1943, the corps was transformed into the 10th Guards Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. He took part in the Battle of Oryol-Kursk, units of the corps liberated about 110 cities and two thousand villages. Moscow saluted 27 times in honor of victories on the fronts in which the corps participated. 44,329 tank crews of the corps were awarded orders and medals for courage, bravery and heroism, 38 tank crews were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, General Mikhail Georgievich Fomichev - twice (14).
Tens of thousands of volunteers of the Sverdlovsk region, who went to the front as part of the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps, whose statements were preserved in the Documentation Center, were awarded high awards, many of them laid down their lives on the battlefield, but with their patriotic call they brought Victory closer.
3. INDUSTRY.
The largest point of industrial evacuation was the Ural region, which by the fall of 1942 had placed on its territory the equipment and labor of more than 830 enterprises, 212 of which were received by the Sverdlovsk region. Plants and factories that arrived in the Urals used three main options for their arrangement: some occupied premises of related enterprises; others were forced to master poorly adapted industrial production squares; still others were located in empty spaces and erected workshops and administrative buildings themselves.
In the Sverdlovsk region, factories that arrived for evacuation either completely merged with single-profile ones, significantly increasing their production capacity, or began independent activities, becoming the founders of new branches of the Ural industry. Uralmash, having located the Izhora plant and several other defense enterprises on its premises, turned into a colossal workshop for the production of armored vehicles. The enterprise also organized the production of self-propelled artillery mounts and components for the T-34 tank. The Kharkov plant named after the Comintern and the Mariupol plant were located on the territory of Uralvagonzavod, forming the Ural Tank Plant. Serial production of the famous T-34 tank was established.
Designers M.I. Koshkin, A.A. Morozov, N.A. Kucherenko created medium tank- the famous "Thirty-four". This tank became the main type of tank weapon during the war. Front-line soldiers gave him high praise. The German officers also had to admit this.
As a result of the experience of mass production of the Urals and first-class vehicles of the Leningraders, the necessary prerequisites for the rapid production of tanks began to be created. In total, during the war years, scientists and designers developed about a hundred new combat vehicles. Most of them were produced by conveyor production. The Urals were the first in the world to put tank production on stream.
In Chelyabinsk, at the plant named after. Kolyushchenko, produced the legendary Katyusha, and the former tobacco factory produced shells for them and torpedoes for submarines.
The Serov Metallurgical Plant accepted the main equipment of the Kramatorsk and Stalin Metallurgical Plants, and the Kirovgrad Copper Smelter accepted the equipment of the Nevsky Chemical Plant. The production of rocket mortars has increased noticeably as a result of combining the production and technical potentials of the Uralelectroapparat and the Voronezh Komintern plant. The Ural Turbo Engine Plant, having merged with 5 evacuated factories, became the country's largest manufacturer of diesel engines.
There were no types of military products that were not manufactured in the Urals. Pre-war armor steel was not produced in the Urals. To meet the needs of the front for special grades of ferrous metals, metallurgists at the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant had to short term master the technology of smelting armor steel in large open-hearth furnaces. For the first time in history, blooming was used to obtain tank armor, having made a technical revolution in the metallurgical business.
The Kiev plant "Bolshevik", which arrived in Sverdlovsk in August 1941 and was initially located in the premises of a garage and production team, became the beginning of the future giant of chemical engineering - Uralkhimmash. Based on the equipment of the Okhtinsky Chemical Plant, the Sverdlovsk Plastics Plant was created, which during the war years was the only supplier of resins used for the production of delta wood, aircraft plywood and bakelite plywood for pontoons. The Kiev "Red Rubber" and the Moscow "Kauchuk" formed the basis of the Sverdlovsk tire plant and rubber products plant, which began producing all types of rubber parts for military equipment. In particular, both enterprises produced 223 thousand rubber-lined rollers for 11 thousand tanks during the war years.
The strong foundation for the construction of the motorcycle plant in Irbit was the evacuated production of the Moscow Motorcycle Plant, the mechanical assembly shop of ZIL motors and the gearbox shop of the Moscow Automobile Assembly Plant named after. KIM. Created by the merger of these industries, the Irbit Motor Plant became the main supplier to the front of heavy military motorcycles M-72, the use of which in combat situations completely deprived the motorized German infantry, which had an advantage at the beginning of the war.
3.1.URAL HEAVY ENGINEERING PLANT (URALMASHPLANT OR UZTM).
