Collection and disposal of solid and liquid household waste in accordance with sanitary and hygienic requirements is carried out according to a planned and regular system in accordance with approved schedules.
The frequency of disposal of household waste is established by the sanitary and epidemiological station, based on local conditions, in accordance with the rules for maintaining territories of populated areas.
At the facilities to be serviced, the necessary conditions must be created for waste collection and the operation of special vehicles. The operating mode of special vehicles is determined from the conditions of daily operation of the machines.
Household waste is removed according to route schedules, which provide for a sequential order of movement of special vehicles.
The procedure for collecting and disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) is determined by local conditions. Basic solid waste collection and disposal systems:
A system of replaceable waste bins (containerized), solid waste is removed from household territories to disposal sites in stationary metal containers with a capacity of 0.75 m 3 using an M-30 garbage truck, and empty, clean containers are left in return. With the container system, containers are washed at unloading points without being removed from the machine;
A system of non-replaceable waste bins, solid waste from containers is reloaded into a garbage truck, and the containers themselves remain in place. Garbage trucks are used to operate this system. special equipment which provides mechanized loading of solid waste from stationary containers into the body of a garbage truck.
The accumulation of scrap metal and bulky waste (old furniture, construction garbage, formed during routine repairs, etc.) is produced in removable storage bins.
Storage bins are placed in places where garbage or scrap metal is stored, and as it accumulates (garbage is stored directly in the bunker), special organizations, at the request of housing organizations, replace the bins with empty ones, and take the full ones to a landfill, where they are unloaded by dump truck.
The neutralization and processing of solid household waste is carried out by storing it in landfills (landfills) and by industrial methods at waste processing and incineration plants. Disposal of household waste in landfills is currently the main method of recycling. This is the simplest and cheapest method, but it requires annually new land areas of at least 0.5 hectares per 100 thousand.
residents. In the presence of free territories, favorable hydrogeological conditions and compliance with the rules of construction and operation, landfills will remain for a long time the main method of neutralizing solid household waste for many cities.To reduce the need for land plots and improve the sanitary condition of suburban areas, new designs of high-load landfills have been proposed, allowing the load per unit area to be increased to 10 -12 t/m2 and the storage height to 25 - 35 m.
Waste at such landfills is stored in layers of 0.2 - 0.3 m, with each layer compacted by bulldozers or special compactor rollers.
When the total height of the waste layer reaches 2 m, they are covered with an intermediate insulating layer of soil 0.25 m thick.
Storage is carried out using the card method, i.e. waste from garbage trucks is unloaded simultaneously not onto the entire area of the landfill, but only within the limits of the card allocated for a given day. The compacted layer is laid 2 m high and covered with an insulating layer. The slope angle is assumed to be 1:4. Thanks to this organization of work, the entire area of the landfill, with the exception of one map, is isolated, which creates good sanitary conditions at the landfill. Under the influence of the overlying layers, the waste is further compacted to 0.9 t/m 3 . The top insulating layer must be at least 1 m thick, of which 0.2 m is plant soil.
IN last years In our country, industrial methods of waste dehydration and recycling are used at special enterprises.
On December 23, 2014, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted in two readings the bill “On amendments to the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation and the recognition as invalid of certain legislative acts (provisions of legislative acts) of the Russian Federation” . On December 25, the bill was approved by the Federation Council, and on December 29, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law No. 458-FZ dated December 29, 2014 with the corresponding title (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 458-FZ). This law makes significant changes to the legislation regulating waste management. The entry into force of many provisions was postponed until January 1, 2016, some provisions until 2017 and even until 2019. This article provides an overview of the main changes in legislation that have already entered into force and will enter into force in the near future. Since the changes are too extensive, we will dwell in detail only on the most relevant in our opinion. Some of the new legislation will require additional regulations, but we will briefly touch on these provisions as well.
The said bill was introduced by the Government of the Russian Federation in State Duma July 21, 2011, and on October 7 of the same year it was adopted in the first reading. It took more than three years for the law to be finally adopted. Initially, the goal of the bill was to create economic incentives for involving waste in economic circulation as secondary material resources, but in the process of working on the bill, the goals were expanded. Thus, the adopted Federal Law No. 458-FZ is intended to:
- increase the efficiency of regulation in the field of waste management;
- create new economic instruments for involving waste in economic circulation;
- create conditions for attracting investment in the field of municipal waste management.
Let's try to figure out what the essence of the changes in legislation provided for by Federal Law No. 458-FZ is.
First of all, changes have been made to the terminology used in the field of waste management. First of all, they touched upon Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 “On Production and Consumption Waste” (hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ).
A NEW DEFINITION OF WASTE
Formulation of the concept familiar to everyone "production and consumption waste" was changed (highlighted and underlined by the author):
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[…] - remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that formed in progress production or consumption, and goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties; |
production and consumption waste […] — substances or items, which educated in progress production, performance of work, provision of services or in progress consumption, which are deleted, intended for deletion or subject to deletion in accordance with this Federal Law; |
If previously waste (according to the wording of the previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ) could be generated exclusively in the process production or consumption, and when goods and products lose their consumer properties, then waste can now also be generated when performing work And provision of services. Of course, this clarification is quite logical, and one can only wonder why it was made only now. True, the new wording excludes mention of goods that have lost their consumer properties, but legislators identified such waste (together with some other waste) as separate categories, which will be discussed below.
Taking a closer look at the new formulation, you can see that previously the concept "waste" was determined only from the point of view of the process education(appearance) of waste. Now, in addition to the actual description of the waste generation process, the wording includes a mention of removal appropriately formed substances and objects. At the same time, the second part of the new definition (if we consider it in the context of domestic legislation) raises many questions:
1. What in this case should be understood by deletion substances or objects? In Federal Law No. 89-FZ itself, the term “deletion” is not disclosed. The linguistic interpretation of this rule of law can lead us into a dead end, since in Russian there are many meanings of this word and different dictionaries give different interpretations the noun “removal” and, accordingly, the verbs “delete”/“delete”. In GOST R 53692-2009 “Resource conservation. Waste management. Stages of the waste technological cycle" (hereinafter - GOST R 53692-2009) (clause 3.1.26) there is the following definition: "waste removal is the last stage of the waste technological cycle, at which the decomposition, destruction and/or disposal of waste of classes I-IV is carried out dangers with protection environment". However, we note that here we're talking about no longer about substances or subjects, and about waste, while disposal is considered as the last stage of the waste technological cycle.
