July 23, 2010 marks 25 years since the Topol ground-based mobile intercontinental missiles were put on combat duty.
RT-2PM "Topol" (index of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (GRAU) - 15Zh58, START code RS-12M, according to NATO classification - "Sickle", SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM, the first Soviet mobile system with an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
The development of a project for a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After Nadiradze's death, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin.
The mobile complex was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a missile that was achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the missile.
The conditions for modernization were strictly limited by the provisions of the SALT-2 Treaty, which determined a modest improvement in the basic combat characteristics of the missile. The first test launch of the missile, designated RT-2PM, took place at the Plesetsk test site on February 8, 1983. The launch was carried out from a converted RT-2P stationary missile silo.
By the end of autumn 1983, an experimental series of new missiles was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. The combat units of the entire combat missile system (BMK) were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed and a decision was made to begin mass production of the complexes. However, the full testing of the mobile complex, called “Topol”, ended only in December 1988.
Without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program, in order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, on July 23, 1985, near the city of Yoshkar-Ola, the first regiment of mobile Topols was deployed at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles.
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ".
The first stage of the rocket consists of a solid propellant rocket motor (solid propellant rocket motor) and a tail section. The mass of the fully equipped stage is 27.8 tons. Its length is 8.1 m and its diameter is 1.8 m. The first stage propulsion solid propellant rocket engine has one fixed, centrally located nozzle. The tail section is cylindrical in shape, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic control surfaces and stabilizers are located.
The rocket flight control in the first stage operation area is carried out using rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders.
The second stage consists of a conical-shaped connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The case diameter is 1.55 m.
The third stage includes connecting and transition sections of a conical shape and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. Case diameter - 1.34 m.
The head of the rocket consists of one warhead (nuclear) and a compartment with a propulsion system and control system.
The "Topol" control system is of an inertial type, built using an on-board computer, microcircuits with a high degree of integration, a new set of command devices with float sensitive elements. The control system's computer complex makes it possible to implement autonomous combat use self-propelled launcher.
The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile, as well as solving other problems.
During operation, the RT-2PM missile is located in a transport and launch container located on a mobile launcher. The container is 22.3 m long and 2.0 m in diameter.
The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ vehicle and is equipped with units and systems that ensure transportation, maintenance of combat readiness at the established level, preparation and launch of the rocket.
A missile can be launched both when the launcher is located in a stationary shelter with a retractable roof, and from unequipped positions, if the terrain allows it. To launch a rocket, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The rocket is launched after the container is lifted into a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in the transport and launch container ("mortar launch").
After shooting off the protective cap of the container, the rocket is ejected from it by powder starting engines several meters upward, where the first-stage propulsion engine is turned on.
The maximum firing range is 10,500 km. Rocket length - 21.5 m. Launch weight 45.1 tons. Weight of the warhead - 1 ton. Nuclear warhead power - 0.55 Mt. Firing accuracy (maximum deviation) - 0.9 km. The combat patrol area of the complex is 125 thousand square meters. km.
The mass of the launcher with the missile is about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex has good mobility and maneuverability.
Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes.
The missile system also includes a mobile combat control command post on a four-axle MAZ-543M chassis. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Granit" and "Barrier" were used, armed with a missile that had a radio transmitter instead of a combat load. After the rocket was launched, he duplicated the launch commands for launchers located at remote positions.
Mass production The RT-2PM missile was deployed in 1985 at a plant in Votkinsk (Udmurtia), and its mobile launcher was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barricades".
December 1, 1988 new missile system was officially adopted by the Missile Forces strategic purpose(Strategic Missile Forces). In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type had been deployed.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. Some of the Topols that remained on the territory of Belarus after the collapse of the USSR were withdrawn from it by November 27, 1996.
Each year, one control launch of the Topol rocket is carried out from the Plesetsk test site. The high reliability of the complex is evidenced by the fact that during its testing and operation, about fifty control and test launches of missiles were carried out. All of them went without a hitch.
On the basis of the Topol ICBM, a conversion space launch vehicle "Start" was developed. Launches of Start rockets are carried out from the Plesetsk and Svobodny cosmodromes.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
Rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM)
Rocket 15Zh58 made according to a scheme with three marching steps. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new, more advanced mixed fuel of increased density, with a specific impulse increased by several units compared to the fillers of previously created engines, was used in all sustainer stages.
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11.
Installed on all three stages Solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle. On the outer surface of the tail section of the first stage there were folding rotary lattice aerodynamic rudders (4 pieces), used for flight control together with gas-jet rudders and 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main stage Solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
 12. First stage |
 13. Second stage |
 14. Third stage |
 15. Tail compartment |
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The bodies of the upper stages were made for the first time using the method of continuous winding of organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern. The third stage was equipped with a transition compartment for attaching the warhead. Controlling the firing range was a very complex technical task and was carried out by cutting off the third stage propulsion engine, using a thrust cut-off unit, with eight reversible bells and “windows” cut through DUZ ami ( DUZ- detonating elongated charge) in the organoplastic power structure of the body. The thrust cut-off unit was located on the front bottom of the upper stage body.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the guidance of the chief designer of the Kyiv plant "Arsenal" Serafima Parnyakova. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and regulatory workfully automated.