The Ural Heavy Engineering Plant (Uralmashzavod or UZTM) was put into operation in 1933 in accordance with the plans of the USSR government for the industrialization of the country. In pre-war times, Uralmashplant provided its products (blast furnace equipment, sintering machines, rolling mills, presses, cranes, etc.) mining and metallurgical enterprises created in the Urals and Siberia, including the largest Novokuznetsk and Magnitogorsk metallurgical plants in the country. In addition, Uralmash presses were used in the aviation industry. Most of the products were produced according to individual projects. At the same time, the plant mastered the production of defense products - at the end of the 30s, the production of M-30 howitzers designed by F.F. Petrov (caliber 122 mm) was organized.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, in just a few months, workshops intended for the production of metallurgical equipment according to individual projects were reconstructed - large-scale production of armored vehicles was organized in them. Thanks to the introduction of a number of new products (high-speed automatic welding, casting and stamping of tank turrets, continuous assembly methods, etc.), already at the beginning of the war, the production of armored hulls for heavy and medium tanks was mastered, which were sent to the Ural tank factories. In 1942, the full cycle of production of T-34 tanks began, and then self-propelled artillery units SU-122, SU-85 and SU-100 based on the T-34 tank (based on our own designs).
Uralmashevskie combat vehicles proved to be very effective on the battlefield, as they successfully combined the maneuverability of T-34 tanks with the enormous firepower of artillery pieces, specifically designed to destroy the armored vehicles of Nazi Germany and break through enemy fortifications. The SU-100 is considered by military experts to be the best self-propelled gun of its class during the Second World War.
In parallel with the production of tank equipment, the production of armored hulls did not stop, including for heavy tanks IS-2, IS-3 and self-propelled guns ISU-152. In total, over 19,000 armored hulls of medium and heavy tanks, as well as self-propelled artillery units, were manufactured during the war years; About 6,000 armored vehicles were produced. In addition, defense plants received castings for tank engines, propellers for combat aircraft, rocket casings for Katyushas, etc. from Uralmashplant. Already in 1941. The production of M-30 howitzers increased sharply, and from 1943 the front began to receive D-2 howitzers (caliber 152 mm).
Even before the end of the war, Uralmashplant specialists began converting production: the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises was restored. In the post-war period, the state invested significant funds in the reconstruction and expansion of the Uralmash plant, as a result of which the production capacity of the enterprise increased several times. This made it possible not only to increase the volume of output, but also to begin the production of new machines and equipment. Serial production of quarry excavators, drilling rigs, crushing and grinding equipment began according to our own designs. In mastering the production of these products, the experience gained during the war in the production of armored vehicles was widely used.
3.2.URALVAGONZAVOD.
Based on Government Decree No. 667/SGKO dated September 12, 1941, plant director Yu.E. Maksarev gave the order to close down the plant and immediately evacuate it to the rear. The first echelon left the plant on September 19, 1941 and headed to Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region. He carried tank design bureau designers, tank drawings and technical documentation, and the most valuable equipment.
The Kharkov plant, evacuated to Nizhny Tagil, and the local Uralvagonzavod were merged into one enterprise, which became known as the Ural Tank Plant No. 183. At this plant, the numbering of workshops and departments, adopted even before the war in Kharkov, was retained. The Tank Design Bureau was still called “Department 520”. The chief designer, as in Kharkov, was A.A. Morozov.
On December 8, 1941, the Ural Tank Plant produced the first tank T-34
And in April 1942, the plant exceeded the pre-war level of production of these combat vehicles.
The military situation and the loss for various reasons of many factories supplying components and materials created enormous difficulties in the conditions of the continuous increase in tank production. There was a shortage of rubber, non-ferrous metals, electrical equipment, etc.
In order not to stop the production of tanks under any circumstances, the design bureau announced the mobilization of all forces to fight for saving non-ferrous metals, rubber, armor steel, wires, and for further technological development of the vehicle. Absolutely all the details of the tank were revised, the designers used cast iron instead of bronze, replaced riveting with welding, transferred stamped parts to casting, and abolished intermediate parts. As a result of this work, the designers managed to completely eliminate 765 types of parts, which significantly simplified the process of manufacturing the vehicle and was a significant contribution to the organization of mass production of tanks. The simplicity of the design, mass production and high combat characteristics of the T-34 tank created an excellent reputation for it. Subsequently, it began to be considered the best tank of the Second World War.
4. AGRICULTURE.
The loss of the most important agricultural regions of the country, the role Agriculture in the east has increased. This caused a number of changes in the organization and structure of agricultural production in the Urals. While maintaining the leading position of collective farms, the share of state farms and subsidiary farms, enterprises and institutions increased, and the share of personal farms of the population increased. The leading industries on collective and state farms were bread production and animal husbandry; the cultivation of potatoes and vegetables became widespread. Personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers turned into the main source of livelihood, providing families with almost all food products, even bread.
The labor force from the villages was transferred to the military industry, transport and construction. The number of equipment in the village has decreased. The volume of work performed by combines and tractors on collective farms has decreased by 2-3 times. This led to a sharp deterioration in land cultivation. The influence of unfavorable weather conditions has increased. In 1942 There was a long cold spring, a rainy summer and an early onset of winter. In the next 43rd year, crops in the Southern Urals were burned out everywhere from drought, and in other areas they suffered from summer frosts (temperatures dropped to -8 degrees) and from hailstorms.