2. For what purpose was the definition supplemented by reference to deletion waste? Was it meant that certain substances and objects, formed accordingly, may not be subject to removal and not to be intended for removing? If such substances and objects were formed during the activities of the enterprise, then in this case they should not be considered waste?
3. How can you determine whether a substance or item should be removed? Or did it mean that ALL appropriately formed substances and objects should be removed?
4. For what purpose is the reservation made? ...in accordance with this Federal Law"? Perhaps this is just an unnecessary mention (in addition to paragraph 2 of Article 2 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ) that the disposal of certain substances and objects may be regulated by relevant legislation? Or did it mean that the disposal of ordinary waste can occur in ways not specified in Federal Law No. 89-FZ, and in this case the substances or objects will not be considered waste?
In general, much in the new formulation seems incomprehensible. But specialists familiar with Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal(hereinafter referred to as the Basel Convention), when looking at this wording it immediately becomes obvious that it is a hybrid of the wording from the early edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ and the wording of the Basel Convention: ““waste” are substances or objects that are disposed of, intended for deletion or are subject to deletion in accordance with the provisions of national law." But, firstly, the scope of the Basel Convention is quite specific - waste that is the object of transboundary transport, the transport of waste itself and its disposal. Secondly, the Basel Convention makes reference to How the term should be understood "waste removal"(a specific list of waste handling operations is provided). And if the reference to national legislation in the Basel Convention is clear (since in different countries legislation may vary), then tracing paper from it “...in accordance with this Federal Law” in the new wording of Federal Law No. 89-FZ looks somewhat strange.
It seems to us that the mechanical transfer of the provisions of the Basel Convention to Federal Law No. 89-FZ was not very successful. Let us assume that the resulting “hybrid” formulation and the absence of the concept "delete" in federal legislation will cause a lot of problems for enterprises in the future, especially given the new provisions of the legislation in the field of licensing (which will be discussed below). If removal is considered as the movement of substances or objects from the territory of the enterprise, this is one situation. If we consider removal and recycling within the same enterprise as disposal, the situation is different. And if disposal is considered to be operations with waste in accordance with GOST R 53692-2009 (destruction, decomposition or burial) - the third situation.
OTHER CHANGES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT TERMINOLOGY
1. Instead of the concept "waste use" the term has now been introduced "recycling" , and the definition of this concept is given precisely through the noun "usage"(highlighted and underlined by the author):
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Previous version of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
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waste use — use of waste for the production of goods (products), performance of work, provision of services or for energy production; |
recycling — usage waste for the production of goods (products), performance of work, provision of services, including waste reuse, including reuse of waste for its intended purpose ( recycling), their return to the production cycle after appropriate preparation ( regeneration), as well as the extraction of useful components for their reuse ( recovery); |
In one of the articles published in previous issues of the journal, we have already addressed the topic of the relationship between concepts "waste use" And "recycling" , keeping in mind the bill that preceded the appearance of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Taking into account amendments to changes in legislation, this material largely remains relevant.
Let us recall that in the mentioned article we wrote that in the current practice, waste disposal could mean anything, including waste disposal; and even serious companies involved in waste management, when concluding contracts, often indicated waste disposal in their subject matter, although in fact it was about neutralization. Now the law has a definition of the term "recycling" . Therefore, we advise environmentalists of enterprises to be especially careful when concluding contracts and insist on the use of terms in accordance with the law.
It is important to note that waste disposal now also means recycling, And regeneration, And recovery. Let's return to this when discussing the issue of licensing.
2. An additional type has been added to the types of waste management - waste treatment .
According to the new provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (underlined by the author) waste treatment - preliminary waste preparation for further disposal, including their sorting, disassembly, cleaning.
Note that waste treatment (if it is carried out) is the stage preceding waste disposal in its new meaning. But can it be considered waste treatment, for example, sorting a batch of waste intended for disposal, from which 10-15% of waste suitable for further disposal (glass, metals, paper, cardboard, rubber, polyethylene) is selected? Indeed, in this case, sorting is essentially the preparation of waste for further disposal. Most likely, supervisory authorities will interpret sorting as waste processing, especially since the extraction of useful components for their reuse classified as waste disposal. On the other hand, now regulatory authorities will not be tempted to call sorting neutralization (which, of course, it is not). We also wrote about such curiosities at one time.
3. Concept « waste disposal" a new definition is given (highlighted and underlined by the author):
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Previous version of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
New edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (Article 1) |
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waste disposal — waste treatment, including waste incineration and disinfection in specialized installations, in order to prevention harmful |
waste disposal — reducing the mass of waste, changing its composition, physical and chemical properties (including combustion and (or) disinfection in specialized installations) in order to reduction negative the impact of waste on human health and the environment; |
As in the previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, neutralization waste is characterized by its purpose . This is the main criterion when determining what should be considered waste disposal (we also pointed out this). Earlier in the formulation it was about preventionharmful impact, now - about decreasenegative impact.
Adjective replacement "harmful" on "negative", probably related to the provisions of Art. 4.1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, according to which “waste is divided depending on the degree of negative impact on the environment[…]into five hazard classes". That is, based on the criteria for reducing negative impacts (hazard classes) specified in Art. 4.1, it is possible to determine whether the reduction in waste mass or change in waste composition constitutes neutralization.
Noun replacement "prevention" on "decrease", apparently, is due to the fact that not always, after carrying out the appropriate procedure (process), the resulting waste can be classified as practically non-hazardous waste (i.e., class V). After all, if before the implementation of the process the waste belonged to hazard class I, and the output was another waste of hazard class III or IV, then negative impact waste was reduced (although not completely prevented). Of course, such a process is also neutralization. Therefore, we believe that the new formulation of the concept "waste disposal" more logical.