The head part is monoblock, nuclear, weighing about 1 ton. The head part includes a propulsion system and a control system that provides a circular probable deflection ( KVO) 400 m (this is what our sources say; in the West, the accuracy is estimated at 150-200 m). " Poplar» equipped with a set of means to overcome the missile defense of a potential enemy. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of the chief designer Samvel Kocharyants. According to Western sources, the missile was tested at least once with four individually targetable warheads, but this option was not further developed.
The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Just like the previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. Rocket 15Zh58 produced in Votkinsk.
The entire life of the rocket 15Zh58 (RT-2PM) carried out in a sealed transport and launch container 22 m long and 2 m in diameter.
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years.
Launcher and equipment
During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator ( PAD), placed in a transport and launch container ( TPK).
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the direction of Valerian Soboleva And Victor Shurygin.
A seven-axle vehicle was used as the chassis of the mobile complex launcher. MAZ-7912 (15U128.1) , later - MAZ-7917 (15U168) wheel formula 14x12 (Barricades plant in Volgograd). This car from the Minsk Automobile Plant is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine. Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket ship Vladimir Tsvyalev. The vehicle contained a sealed transport and launch container with a diameter of 2 m and a length of 22 m. The mass of the launcher with the missile was about 100 tons. Despite this, the complex « Poplar"had good mobility and cross-country ability.
Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukova(later the association was headed by Zinovy Pack). Composite materials and container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of Victor Protasova. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics.
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Some sources reported that the launch could have been carried out from any point on the patrol route, but according to more precise information: “ Upon receipt of the order to launch ASBU, calculation APU is obliged to occupy the nearest route point suitable for launch and deploy APU» . In the field (i.e. on the field BSP And IBP shelves " Poplars"are on combat duty, as a rule, for 1.5 months in winter and the same amount in summer). Start RS-12M could have been produced directly from a special unit 15U135 « Crown" in which " Poplars» are on combat duty on stationary BSP . For this purpose, the hangar roof is made retractable.
Combat readiness (time to prepare for launch) from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes. To enable starting PU hung on jacks and leveled. These operations enter deployment mode. The container with the rocket is then raised to a vertical position. For this in the “Start” mode, the powder pressure accumulator is activated ( PAD), located on the very APU. It is needed in order for the hydraulic system to work for lifting the boom from TPK to the vertical. In other words, this is an ordinary gas generator. On the Pioneer, the boom was raised (i.e. the hydraulic pump engine was running) driven by the travel motor ( HD) chassis, which led to the need to have a system to maintain HD in a “hot state”, duplicate the starting system HD air cylinders, etc. But such a scheme somewhat reduced reliability. Launch type - artillery: after installation TPK into a vertical position and shooting off its upper protective cap, the first one is triggered first PAD TPK– for extending the movable bottom TPK to “rest” against the ground for greater stability, and then a second PAD already pushes the rocket to a height of several meters, after which the first stage propulsion engine is launched. |
Control APU carried out PKP « Zenith"(divisional link) and " Granite"(regimental link).
A mobile command post of the regiment was developed for the Topol complex ( PKP RP). Aggregates PKP RP placed on the chassis MAZ-543. Compound PKP RP:
Unit 15В168- combat control vehicle
Unit 15В179– communication machine 1
Unit 15B75– communication machine 2
Each of these units was accompanied by a unit MOBD(combat support vehicle), also on a chassis MAZ-543. At first it was a unit 15В148, then (with 1989 d.) unit 15В231.
One MOBD included the functions of 4 units of the complex Pioneer: MDES, canteen, dormitory, MDSO). Those. had diesel units, a utility compartment, BPU.
APU RK « Poplar» were equipped with a modernized system RBU, which made it possible to receive launch commands using the “ Perimeter» across 3 ranges.
The modernized Topol-M missile system, the first missile system created only by Russian enterprises, forms the core of the entire group of the Strategic Missile Forces.
It is on him that great hopes are placed in preserving and maintaining nuclear potential at the required level to guarantee the preservation of the country's security. The missile system is unique and is approximately 1.5 times superior to the previous generation complex in terms of combat readiness, maneuverability and survivability (in a mobile version), and effectiveness in hitting various targets, including in the context of missile defense deployment. The energy capabilities of the new missile make it possible to increase the throw weight, significantly reduce the height of the active part of the trajectory, and increase the efficiency of overcoming promising missile defense systems.
rocket launcher Topol-M (Modernized)
The Topol-M complex has absorbed the existing domestic scientific and technical background and the achievements of domestic rocket science. Experts say: everything that relates to the process of its development, testing, and its tactical and technical characteristics is defined by the word “for the first time.” For the first time, a completely unified missile is being created for highly protected silo and mobile ground-based missiles. First implemented new system experimental testing, in which high-standard operating modes of systems and assemblies of the missile complex are used during ground and flight tests. This made it possible to sharply reduce the traditional volume of testing, reduce costs, without losing reliability.
Topol-M is the result of further modification of the Topol complex and is equipped with a more advanced RS-2PM2 (15Zh65) missile.
As a result of the restrictions imposed on modernization by the main provisions of the START-2 treaty performance characteristics missiles of the Topol-M complex could not undergo significant changes and the main differences from the RS-2PM lie in the flight characteristics and stability when penetrating through possible enemy missile defense systems. The warhead was initially created taking into account the possibility of rapid modernization in case of the emergence of probable enemy existing missile defense systems. It is technically possible to install a warhead with multiple independently targetable warheads. Tests were also carried out on the third stage, equipped with ramjet hypersonic atmospheric engines.