Government funding for agriculture was not sufficient to cover its expenses. The main source of agricultural production in the Urals was its internal resources.
The decline in population in villages was compensated by an increase in production activity. Various material and moral incentives contributed to its rise. The authorities also widely used repressive methods of influence. However, it was not possible to maintain agricultural production in the Urals at pre-war levels.
During the war, there was a sharp tightening in the management of collective farms, state farms and machine and tractor stations. The peasants were forced to give the state more than half of the products they received practically free of charge. Urals procurement prices were significantly lower than the cost of agricultural products.
5.CONCLUSION.
The Great Movement to the East involved not only the rapid movement of industrial equipment. The most important tasks were the reception, accommodation and employment of the evacuated population. For the period from July 1941 to December 1942 The Ural region received 2 million 127 thousand people, of which 719 thousand were located in the Sverdlovsk region. By the end of 1942, the proportion of evacuees among the population of the Urals reached 9.7%. Local policy for the placement of evacuees was quite differentiated: women, children, and the elderly were located in rural areas, skilled workers, employees and members of their families were located in cities. Moreover, the percentage of settlement of visitors varied depending on the degree of industrial development of the regions and republics. Thus, in the industrially developed Sverdlovsk region, 77.7% of evacuees were left in cities.
To receive and accommodate evacuees, an Evacuation Directorate was created under the Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee. Special inspection services operated in regional cities. The mass of immigrants who arrived in the Ural cities significantly increased the density of living in them. Thus, the number of residents of the largest cities of the Middle Urals, Sverdlovsk and Nizhny Tagil during the war years increased respectively from 423 thousand people to 620 thousand; from 160.0 to 239.0 thousand.
The increase in the population of the Middle Urals due to those who arrived for evacuation had very contradictory consequences. On the one hand, the proportion of intellectuals and skilled workers has increased, which has had the most positive impact on the economic and cultural development of the region. On the other hand, the authorities’ attempt to solve the objectively arose housing problem through compaction and construction of temporary, simplified housing led to excessive overcrowding, unsanitary living conditions, and contributed to the emergence of domestic conflicts and social unrest. Barracks, semi-basements, and dugouts became commonplace in the lives of city residents. The actual supply of housing in the Sverdlovsk region for different departments, territories, and types of housing ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 square meters. m. Tensions in providing housing for workers began to ease only as the occupied territories were liberated and associated with this process of re-evacuation.
The Middle Urals were deep in the rear, where the build-up of defense potential was very intensive, requiring the use of a significant amount of labor resources. The mobilization of workers to the front initially significantly outpaced their replacement, which created an acute shortage of production personnel. The evacuation greatly alleviated the expansion of this problem. Of all able-bodied people who arrived in the Sverdlovsk region, more than 50% were actively involved in work industrial enterprises. In this regard, most factories underwent not only technical, but also personnel reconstruction. On average, the share of evacuated workers in the industrial production of the Middle Urals by the end of 1942 was 31%. At some sites it reached 50-75%, which actually led to the formation of a new workforce.
Thus, due to severe trials, the Sverdlovsk region maximized its industrial potential by accommodating a large number of evacuated enterprises. As a result, during the war, the industrial complex of the Middle Urals, having absorbed all the forces and resources of enterprises that arrived from areas captured by the enemy or threatened with occupation, increased industrial production 7 times compared to pre-war indicators. The Urals provided the country with 40% of all military products and produced 70% of all tanks, including: 60% medium, 100% heavy. Izhevsk plant - 11.1 million rifles and carbines, 7.1 thousand aircraft cannons, 213 thousand machine guns, 131.3 thousand anti-tank rifles, 961.5 thousand pistols of the TT system.
Due to the loss of the country's most important agricultural regions, the role of agriculture in the east has increased. This caused a number of changes in the organization and structure of agricultural production in the Urals. For example, the labor force from the villages was transferred to the military industry, transport and construction. The amount of equipment has been reduced overall. The volume of work performed by combines and tractors on collective farms has decreased by 2-3 times. The main source of agricultural production in the Urals was its internal resources.
The political mood of the region, in general, remained prosperous, although there were isolated cases of weakening of Soviet power. For example, in Tagil, in prison, rumors were spread among prisoners about how hard the Reds were being beaten and how Hitler would come and we would all live much better. The Urals received the news of the start of the war with great indignation and anger. On June 23 and 24, rallies were held at all enterprises and factories. Everyone, as one, declared their readiness to defend their homeland.
At the decisive moment of the Great Patriotic War, the Urals took the initiative to create a volunteer tank corps and equip it with their savings. The volunteer tank corps became the crown of the combat formations of the Urals. It included 3 tank brigades, one motorized rifle brigade and other military units. The birthday of the Perm tank brigade is considered to be March 23, 1943. June 1, 1943. The tankers were seen off.
In general, during the war the Urals became the newest industrial power, thanks to which, one might say, the war was won.
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