4. Definition of the term "waste storage" has also been corrected (highlighted and underlined by the author):
As before the term "accumulation of waste" , concept "waste storage" now revealed through a noun "warehousing". A new deadline has been established for waste storage - more than 11 months. Accumulation of waste until January 1, 2016, temporary storage of waste for a period of no more than 6 months will be considered, and from January 1, 2016- for a period of no more than 11 months. What type of waste management will include the storage of waste for a period of time? from 6 to 11 months in 2015? This question is on this moment remains open.
5. According to the new edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ (highlighted and underlined by the author) waste management - activities related to collection, accumulation, transportation, processing, recycling, neutralization, disposal of waste.
6. The previous edition of Federal Law No. 89-FZ provided a definition of the concept "waste disposal facility" . Now the law has some clarification (emphasis added):
Definitions are given separately new concepts:
- waste disposal facilities — subsoil plots provided for use in the prescribed manner, underground structures for burial waste I-V hazard classes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil;
- waste storage facilities — specially equipped facilities that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for long-term storage of waste for the purpose of their subsequent disposal, neutralization, and burial.
7. Federal Law No. 89-FZ introduced the concept "waste disposal facilities" — “specially equipped facilities that are equipped in accordance with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and are intended for waste disposal”.
CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF LICENSING WASTE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
According to the amendments made to Art. 9 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ s July 1, 2015 will have the title “Licensing of activities for the collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes.” From July 1, 2015 The contents of this article will also be changed (emphasis added by the author): "1. Licensing of activitiescollection, transportation, processing, recycling , neutralization and disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes is carried out in accordance with the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ "On licensing of certain types of activities" taking into account the provisions of this Federal Law[…]» .
Federal Law No. 458-FZ also made corresponding changes to paragraph 30 of Part 1 of Art. 12 of the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 No. 99-FZ “On licensing of certain types of activities”, classifying them as licensed types of activities collection, transportation, processing, disposal, neutralization, disposal of waste of I-IV hazard classes. These changes come into force on July 1, 2015.
Thus, from July 1, 2015, all types of waste management activities, except for accumulation, must be licensed (accordingly, waste generation is also not subject to licensing).
What to do with previously issued licenses for waste disposal and disposal (including unlimited ones)? Federal Law No. 458-FZ gives an answer to this question that is stunning in its simplicity: “Licenses for activities for the neutralization and disposal of waste of hazard classes I-IV, issued before the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, are valid until June 30, 2015.”
Well, as they used to say in the old days: “Here’s St. George’s Day for you, grandma!” Today's grandmothers - to paraphrase a modern song - can only nervously smoke a pipe... Judge for yourself: not only did perpetual licenses suddenly become urgent (and enterprises that recently received licenses will be forced to start the licensing process anew in a few months), but You also need to obtain a license for all waste management operations (except for the generation and accumulation of waste - and thank you for that!).
For example, if at the enterprise during the production of the main products any substances and materials are formed (including defective products) that can be used (we deliberately do not say "disposed of") at the same enterprise (for example, re-included in the production process in the same workshop or sent to a neighboring workshop to produce another type of product), then our predicted position of the supervisory authorities will be that they will require the enterprise to have a license (and if In its absence, the company will face penalties). The same problem may arise when agreeing on draft standards for waste generation and limits on their disposal (hereinafter referred to as NRWR): Rosprirodnadzor authorities will require that the specified substances and materials be included in the waste nomenclature, and a license be attached to the draft NRWR...
Or another example: let’s say, in a large office building, where baskets are installed to accumulate office waste (if it is waste, it will be waste of hazard class IV), to minimize the cost of removing and burying waste in one of the premises (before moving the contents of the baskets into a common bunker transported to a solid waste landfill) glass, cardboard, metals, etc. are selected. You don’t have to be Cassandra to assume that if an inspection is carried out, Rosprirodnadzor will classify the process of selecting useful components as waste sorting (i.e., waste treatment), which will require an appropriate license.
Thus, many enterprises in the near future will be faced with a dilemma - either to obtain licenses to carry out waste disposal and/or treatment activities, or to prove (during inspections and in court proceedings) that certain substances and materials are not waste. As for the above examples, in the first case it will be necessary to prove that the substances and materials are a by-product (and/or raw material), and in the second - that the substances and materials, called office waste, become waste after glass, cardboard are collected from them , metals. Here it is not only the ambiguity of the term that can come to the rescue "delete" in relation to substances and materials, but also the existing arbitration practice, in which the courts noted that individual entrepreneurs and legal entities have the right to independently determine what substances and materials resulting from their production activities, fall under the definition of “production and consumption waste”.
BY THE WAY
In addition to Art. 1 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, when making decisions and rulings, the judges referred to the corresponding position of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, set out in letter No. 12-47/94 dated January 10, 2013.
We believe that the introduced licensing of new (and “new old”) types of waste management activities - in relation to enterprises specializing in such types of activities - could theoretically contribute to streamlining and effective control in this area. But we fear that the desire to force a significant part of organizations that are de facto not involved in waste processing or disposal to go through the licensing procedure will create unnecessary administrative barriers, which, in a difficult economic situation, will clearly not contribute to economic growth in our country.
CHANGES TO WASTE OWNERSHIP PROVISIONS
Article 4 “Waste as an object of property rights” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ in the new edition has become extremely laconic: “The ownership of waste is determined in accordance with civil law”.
That's all! No more mentions that the ownership of waste belongs to the owner of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products, as well as goods (products), as a result of the use of which this waste was generated. And most importantly, there is no longer a provision that the owner of waste of hazard class I-IV has the right to alienate this waste into the ownership of another person, transfer to him, while remaining the owner, the right to own, use or dispose of this waste, if such a person has a license to carry out activities on the use, neutralization, transportation, disposal of waste of no less hazard class. Let us recall that these conditions were provided for in the previous edition of this article.