Thanks to three improved solid fuel propulsion engines, the RS-12M2 missile's active flight phase has been reduced several times, and auxiliary engines, instruments and control mechanisms make its flight difficult to predict for the enemy. The RS-12M2, unlike its predecessor, does not have lattice aerodynamic stabilizers, uses an improved guidance system (insensitive to powerful electromagnetic pulses), and uses a more efficient mixed charge.
Work on the creation of a new complex began in the mid-1980s. The resolution of the Military-Industrial Commission of September 9, 1989 ordered the creation of two missile systems (stationary and mobile) and a universal solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile for them. This development work was called “Universal”, the complex being developed was designated RT-2PM2. The development of the complex was carried out jointly by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and the Dnepropetrovsk Yuzhnoye Design Bureau.
The missile was supposed to be unified for both types of complexes, but the original project assumed a difference in the warhead breeding system. The combat stage for the silo-based missile was to be equipped with a liquid rocket engine using the promising PRONIT monopropellant. For mobile vehicles, MIT developed a solid fuel propulsion system. There were also differences in the transport and launch container. For the mobile complex it had to be made of fiberglass. For a stationary one - made of metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. Therefore, the rocket for the mobile complex received the index 15Zh55, and for the stationary complex - 15Zh65.
In March 1992, it was decided to develop the Topol-M complex based on developments under the Universal program (in April, Yuzhnoye ceased its participation in work on the complex). By decree of Boris Yeltsin of February 27, 1993, MIT became the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M. It was decided to develop a unified missile with only one variant of combat equipment - with a solid fuel combat stage propulsion system. The control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrument Making, the combat unit was developed at the Sarov VNIIEF. The production of missiles was launched at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant.
Testing of the rocket began in 1994. The first launch was carried out from a silo launcher at the Plesetsk cosmodrome on December 20, 1994. In 1997, after four successful launches, serial production of these missiles began. The act on the adoption of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into service by the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation was approved by the State Commission on April 28, 2000, and the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the adoption of the DBK into service was signed by Vladimir Putin in the summer of 2000, after which the mobile ground-based missile system entered flight tests (PGRK) based on the eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221. The first launch from a mobile launcher was carried out on September 27, 2000.
Rocket 15Zh65
The 15Zh65 rocket of the Topol-M complex is three-stage. All three stages of the rocket are solid fuel, of the “cocoon” type (solidly wound from a composite material). Flight control, due to the absence of aerodynamic and gas rudders, is carried out by rotating nozzles of the main engines. The nozzles of the propulsion engines are made of carbon-carbon composite.
The head part is detachable monoblock thermonuclear. It is possible to equip it with a multiple warhead with an individually targeted warhead with a power of 150 kt, unified with the R-30 “Bulava” warheads, numbering from 3 to 6. In addition, the 15Zh65 missile of the Topol-M complex can be equipped with a maneuvering warhead.
The complex of missile defense breakthrough means consists of passive and active decoys (LC) and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. False targets are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), make it possible to simulate the characteristics of warheads according to almost all selection criteria in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight trajectory of missile warheads, and are persistent to damaging factors nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, decoys have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars. Means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with heat-shielding) coating of the warhead, active radio interference generators, aerosol sources of infrared radiation, etc. In addition, improved engines of the sustainer stages made it possible to reduce the duration of the active flight phase of the Topol rocket by 3-4 times compared to liquid rockets of the previous generation.
The Topol-M missile is operated in the stationary DBK 15P065 and mobile DBK 15P165. For placement in the silo version, converted silos 15P735 (ICBR UR-100UTTH) and 15P718 (ICBR R-36M2) are used. The 15P065 complex includes 10 silos and one highly protected command post 15B222. In a silo launcher, the Topol-M missile is installed in a metal transport and launch container, unified for both types of silo launchers.
The mobile-based Topol-M missile is placed in a transport and launch container made of fiberglass, on a self-propelled eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221. The weight of the launcher is about 120 tons, width 3.4 m, length 22 m. The chassis provides exceptional maneuverability and maneuverability for its size. To launch a rocket, the launcher is not fully suspended, which makes it possible to achieve stability even on soft soils, and the launch itself can be carried out from anywhere in the basing area.
The Topol-M missile is being created as a modernization of the RS-12M ICBM. The conditions for modernization are determined by the START-1 Treaty, according to which a missile is considered new if it differs from the existing one (analogue) in one of the following ways:
number of steps;
type of fuel of any stage;
starting weight by more than 10%;
the length of either the assembled rocket without the warhead, or the length of the first stage of the rocket by more than 10%;
the diameter of the first stage by more than 5%;
throw weight of more than 21% combined with a change in first stage length of 5% or more.
Thus, the mass-dimensional characteristics and some design features of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.
The stage of state flight testing of the Topol-M missile system took place at 1-GIK MO. In December 1994, the first launch took place from a silo launcher. April 28, 2000 The State Commission approved the act on the adoption of the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile into service by the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation.
The 15P065 combat stationary silo missile system includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in silo launchers 15P765-35 and one unified command post of the 15V222 type with high security (located on a suspension in the silo using special shock absorption). The use of a “mortar launch” made it possible to significantly increase the resistance of the 15P765-35 silo to PFYAV due to the removal of elements of the 15P735 launcher necessary for the gas-dynamic launch of 15A35 missiles, the use of an improved shock-absorbing system and filling the released volume with heavy reinforced concrete of special grades. Work on the conversion of silo launchers 15P735 to accommodate Topol-M missiles was carried out by the Vympel Experimental Design Bureau under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun.