It turns out that ownership of waste (including donation) can be transferred to any person, regardless of whether the latter has a license. Another thing is that when developing NLR projects, drawing up technical reports or reporting of small and medium-sized businesses (hereinafter referred to as SMEs), it will still be necessary to indicate the names legal entities and individual entrepreneurs who will carry out further waste management operations (indicating the types of waste management and license details).
Now waste- How one of the types of movable things- are the object of property rights. The grounds for the emergence and procedure for exercising the right of ownership are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which we recommend that all ecologists study (at least the provisions of the articles on the right of ownership of movable property). It would also be useful to study the chapters and articles on the types of contracts relating to movable property.
Here are excerpts from the Civil Code that may be useful to environmentalists:
Extraction
from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
Article 136. Fruits, products and income
3. A similar situation will arise from January 1, 2016 in the area of submitting notification reports to SMEs. The procedure for submitting and monitoring reporting on the generation, recycling, neutralization, and disposal of waste (with the exception of statistical reporting) of small and medium-sized enterprises, in the course of economic and (or) other activities of which waste is generated at facilities subject to federal state environmental supervision, will be established by the authorized federal executive body; and on objects subject to regional state environmental supervision, - authorized executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
4. The wording on the possibility of suspending the activities of enterprises in cases of violation of the IOLR will be changed. If the previous edition dealt with the suspension of activities in the field of waste management (this provision has remained since the time when waste management included the generation of waste), then from January 1, 2016, this provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ will be look like this (highlighted and underlined by the author): « In case of violation of waste generation standards and limits on their disposal economic and (or) other activities of individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, during which waste is generated, may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation."
CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF WASTE Certification
Changes will be made to Art. 14 “Requirements for waste management I-V classes dangers" of Federal Law No. 89-FZ:
1. From January 1, 2016 enterprises whose activities generate waste of I-V hazard classes and will be required to carry out assignment of waste to a specific hazard class for confirmation such classification in the manner established by the authorized federal executive body (the same body will carry out the confirmation of the classification of waste of hazard classes I-V to a specific hazard class). This, as they say, is “bad news” (let us remind you that currently the procedure for classifying waste into hazard classes I-IV is still in effect, and for waste of class V, the need to classify waste into hazard classes, as a rule, arises only when developing a NRW project) .
2. The "good news" is that from January 1, 2016, confirmation of assignment to a specific hazard class of waste included in the federal waste classification catalogue, will not be required . We note with sadness that legislators did not take pity on ordinary environmentalists and did not provide for a faster entry into force of this norm.
CHANGES IN THE AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FEES AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
Federal Law No. 458-FZ also amended Art. 23 “Payment for negative impact on the environment when disposing of waste” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ. January 1, 2016 The following important provisions come into force:
1. Payment for negative impact on the environment (hereinafter referred to as NVOS) when placing waste (excluding MSW) carried out by individual entrepreneurs, legal entities, in the process of carrying out economic and (or) other activities waste is generated.
2. Fee payers for NVOS when placing MSW are operators for handling MSW, regional operators carrying out activities for their placement.
Thus, many years of disputes (including disputes in high courts) about whether enterprises should pay a fee for NWOS when disposing of waste, as well as who exactly should pay this fee, will now sink into oblivion. The ambiguity of legal norms will be eliminated: ownership of waste, whether it is transmitted or not transmitted, will have nothing to do with the payment for the NVOS.
Speaking about the payment for NVOS when placing MSW, we note one more new normal Federal Law No. 89-FZ (comes into force on January 1, 2016): “The cost of payment for the negative impact on the environment when disposing of municipal solid waste is taken into account when setting tariffs for the operator for handling solid waste.communalwaste, the regional operator in the manner established by the principles of pricing in the field of solid waste managementcommunalwaste". This norm applies not only to environmentalists, but to all citizens. Since these expenses will likely be included in utility bills, the total amount of utility bills will have to increase. Ideally, this should become an incentive to reduce waste generation on the part of users of residential premises - both directly (every resident should strive to reduce waste generation, and return secondary resources to recycling collection points), and by influencing management companies (voluntary or forced organization of separate waste collection).
Federal Law No. 458-FZ amended the provisions of the Federal Law of July 21, 2014 No. 219-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” on the application of reducing coefficients to payment rates for NVOS(changes will take effect January 1, 2016). Thus, in order to encourage legal entities and individual entrepreneurs engaged in economic and (or) other activities to take measures to reduce the waste pollution when calculating the charge for waste disposal, the following coefficients will be applied to the rates of such payment:
- coefficient 0 - when placing hazard class V waste from the mining industry by filling artificially created cavities in rocks during land and soil reclamation;
- coefficient 0.5 - when disposing of waste of hazard classes IV, V, generated during the disposal of previously disposed waste from the processing and mining industries;
- coefficient 0.67 - when disposing of hazard class III waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class II waste;
- coefficient 0.49 - when disposing of hazard class IV waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class III waste;
- coefficient 0.33 - when disposing of hazard class IV waste generated during the neutralization of hazard class II waste.
January 1, 2016 The provision of Federal Law No. 89-FZ comes into force stating that in the production of packaging, finished goods (products), after the loss of consumer properties which form waste which are presented biodegradable materials(the list will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation), may be applied various economic stimulus measures.
CHANGES IN PROFESSIONAL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
The need to amend Art. 15 “Requirements for professional training of persons authorized to handle waste of I-IV hazard classes” of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, many provisions of which (especially after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”) Federations”) have turned into a certain kind of atavism (suffice it to say that the concept of “professional training” is not in the latest Federal Law), and is long overdue. Nevertheless, legislators, keen on developing new large-scale concepts, the first two paragraphs of Art. 15 was not touched at all, but paragraph 3 was supplemented with the following content: "3. The procedure for professional training of persons authorized to collect, transport, process, dispose of, neutralize, and dispose of waste of hazard classes I-IV, and the requirements for its implementation are established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education , in agreement with the federal executive body that carries out state regulation in the field of environmental protection". This provision comes into effect on July 1, 2015, and we are very interested to see how it is implemented.
ABOUT SOME PROHIBITIONS
Earlier we talked about the “carrots” provided for in the new legislation. Now let’s say a few words about the new prohibitions (“whips”) in Federal Law No. 89-FZ:
- from January 1, 2016 in Art. 11 a ban will be introduced on the commissioning of buildings, structures and other facilities that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of waste;
- from January 1, 2016 in Art. 12 is entered ban on the use of MSW for land and quarry reclamation;
- from January 1, 2017 in accordance with the new edition of Art. 12 disposal of waste containing useful components that must be disposed of will be prohibited. The list of types of waste that contain useful components prohibited for disposal will be established by the Government of the Russian Federation. It is not yet known whether previously issued documents approving the NPLR will be cancelled, if these limits allowed for the disposal of useful components.
CONCLUSION
In the article we tried to dwell on the most important, in our opinion, innovations in legislation in the field of waste management. Some of them were touched upon to a greater extent, others were only outlined. The scope of a journal article, especially one written literally “hot on the heels” of the adopted Federal Law No. 458-FZ, does not allow us to talk in too much detail about large-scale changes in the field of waste management. It seems to us that today there are more questions about this legal act than there are answers in it. We are confident that on the pages of the “Ecologist's Handbook” the authors of articles will more than once turn to the analysis of Federal Law No. 458-FZ. Much will become clearer in the process of practical implementation of the provisions of this document, incl. as appropriate by-laws are adopted.
In this regard, I would like to draw your attention to the portal http://regulation.gov.ru, where drafts of all regulations are published and where everyone can take part in official public discussion. Immediately after the adoption of Federal Law No. 458, drafts of several by-laws appeared on this portal. We believe that active participation of the environmental community in formal discussions can help develop optimal versions of regulations.
For example, according to the Great explanatory dictionary Russian language ed. S.A. Kuznetsova (St. Petersburg: Norint, 2009) “remove” - 1) move to a further distance, move away; 2) remove, take out, take out, etc. smb. superfluous, unnecessary, interfering; 3) eliminate somehow. method (remove, cut, tear out, etc.); 4) make the impact less noticeable, influence of something.; completely get rid of something influence, impact, etc.
We are talking about emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, discharges of harmful substances into water bodies, substances that destroy the ozone layer, radioactive waste, biological waste, and medical waste.
We mean the new Guidelines for the development of draft waste generation standards and limits on their disposal, approved by Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated August 5, 2014 No. 349. For more details, see: Prokhorov I.O. New guidelines on the development of PNOLR: comments and reflections // Ecologist's Handbook. 2014. No. 12. P. 9-25.
It seems to us that if this news was first heard at a meeting of ecologists, there should have been a pause after it, followed by loud and prolonged applause... After all, what Rosprirodnadzor “arranged” after August 1, 2014 with the confirmation of classes The dangers of waste - with the release of numerous explanatory letters and especially with the introduction of the so-called “Waste Certification Portal” - will be remembered by environmentalists for a long time.
You already know that most of the trash generated in the bin is actually useful materials that can be recycled.
use. For a Russian person careful attitude to natural resources has never been the rule. And there is no point in blaming negligence here. Do you know the proverb that is often remembered when characterizing the “Russian character”? Until the thunder strikes, the man will not cross himself. The “homely” Germans have an analogy: “The well is closed after a child has fallen into it.” Thus, troubles associated with irrationality and carelessness have been and are being faced all over the world. The reason that in a number of countries the waste management policy today is based on the recycling of waste, but ours is not, is that our country is extremely rich in both resources and free land. The smaller the country and the more dynamically it develops, the faster it faces the problem of garbage. Actually, today we are walking a path that many have already walked. It is only important to walk along it not by touch, but using the experience of predecessors.
The task of public utilities both in Russia and abroad is to promptly collect waste from city streets and remove it out of sight. The whole difference is where to put them. There are three ways to dispose of waste: bury, incinerate and recycle. Let's take a closer look at each of these three methods using examples from different countries.
The most ancient and simplest way
Waste disposal is the most ancient and simplest method of waste management. However, this approach is extremely dangerous for the environment and human health. Previously, when all the generated garbage was natural origin, such a placement threatened only rat raids and epidemics. But they learned to deal with this by reinventing the wheel - immediately it became possible to make a landfill further away, so that the rats could not get to the city (they are on their own four feet). Now plastic, electrical equipment, chemical and organic residues and much, much more are sent to landfills in Russia. 
Garbage is usually dumped in quarries or other places chosen on the principle of “it just so happens.” The thickness of the garbage layer (or more correctly, the “landfill body”) can reach 80 meters or more. During the decomposition of this mixture, watered by rain, a filtrate is formed - a liquid saturated with waste products, which penetrates the soil and pollutes groundwater with toxic substances and heavy metal compounds.
Since household waste contains many flammable substances, summer time Spontaneous combustion of the landfill body regularly occurs, which is almost impossible to extinguish. As a result of combustion, not only fire gases (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and furans), but also such extremely dangerous super-ecotoxicants as dibenzofurans and dioxins enter the atmosphere. In total, any landfill releases more than one hundred toxic substances into the environment that have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Also, do not forget that in addition to toxic gases, landfills produce huge amounts of the greenhouse gas methane as a result of the decomposition of organic waste. It is one of the main gases, the accumulation of which in the atmosphere leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect. 
Dioxins
You may have heard of dioxins - they are 67,000 times more potent than cyanide. By interfering with the process of formation of new cells in the body, they provoke the development oncological diseases; affect the delicate functioning of the endocrine glands, which in turn leads to a complete imbalance of all vital functions of the body; greatly influence reproductive function, often inhibiting puberty or even leading to infertility. The magnitude of the lethal dose is so microscopic that it makes dioxins more dangerous than chemical warfare agents. And another terrible characteristic is that they are weakly broken down and are able to accumulate both in the human body and in the environment, moving from one natural cycle to another. 
My fire is shining in the fog...