In accordance with the START-2 treaty, the conversion of 90 15P718 silo launchers of 15A18 missiles to the 15Zh65 missile is allowed, provided that guarantees are provided that it is impossible to install heavy ICBMs in such a converted launcher. Refinement of these silos includes pouring a 5m layer of concrete at the bottom of the shaft, as well as installing a special restrictive ring at the top of the launcher. The internal dimensions of the heavy missile silo are excessive to accommodate the Topol-M missile, even taking into account the filling of the lower part of the launcher with concrete. The mass of the Topol-M rocket, its outer diameter and length are approximately 5, 1.5 and 1.5 times less than the mass-geometric dimensions of the 15A18M rocket, respectively. In order to preserve and use the heavy silo units and systems during conversion, it was necessary to carry out a number of comprehensive studies of the silo loading scheme during nuclear attack and launch, the maintenance system, the influence on the gas dynamics of the launch of the large internal free volume of the shaft, the restrictive ring and the massive and large-sized roof, issues of loading the TPK with a rocket in the launcher, etc.
Resource-saving technology when creating serial PU 15P765-18 provides for the preservation of the protective roof, barbette, drum, mine shaft with bottom directly at the facility and reuse most of the PU 15P718 equipment - protective roof drives, shock absorption systems, elevators and other equipment - after their dismantling, sending to manufacturing plants, carrying out RVR at the plants with testing on stands. The problem of implementing resource-saving technology is closely related to the establishment of new warranty periods for reused equipment, including mine shafts. Placing Topol-M missiles in existing silos modified in this way can significantly reduce the costs of developing and deploying the complex. Successful flight tests allowed State Commission recommend the adoption of a silo launcher, converted from a silo launcher of heavy missiles, into service as part of the missile complex, and already in the summer of 2000, such a complex was adopted for service by decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
The 15P065 combat missile system (CBM) with a light-class solid-fuel ICBM 15ZH65, which has increased resistance to PFYV, ensures the launch of a missile without delay for the normalization of the external situation during repeated nuclear impacts on neighboring DBK facilities and when a position area is blocked by high-altitude nuclear explosions, as well as with minimal delay in case of non-destructive nuclear impact directly on the launcher. The stability of the launcher and the mine command post to PFYV has been significantly increased; it is possible to launch from the constant combat readiness mode according to one of the planned target designations, as well as prompt retargeting and launch according to any unscheduled target designation transmitted from the highest level of management. The likelihood of launch commands being transmitted to the control panel and silos has been increased. During combat duty, the 15Zh65 missile is located in a metal transport and launch container. TPKs are unified for both types of silos
The transport and installation unit of the complex, created at the Motor Design Bureau, combines the functions of an installer and a transport and reloading machine.
Mobile-based Topol-M ICBMs are deployed as part of the DBK 15P165. The mobile-based 15Zh65 missile is housed in a high-strength fiberglass TPK on an eight-axle MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) cross-country chassis and is structurally practically no different from the silo version. The weight of the launcher is 120 tons, length - 22 meters, width - 3.4 meters. Six pairs of eight wheels are swivel, providing a turning radius of 18 meters. The ground pressure of the installation is half that of a conventional truck. The PU engine is a V-shaped 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford is up to 1.1 m. When creating systems and units of the DBK 15P165 “Topol-M”, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions compared to the Topol complex. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability. "Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage against both optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the complex's unmasking field, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar visibility).
The control system is inertial based on the on-board central control system and a gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic devices has improved accuracy characteristics, the new on-board computer has increased performance and resistance to the effects of PFYaV, aiming is ensured through the implementation of autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on the gyro-stabilized platform, using a ground-based complex of command devices located on the TPK. Increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation life of on-board equipment are ensured.
The high characteristics of the 15Zh65 missile in ensuring a high level of resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion were achieved through the use of a set of measures that had proven themselves well during the creation of the R-36M2 (15A18M), RT-23UTTH (15Zh60) and RT-2PM (15Zh58) ICBMs:
the use of a newly developed protective coating applied to the outer surface of the rocket body and providing comprehensive protection against nuclear attack;
application of a control system developed on an element base with increased durability and reliability;
applying a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, which housed the control system equipment;
the use of shielding and special methods for laying the onboard cable network of the rocket;
introducing a special program maneuver for a missile when passing through the cloud of a ground-based nuclear explosion, etc.
Successful measures were taken to reduce the flight duration and reduce the altitude of the end point of the active part of the rocket's flight path. The ICBM also received the possibility of limited maneuver in the active part of the trajectory, which can significantly reduce the likelihood of its destruction in the most vulnerable, initial phase of the flight. According to the developers, the active flight phase (launch, operation of the sustainer stages, disengagement of combat equipment) of the Topol-M ICBM is reduced by “3-4 times” compared to liquid-fueled ICBMs, for which it is approximately 10 minutes.