Please note that dioxins are formed not only during combustion in landfills or incinerators. They are formed under conditions of low-temperature combustion (less than 1000 ºС) of chlorine-containing waste, that is, including in a fire or in a furnace. This is, first of all, plastic waste: products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC marking, number 3), which are often visually indistinguishable from PET, as well as products from PET itself and other plastics, since chlorine-containing additives are added to them to impart different properties. Often on summer cottages or at the end of a tourist trip, people burn the accumulated waste, thereby solving the problem of garbage, including plastic. Under no circumstances should you do this if you value your health and the health of those around you, not to mention the “gift” for the environment.
Russian scope
Every year, more than 300 million tons of waste are sent to landfills and natural dumps in Russia. There is no exact data on how much area is currently occupied by garbage, but even approximate figures are impressive. Thus, the country's landfills cover about 1 million hectares, which is approximately 10 areas of Moscow! What if we add to this “unaccounted for” illegal waste disposal sites? This figure may have to be increased significantly.
Today, Russia operates landfills that were opened in the 30-50s. 20th century. The vast majority of landfills are located in waste quarries and do not meet environmental standards. It’s hard to even imagine the damage these objects cause to ecological systems. But regarding emissions of methane gas into the Earth’s atmosphere, it is known that landfills and landfills in Russia annually emit up to 1 million tons of methane (about 90 billion m3) into the atmosphere, which is approximately 3% of the planetary flow. 
Cultural dump
What about other countries? All developed countries have long been implementing mechanisms that reduce Negative influence landfills on the environment. Thus, modern landfills are equipped in accordance with strict requirements that exclude contact of waste with soil, and include systems for collecting and discharging leachate and biogas.
A modern polygon should look something like this. The pit prepared for backfilling is lined with an inert and impermeable film, which makes it possible to reliably separate the body of the landfill and the leachate from the ground. An embankment is created around the landfill to protect it from wind drift. When dumped, waste is compacted and covered with layers of inert soil. And finally, even during the design, a system for monitoring and collecting wastewater and biogas generated is laid out. In a number of countries, special installations are used at landfills to collect and utilize the methane released. The collected gas is used to produce heat and electricity.
Returning to Russia, it should be noted that today in almost all regions, including Moscow, there is an issue of overcrowding of existing landfills. This means that it is necessary to close and reclaim old landfills and open new ones, thereby creating more and more exclusion zones.
In connection with all the above-mentioned difficulties and consequences that the old and low-tech method of waste management creates, another, no less traditional method looks very tempting. 
Burning
Incineration is another method of waste disposal, which, moreover, allows you to significantly reduce the volume of waste and even get a benefit - the energy generated during combustion can be used. These two arguments are decisive in the justifications of the supporters of this method.
However, it is important to note a few points. The technology of relatively safe waste incineration, firstly, always involves preliminary waste sorting. Mixed waste has low combustible properties, as it may contain a large proportion of non-combustible fractions, resulting in the need to support the combustion process with additional fuel. Pre-sorting also eliminates the possibility of burning hazardous waste. Secondly, the combustion process itself must take place under strictly defined characteristics (the combustion temperature must be at least 1000°C), which makes it possible to minimize the formation of environmentally hazardous products (in particular, dioxins). Thirdly, the plant must be equipped with an expensive ventilation system, which must be properly maintained throughout its operation. And fourthly, the plant must ensure the processing and safe disposal of ash generated as a result of waste combustion and accounting for about 1/5 of the original volume of waste. 
For a lot of money and only after sorting
Summarizing the experience of many countries, we can summarize that the waste incineration route is the most expensive, not only in terms of construction costs, but also in operation. The proof of these words is that in recent decades no new waste incineration plants (WIPs) have been built in Europe and many old incineration plants have been closed because they do not meet the emission standards European Union. Small countries (Denmark, Switzerland, Holland, Japan), where there are no disposal sites at all, continue to use this technology for the destruction of household waste, but at the same time spend huge amounts of money on cleaning waste gases and use modern technologies burning. In addition, it should be noted that only waste is burned from which some of the useful fractions have already been selected for processing, and the resulting energy is used to produce electricity and heat. By the way, modern combustion technologies make it possible to use up to 80% of the energy contained in waste. 
Is it suitable for us?
The experience of other countries suggests that the choice of incineration is a choice dictated by limited territorial resources, associated with very high costs for maintaining the proper level of operation of waste incineration plants. It is impossible to completely stop burning waste. However, the use of this technology can be justified only after the selection and processing of useful fractions.
In Russia, waste incineration is poorly developed. There are about a dozen factories throughout the country. However, this method is often considered as the basic one when planning long-term waste management programs.
The main principles of state policy in the field of waste management are:
Protecting human health, maintaining or restoring a favorable state of the environment and preserving biological diversity;
Scientifically based combination of environmental and economic interests of society;
Using the latest scientific and technical achievements in order to implement low-waste and non-waste technologies and comprehensive processing of material and raw materials in order to reduce the amount of waste;
Using methods of economic regulation of activities in the field of waste management in order to reduce the amount of waste and involve it in economic circulation.
It is prohibited to put into operation facilities that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production or consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants.
Huge amounts of money are spent on waste management. Waste has to be transported, stored, disposed of, processed, destroyed, etc. All these are expensive operations.
Federal laws “On Environmental Protection” and “On Production and Consumption Waste” define the basic requirements for the protection of human health and environmental protection in waste management processes.
“Waste from production and consumption, including radioactive waste, is subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and disposal, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation” (Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” dated January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ).
The law prohibits:
Discharge of production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, into surface and underground water bodies, into drainage areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;
Disposal of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a danger may be created for the environment, natural resources systems and human health;
Disposal of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in drainage areas of underground water bodies;
Import of hazardous waste and radioactive waste into Russian Federation for the purpose of their burial and neutralization.
Hazardous waste, depending on the degree of its harmful impact on the environment and human health, is divided into hazard classes (see paragraph 4.6.4). A passport must be drawn up for hazardous waste. A hazardous waste passport is compiled on the basis of data on the composition and properties of hazardous waste and an assessment of its danger. Persons who are authorized to handle hazardous waste are required to have professional training confirmed by certificates for the right to work with them.
production and consumption waste It is customary to refer to the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other items or products that were formed in the process of production or consumption, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties.