Type of warhead: detachable monoblock thermonuclear with a high-speed, high-level resistance to PFYV, warhead. In the future, it is possible to equip the missile with a maneuvering warhead or a multiple warhead with a number of warheads from 3 to 6 (prospective warheads with a capacity of 150 kt for the MIRV IN are unified with the warhead for the D-19M complex with the R-30 Bulava SLBM). The first test launch of a mobile version of the Topol-M ICBM, equipped with a MIRV with individually targeted warheads (the official name of the new missile is RS-24), took place on May 29, 2007 from the Plesetsk cosmodrome.
It should be noted that the ICBM warhead was created with maximum use of developments and technologies obtained during the creation of the warhead for the Topol ICBM, which made it possible to reduce development time and reduce cost. Despite such unification, the new warhead is much more resistant to PFYVs and the effects of weapons based on new physical principles, than its predecessor, has a lower specific gravity, has improved safety mechanisms during storage, transportation and being on combat duty. The new warhead has an increased coefficient compared to its predecessor beneficial use fissile materials and is historically the first domestic warhead for ICBMs, the creation of which took place without testing parts and assemblies during full-scale nuclear explosions.
The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system can significantly increase the readiness of the Strategic Missile Forces to carry out assigned combat missions in any conditions, ensure maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of units, subunits and individual launchers, as well as reliability of control and autonomous operation for a long time (without replenishment inventories of materials). The aiming accuracy has been almost doubled, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the preparation time for launch has been halved.
The re-equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces units is carried out using existing infrastructure. Mobile and stationary versions are fully compatible with the existing combat command and control system. The warranty period for the operation of the 15Zh65 ICBM is 15 years (according to some data - 20 years).
The solid warhead of the Topol-M missile can be replaced with a multiple warhead carrying three independent warheads, which makes the missile invulnerable to any missile defense system—it is impossible to intercept three warheads at the same time. The current treaties do not allow Russia to do this, but the situation can change at any moment...
In the process of designing systems and assemblies of the autonomous launcher (APU) of the Topol-M complex, many fundamentally new technical solutions were used. For example, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M APU even on soft soils. The cross-country ability and maneuverability of the launcher have also been improved. All this significantly increases the maneuverability, secrecy of actions and survivability of launchers and missile units in general.
This alone makes Topol-M an ultra-modern weapon of the 21st century, capable of reliably protecting our country from external aggression, and, if necessary, becoming a weapon of inevitable retaliation.
CHARACTERISTICS - “Topol-M”
Maximum firing range, km 11000
Number of stages 3
Launch weight, t 47.1 (47.2)
Throwing mass, t 1.2
Rocket length without head part, m 17.5 (17.9)
Rocket length, m 22.7
Maximum case diameter, m 1.86
Head type monoblock, nuclear
Warhead equivalent, mt 0.55
Circular probable deviation, m 200
TPK diameter (without protruding parts), m 1.95 (for 15P165 - 2.05)
MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922)
Wheel formula 16×16
Turning radius, m 18
Ground clearance, mm 475
Weight in loaded condition (without combat equipment), t 40
Load capacity, t 80
Maximum speed, km/h 45
Range, km 500
RT-2PM "Topol" (GRAU index - 15Zh58, START code - RS-12M, NATO classification - SS-25 "Sickle") - a strategic mobile complex with a three-stage solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile RT-2PM. The first complex with an intercontinental missile on a vehicle chassis put into service.
The development of the Topol 15Zh58 (RS-12M) strategic mobile complex with a three-stage intercontinental ballistic missile suitable for placement on a self-propelled vehicle chassis (based on the RT-2P solid-fuel ICBM) was started at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering under the leadership of Alexander Nadiradze in 1975. The government decree on the development of the complex was issued on July 19, 1977. After the death of A. Nadiradze, work was continued under the leadership of Boris Lagutin. The mobile Topol was supposed to be a response to increasing the accuracy of American ICBMs. It was necessary to create a complex with increased survivability, achieved not by building reliable shelters, but by creating vague ideas among the enemy about the location of the cancer You
By the end of autumn 1983, a pilot series of new missiles, designated RT-2PM, was built. On December 23, 1983, flight development tests began at the Plesetsk training ground. During the entire period of their implementation, only one launch was unsuccessful. In general, the rocket showed high reliability. Combat units of the entire DBK were also tested there. In December 1984, the main series of tests was completed. However, there was a delay in the development of some elements of the complex that are not directly related to the rocket. The entire test program was successfully completed in December 1988.
The decision to begin mass production of the complexes was made in December 1984. Serial production began in 1985.
In 1984, the construction of stationary structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for Topol mobile missile systems began. Construction objects were located in positional areas taken off duty by intercontinental ballistic missiles RT-2P and UR-100, located in the silo OS. Later, the arrangement of position areas of the Pioneer medium-range complexes, which were removed from service under the INF Treaty, began.
In order to gain experience in operating the new complex in military units, in 1985 it was decided to deploy the first missile regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, without waiting for the full completion of the joint testing program. On July 23, 1985, the first regiment of mobile Topols took up combat duty near Yoshkar-Ola at the site of the deployment of RT-2P missiles. Later, the Topols entered service with the division stationed near Teykovo, which was previously armed with the UR-100 (8K84) ICBM.
On April 28, 1987, a missile regiment armed with Topol complexes with a Barrier mobile command post took up combat duty near Nizhny Tagil. PKP "Barrier" has a multiple protected redundant radio command system. The mobile launcher of the Barrier PKP carries a combat control missile. After the missile is launched, its transmitter gives the command to launch the ICBM
On December 1, 1988, the new missile system was officially adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces. In the same year, the full-scale deployment of missile regiments with the Topol complex began and the simultaneous removal of obsolete ICBMs from combat duty. On May 27, 1988, the first regiment of the Topol ICBM with an improved Granit PKP and an automated control system began combat duty near Irkutsk.