Hazardous waste are called waste containing substances that have dangerous properties: toxic, explosive, fire hazardous, highly reactive, contain pathogens of infectious diseases, and also pose a danger to the environment and human health on their own or when coming into contact with other substances.
Sanitary rules for establishing the hazard class of toxic waste from production and consumption SP 2.1.7.1386-03 establish five hazard classes of waste:
waste of hazard class I (extremely hazardous), these include, for example, mercury lamps, waste fluorescent mercury-containing tubes;
waste of hazard class II (highly hazardous), for example waste containing dust and/or lead sawdust;
waste of hazard class III (moderately hazardous): cement dust;
waste of hazard class IV (low-hazard): coke dust, waste of abrasive materials in the form of dust and powder;
Hazard class V waste (virtually non-hazardous): sand waste not contaminated with hazardous substances.
Waste management – activities during which waste is generated, as well as the collection, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of waste.
Waste disposal– storage and disposal of waste.
Waste storage provides for the maintenance of waste in waste disposal facilities for the purpose of their subsequent disposal, neutralization or use.
Waste disposal facilities– specially equipped structures: landfills, sludge storage facilities, rock dumps, etc.
Waste disposal– isolation of waste that is not subject to further use in special storage facilities that prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment.
Waste disposal– waste treatment, including combustion in specialized installations in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on humans and the environment.
Each product manufacturer is assigned waste generation standard, i.e. the amount of waste of a particular type during the production of a unit of product, and is calculated limit for waste disposal - the maximum permissible amount of waste per year.
The main waste treatment methods are biodegradation, composting and incineration.
Composting is a biological method for neutralizing municipal solid waste (MSW) containing a large number of organics. The essence of the process is as follows. A variety of, mostly heat-loving, microorganisms actively grow and develop in the thickness of the garbage, as a result of which it warms up to 60 o C. At this temperature, pathogenic microorganisms die. The decomposition of organic solids in household waste continues until a relatively stable material, similar to humus, is obtained. In this case, more complex compounds decompose and turn into simpler ones. The disadvantage of composting is the need to store and neutralize the non-compostable part of the garbage, the volume of which makes up a significant part of the total amount of garbage. This problem can be solved by incineration, pyrolysis or disposal of waste to landfills.
Biodegradation of organic waste is considered the most environmentally acceptable and economically feasible method of processing them.
Currently, many diluted industrial waste are being processed biologically. Commonly used aerobic technology based on oxidation carried out by microorganisms in aeration tanks, biofilters and bioponds. A significant disadvantage of aerobic technologies is the energy consumption for aeration and the problems of recycling the resulting excess activated sludge - up to 1.5 kg of microbial biomass for every kilogram of organic matter removed.
A naerobic Processing using the methane fermentation method is devoid of these disadvantages: it does not require energy consumption for aeration, the volume of sludge is reduced and, in addition, a valuable organic substance is formed - methane. The mechanism of anaerobic microbiological conversion of organic substances is very complex and not fully understood. Nevertheless, industrial anaerobic treatment technologies have become widespread abroad. In our country, intensive anaerobic technologies are not yet used.
Thermal methods of waste processing. Solid household waste contain up to 30% by weight carbon and up to 4% hydrogen. The calorific value of waste is determined by these elements. Various technologies for fire waste disposal have been developed. The main products of combustion of carbon and hydrogen are CO 2 and H 2 O, respectively.
Incomplete combustion produces undesirable products: carbon monoxide, low molecular weight organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soot, etc. When burning, it is necessary to take into account that the waste contains potentially hazardous elements characterized by high toxicity and volatility: various compounds of halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, etc.).
In industrial practice, there are currently two areas of thermal processing of solid waste, based on forced mixing and movement of material:
Layer combustion on grates at a temperature of 900 ... 1000 o C;
Combustion in a fluidized bed at a temperature of 850 ... 950 o C.
Fluidized bed combustion has a number of environmental and technological advantages, but it requires the preparation of waste for such a process, so it is much less common.
It seems the most environmentally acceptable use of waste as secondary material resources. To implement this direction, at least two conditions are necessary: firstly, the availability of sufficiently complete and easily accessible information on the sources and accumulation of waste sold; secondly, favorable economic conditions.
1. What processes affect soil fertility?
2. What is soil erosion? Causes and types of soil erosion.
3. Name the main soil pollutants.
4. What is production and consumption waste? What are the established waste hazard classes?
5. What does the concept of “waste management” include?
6. How are waste generation standards and waste disposal limits established?
7. Name the main methods of waste recycling.
8. Give brief description composting method.
9. What processes are the biodegradation of organic waste based on?
10. Name the main directions of thermal waste processing.
11. What other methods of waste recycling do you know?
Environmental monitoring
Under monitoring imply a tracking system for some objects or phenomena.
Environmental monitoring is Information system, created for the purpose of observing and forecasting changes in the environment in order to highlight the anthropogenic component against the background of other natural processes.
One of important aspects functioning of monitoring systems is forecasting capability state of the environment under study and warnings about undesirable changes in its characteristics.
Types of environmental monitoring.By scale There are basic (background), global, regional, and impact monitoring.
on methods of conducting and objects of observation: aviation, space, surrounding a person environment.
Base monitoring monitors general biosphere, mainly natural, phenomena without imposing regional anthropogenic influences on them.
Global monitoring monitors global processes and phenomena in the Earth's biosphere and its ecosphere, including all their environmental components (the main material and energy components of ecological systems), and warns about emerging extreme situations.
Regional monitoring monitors processes and phenomena within a certain region, where these processes and phenomena may differ both in natural nature and in anthropogenic influences from the basic background characteristic of the entire biosphere.
Impact monitoring is monitoring of regional and local anthropogenic impacts in particularly dangerous zones and places.