By mid-1991, 288 missiles of this type were deployed. In 1999, the Strategic Missile Forces were armed with 360 launchers of the Topol missile systems. They were on duty in ten position areas. Four to five regiments are based in each district. Each regiment is armed with nine autonomous launchers and a mobile command post.
The Topol missile divisions were deployed near the cities of Barnaul, Verkhnyaya Salda (Nizhny Tagil), Vypolzovo (Bologoe), Yoshkar-Ola, Teykovo, Yurya, Novosibirsk, Kansk, Irkutsk, as well as near the village of Drovyanaya in the Chita region. Nine regiments (81 launchers) were deployed in missile divisions on the territory of Belarus - near the cities of Lida, Mozyr and Postavy. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the Topols remained outside Russia, on the territory of Belarus. On August 13, 1993, the withdrawal of the Topol Strategic Missile Forces group from Belarus began and was completed on November 27, 1996.
Compound
The RT-2PM missile is designed according to a design with three sustainer and combat stages. To ensure high energy-mass perfection and increase the firing range, a new high-density fuel with a specific impulse increased by several units was used in all sustainer stages compared to the fillers of previously created engines, and the housings of the upper stages were for the first time made of continuous winding from organoplastic according to the “cocoon” pattern ". The most difficult technical task turned out to be the placement on the front bottom of the body of the upper stage of the thrust cut-off unit with eight reversible bells and “windows”, cut through by detonating elongated charge (DUS) in an organoplastic power structure.
The first stage of the rocket consists of a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine and a tail section, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic rudders and stabilizers are located. The main engine has one fixed nozzle. The second stage structurally consists of a connecting compartment and a main solid propellant rocket engine. The third stage has almost the same design, but it additionally includes a transition compartment to which the head part is attached.
An autonomous, inertial control system was developed at NPO Automation and Instrumentation under the leadership of Vladimir Lapygin. The aiming system was developed under the leadership of the chief designer of the Kyiv Arsenal plant, Seraphim Parnyakov. The inertial control system has its own digital computer, which made it possible to achieve high shooting accuracy. According to domestic sources, the circular probable deviation (CPD) when firing at the maximum range is 400m, according to Western sources - 150-200m. The control system provides missile flight control, routine maintenance on the missile and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the missile without turning the launcher. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations are fully automated.
"Topol" is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The rocket's flight is controlled by rotary gas-jet and lattice aerodynamic rudders. New nozzle devices for solid fuel engines have been created. To ensure secrecy, camouflage, decoy systems, and camouflage means have been developed. Like previous mobile complexes of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, Topol can be launched both from a combat patrol route and while parked in garage shelters with a retractable roof. To do this, the launcher is hung on jacks. Combat readiness from the moment the order was received until the missile was launched was brought to two minutes. Mobile and stationary command posts were developed for the new complexes. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM is located on the basis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
During operation, the missile is located in a transport and launch container installed on a mobile launcher. It is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ heavy-duty vehicle. The rocket is launched from a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in a transport and launch container.
The launcher was developed at the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of Valerian Sobolev and Viktor Shurygin. The launcher is mounted on the chassis of a seven-axle tractor MAZ-7912 (later MAZ-7917 with a 14x12 wheel arrangement. This vehicle from the 80s is equipped with a 710 hp diesel engine) from the Minsk Automobile Plant with an engine from the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Chief designer of the rocket carrier Vladimir Tsvyalev. Solid propellant engine charges were developed at the Lyubertsy NPO Soyuz under the leadership of Boris Zhukov (later the association was headed by Zinovy Pak). Composite materials and the container were developed and manufactured at the Central Research Institute of Special Engineering under the leadership of Viktor Protasov. The steering hydraulic drives of the rocket and the hydraulic drives of the self-propelled launcher were developed at the Moscow Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics. The nuclear warhead was created at the All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Physics under the leadership of chief designer Samvel Kocharyants.
Initially, the warranty period for the rocket's operation was set at 10 years. Later the warranty period was extended to 15 years. The mobile command post for combat control of the Topol ICBM was located on the chassis of a four-axle MAZ-543M vehicle. To control the fire, mobile command posts "Barrier" and "Granit" were also used, equipped with a missile, with a transmitter instead of a combat load, which, after launching the missile, duplicated the start command for the launchers located in positional areas.
, the motto of the Topol-M missile systems division, “every launch of the Topol-M missile is excellent!” Designed to deliver a retaliatory and retaliatory strike. At the end of the article, as always, there is a video.
In 1985, the first regiment of mobile ground missile systems RT-2PM "Topol" entered combat duty, not to be confused with "M-koy", on the Internet photos of both complexes are usually found exactly as "Topol M", there is a photo below in the text, approximately from one perspective from which they can be compared. First, let's talk about the older ones. Well, a hint on how to immediately distinguish between versions.
View of the protective cover of the TPK and the complex of command instruments of the Topol PGRK, pay attention, there is something similar to the hatch on the cover, and on the M-ke it is on the other side.
Mobility has become a fundamental solution to the problem of secrecy of actions and survivability of intercontinental missile systems (a very controversial issue, secrecy and mobility with such mass and dimensions, first of all, attachment to the base, how many kilometers it will travel from it, it needs a road, and a good one, so the concept "mobile" is very conditional, with modern means space reconnaissance metal object with a length of more than 24 m, a diameter of about 3.5 and a height of almost 5 m, which also highlights a large number of heat and electromagnetic radiation are unlikely to be hidden.
The complex, which was REALLY difficult to track, was called the combat railway missile complex (BZHRK). The Strategic Missile Forces were liquidated in 2005, look who was at the helm of the country at that time. By the way, our American friends, the problem of launching from a railway platform has not been solved).
combat railway missile system photo
However, the random distribution of complexes with a high degree of combat readiness removed them from the enemy’s “disarming” strike. It is not for nothing that the Topol, which received the designation SS-25 Sickle in the USA and NATO, caused great concern there. Cool, we know which of our assets cause NATO “concern”. What do you know about their “toys”? By the way, Donald Cook brought them into the Black Sea without any concealment under 60 pieces (!), by the way, they have a radius of 2500 km, look at the incident in detail, but what are the newest ones, perhaps Trident is also heard of, more about it a little later AND THIS IS FAR NOT ALL. So soon work began on creating a new complex, or rather, a system of complexes of various types based, yes, even during the times of the USSR, so whatever one may say, the nuclear shield is still Soviet, the roots are certainly from there.
The Topol-M missile system at the Victory Parade. Moscow, 2011, please note there is no hatch on the protective cover
The decree of the Military-Industrial Commission of September 9, 1989 set out the development work of the “Universal” - a three-stage solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile for mobile and stationary (mine) complexes. The work involved cooperation between the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (the main developer of the Topol mobile complex) and the Dnepropetrovsk Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (the traditional developer of silo ICBMs). But the collapse of the USSR made cooperation impossible. In 1992, it was decided to use the developments on the “Universal” to create the “Topol-M” complex with increased combat readiness and shooting accuracy. In February 1993, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation appeared on the development of the modernized Topol-M complex. Being a deep modernization of the existing complex, it would not violate existing international agreements, but would allow in the long term to maintain the combat readiness and effectiveness of the Strategic Missile Forces.
In this regard, much attention was paid to the possibility of overcoming the promising missile defense of a potential enemy (which remained the same, the point is clear, we mean not the potential, but the enemy). The complex was designed to deliver a retaliatory and retaliatory strike, that is, it had to retain the possibility of a successful launch even when exposed to damaging factors nuclear explosion, passing through the atmospheric “nuclear umbrella”. Long combat duty in various degrees of readiness was required.
The echeloned security system of the Topol-M missile system, the number of security forces involved, is kept secret and is constantly changing
If anyone is interested, you can look at “”, a cooler machine “poplar”, the most famous difference is its multi-headedness. There is also a video of the launch, showing in detail the vehicles of the control, escort and security systems. They are similar for both PGRKs.
Let's return to the "poplar". The lead developer remained the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, where the work was headed by the general designer B. N. Lagutin, and since 1997 by Yu. S. Solomonov. The nuclear charge was created under the leadership of G.N. Dmitriev at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center-Research Institute of Experimental Physics (Arzamas-1b), the control system was created at the NPO Automation and Instrument Making (Moscow) under the leadership of V.L. Lapygin and Yu.V. Trunov , charges of solid mixed fuel engines - at the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz" (Dzerzhinsky Moscow Region) under the leadership of Z. P. Pak and Yu. M. Milekhin, graphite and composite structural elements - at the Central Research Institute Spetsmash, headed by V. A. Barynin, automated system combat control - at NPO "Impulse" under the leadership of B. G. Mikhailov. The launcher for the mobile version was developed by the Volgograd Central Design Bureau "Titan" under the leadership of V. A. Shurygin, the hydraulic drives of self-propelled launchers were developed by the Central Research Institute of AG under the leadership of V. L. Solunin, the modification of the mine installations was carried out by the Moscow Design Bureau "Vympel" under the leadership of D. K. Dragun .
Comparison of Topol and Topol M missile systems, view from the same angle photo
New modeling and experimental testing techniques were used with a reduction in the number of pilot launches.
- The mobile version of the complex received the index 15P165,
- mine - 15P065,
- the rocket itself is 15Zh65.
- "Topol-M" received the designation RT-2PM2, according to international treaties designated RS-12M2, in the USA and NATO it was given the designation SS-27 Sickle B.
The work was greatly hampered by a sharp reduction in funding, the collapse of scientific and industrial ties, and the departure of qualified personnel from the defense industry. Those who lived in those years remember what a mess it was (and that’s an understatement). Nevertheless, on December 20, 1994, the first successful launch from a silo launcher was carried out at the Plesetsk training ground. In 1995-1997, launches continued. The sixth test launch of the rocket was successfully carried out on December 8, 1998. On December 27 of the same year, the first Topol-M in the silo version took up experimental combat duty near Tatishchevo - converted silos of the UN UR-1 removed from duty were used. On December 30, 1998, the first Topol-M regiment entered combat duty, do not confuse we're talking about specifically about the mine option. In the summer of 2000, the silo version of the Topol-M was put into service. After testing of the mine option was completed, work on the mobile complex intensified.