Monitoring the human environment monitors the state of the natural environment around humans and prevents emerging critical situations that are harmful or dangerous to the health of people and other living organisms.
The implementation of monitoring requires the use of fairly well-developed mathematical software, including complexes of mathematical models of the phenomena being studied.
The development of a model of a specific phenomenon or natural system is associated with the choice of its conceptual structure and the availability of a closed package of machine programs. The most common type of models are sets of differential equations that reflect biological, geochemical and climatic processes in the system under study. In this case, the coefficients of the equations either have a specific meaning or are determined indirectly through the approximation of experimental data.
Modeling a real natural system based on experimental data and conducting numerous experiments on it makes it possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the interactions of various components of communities both in natural systems and those formed as a result of invasion of the natural environment economic activity person.
Objectives of the environmental monitoring system are:
Observation of chemical, biological, physical parameters (characteristics);
Ensuring the organization of operational information.
The principles underlying the organization of the system:
Collectivity;
Synchronicity;
Regular reporting.
Based on the environmental monitoring system, a nationwide system of monitoring and control over the state of the environment has been created.
The assessment of the environment and public health includes the state of atmospheric air, drinking water, food, and ionizing radiation.
Environmental passport of the enterprise is a document that is available at every enterprise; it is drawn up in accordance with GOST 17.0.0.04-90. Protection of Nature. Environmental passport of the enterprise. General provisions.
This document contains factual data on the impact of this property on atmospheric air and water bodies and assessment of these impacts, soil pollution, waste management.
The environmental passport data is updated twice a year.
EIA procedure
In accordance with existing rules any pre-project and project documentation related to any business undertakings, development of new territories, location of production facilities, design, construction and reconstruction of economic and civil facilities must contain a section “Environmental Protection” and in it - a mandatory subsection of EIA - materials on environmental impact assessment planned activities. EIA is a preliminary determination of the nature and degree of danger of all potential types of impact and assessment of environmental, economic and social consequences implementation of the project; a structured process of taking into account environmental requirements in the system of preparing and making decisions on economic development.
EIA provides for options for decisions, taking into account territorial features and interests of the population. The EIA is organized and provided by the project customer with the involvement of competent organizations and specialists. In many cases, conducting an EIA requires special engineering and environmental surveys. The EIA procedure includes a number of successive stages.
1. Identification of sources of impact using experimental data, expert assessments, creation of mathematical modeling installations, literature analysis, etc. As a result, sources, types and objects of impact are identified.
2. Quantitative assessment of impact types can be carried out using the balance or instrumental method. When using the balance method, the amount of emissions, discharges, and waste is determined. The instrumental method is the measurement and analysis of results.
3. Forecasting changes in the natural environment. A probabilistic forecast of environmental pollution is given, taking into account climatic conditions, wind roses, background concentrations, etc.
4. Forecasting emergency situations. A forecast of possible emergency situations, causes and likelihood of their occurrence is given. For each emergency situation preventive measures are provided.
5. Determining ways to prevent negative consequences. Possibilities for reducing impact are determined using special technical means of protection, technologies, etc.
6. Selection of methods for monitoring the state of the environment and residual consequences. A monitoring and control system must be provided for in the designed technological scheme.
7. Ecological and economic assessment of design options. Impact assessments are made for everyone possible options with an analysis of damages, compensation costs for protection from harmful effects after the implementation of the project.
8. Presentation of results. Carried out in the form of a separate section of the project document, which is a mandatory appendix and contains, in addition to the materials of the EIA list, a copy of approval from the Ministry of Health, authorities state supervision, responsible for the use of natural resources, the conclusion of the departmental examination, the conclusion of the public examination and the main disagreements.
Environmental assessment
Environmental assessment – establishing compliance with the planned economic and other activities environmental requirements and determining the admissibility of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise in order to prevent possible adverse impacts of this activity on the environment and the associated social, economic and other consequences of the implementation of the object of environmental expertise ().
Environmental expertise involves a special study of economic and technical projects, objects and processes for the purpose of an informed conclusion about their compliance with environmental requirements, standards and regulations.
Environmental assessment, therefore, performs the functions of a promising preventive control project documentation and at the same time functions supervision for the environmental compliance of project implementation results. According to Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Expertise” These types of control and supervision are carried out by environmental authorities.
Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Expertise”(Article 3) states principles of environmental assessment, namely:
Presumptions of potential environmental hazards of any planned economic and other activities;
Mandatory conduct of a state environmental impact assessment before making decisions on the implementation of an environmental impact assessment project;
Comprehensive assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and its consequences;
Mandatory consideration of environmental safety requirements when conducting environmental assessments;
Reliability and completeness of information submitted for environmental assessment;
Independence of environmental impact experts in the exercise of their powers in the field of environmental impact assessment;
Scientific validity, objectivity and legality of environmental assessment conclusions;
Publicity, participation public organizations(associations), taking into account public opinion;
Responsibility of participants in environmental assessment and interested parties for the organization, conduct, and quality of environmental assessment.
Control questions
1. Formulate the concepts of monitoring, environmental monitoring.
2. Name the types of environmental monitoring.
3. Formulate the objectives and principles of organizing an environmental monitoring system.
4. What is an enterprise’s environmental passport and its contents?
5. What is the EIA procedure? For what purpose is it carried out?
6. List the sequence of stages of conducting an EIA.
7. What does environmental assessment include?
8. Formulate the principles of environmental assessment.
Types of damage from environmental pollution
The most objective criterion used in environmental assessment is the damage caused to the economy as a result of environmental pollution.
Distinguish between damage three types: actual, possible and prevented.
Under actual Damage refers to the actual losses and damage caused to the economy as a result of environmental pollution.
Possible damage is the damage to the economy that could have occurred in the absence of environmental protection measures.
Under prevented Damage refers to the difference between possible and actual damage.
The methodology for calculating damage involves taking into account the damage caused by increased morbidity in the population; damage to agriculture, housing, communal and household services, industry and other types
damage.
The calculations are of an estimation nature due to the lack of reliable natural science and sociological information.