The missile of the Topol-M complex became the first serial universal land-based intercontinental missile, while being largely unified with the sea-based RS-30 Bulava. Here are some photos of loading into the mine; by the way, the action is very impressive. The key word is unified, for the most part the rocket is associated with a moving soil complex, as you can see there is also a silo-based system, the proportions of the relationship are unknown to me, but there will probably be less movement.
The Topol-M stationary complex consists of 10 intercontinental ballistic missiles located in stationary silos, under the control of a command unit
On September 20, 2000, the mobile version of the Topol-M made its first launch. On December 24, 2004, the mobile Topol-M successfully carried out the last test launch from the Plesetsk cosmodrome - the head of the rocket reached its intended target at the Kura test site in Kamchatka. Two years later, in 2006, the first division of mobile Topol-M (three complexes) began combat duty. By the beginning of 2011, according to open sources, there were 52 mine and 18 mobile Topol-M complexes on combat duty. Serial production of missiles was established by the Botkin Plant, and launchers of the mobile version were launched by the Volgograd Production Association "Barricades".
"According to the START-1 Treaty, the weight, dimensions and some design features of the Topol-M ICBM are strictly limited.
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The 15Zh65 light-class intercontinental ballistic missile has three solid-propellant sustainer stages. The flight control of the first stage is by rotating the central nozzle; the second and third stages are controlled by rotating the nozzle partially recessed into the combustion chamber with a folding nozzle tip. To reduce the mass of the rocket, the cocoon-type stage casings are made of composite material, and the nozzles of the propulsion engines are made of carbon-carbon material.
The control system is an autonomous inertial one, based on an on-board digital computer of increased performance and a gyro-stabilized platform, with improved accuracy characteristics of the command gyroscopic devices. An element base with increased reliability and resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion was used. A protective coating is applied to the outer surface of the rocket body, a special coating with a high content of rare earth elements is applied to the body of the sealed instrument compartment, the cable network is completely shielded and protected.
Photo complex of the 5th generation RT-2PM2 “Topol-M loading a ballistic missile into a silo, charge delivery range 11,000 km
The missile is equipped with a monoblock detachable warhead with a high-speed thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt in TNT equivalent. The complex of means for overcoming missile defense includes passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting characteristics. At the same time, false targets that are difficult to distinguish from the warhead in various ranges of electromagnetic radiation in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the trajectory are not selected by super-resolution radars. The means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead are a radio-absorbing coating (combined with a heat-shielding coating), aerosols that create infrared radiation, and active radio interference generators. Among the possible missile defense systems, weapons based on new principles were also taken into account - for example, nuclear-pumped lasers. It is supplied and stored in a transport and launch container (TPC), in launchers 15P765-35 or 15P765-60 and a unified high-security command post of type 15V222, also installed in the mine on a shock-absorbed suspension.
Photo of the Topol M stationary complex, Topol-M is unified with the sea-based Bulava missile, their competitor Sineva
The missile of the mobile ground missile system is housed in a high-strength fiberglass TPK, structurally similar to the metal one. The basis for the autonomous launcher 15U175 of the ground complex was a special all-wheel drive eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) with an 800-horsepower diesel engine and six swivel pairs of wheels. The chassis is characterized by increased cross-country ability and good agility (turning radius 18 m with a vehicle length of 22 m). Partial hanging system allows deployment launcher on soft soils. The installation is equipped with high-precision navigation equipment and camouflage equipment in various ranges. Also, a mobile command post and a combat duty support vehicle are built on all-terrain wheeled chassis.
In the silo version, metal TPKs are installed in existing missile silos that are being removed from combat duty.
Poplar M photo at the Victory Parade. Moscow, 2011
- Starting weight, kg: 47100
- Maximum step diameter, mm: 1st - 1860, 2nd - 1610, 3rd - 1580
- Total length, mm: 22 700
- Rocket length without warhead, mm: 17,500
- Stage engine thrust, t: 1st - 90.8, 2nd - about 50.3rd - about 25
- Diameter of launch container, mm: 1950-2050
- Maximum firing range, km: 11,000
- Warhead - monoblock, thermonuclear, power kt: 550
- Weight of warhead, kg: 1200 Self-propelled launcher: 15U175
- Weight of self-propelled launcher with missile, kg: 120,000
- Maximum speed, km/h: 45. Cruising range, km: 500
Topol M photo video missile forces strategic purpose
tests
The silo complex includes 10 missiles, in launchers 15P765-35 or 15P765-60, and a unified high-security command post of type 15V222, also installed in the silo on a shock-absorbing suspension.
The missile of the mobile ground missile system is housed in a high-strength fiberglass TPK, structurally similar to the metal one. The basis for the autonomous launcher 15U175 of the ground complex was a special all-wheel drive eight-axle chassis MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) with an 800-horsepower diesel engine and six rotating pairs of wheels. The chassis is characterized by increased cross-country ability and good agility (turning radius 18 m with a vehicle length of 22 m).
Design and layout of the Topol M missile system
The partial suspension system allows the launcher to be deployed on soft soils. The installation is equipped with high-precision navigation equipment and camouflage equipment in various ranges. Also, a mobile command post and a combat duty support vehicle are built on all-terrain wheeled chassis.
In the silo version, missiles in metal TPKs are installed in existing silos of missiles being removed from combat duty.
RT-2PM2 complex Created "Topol-M" on the basis of the RT-2PM "Topol" complex
Start Topol M photo video of strategic missile forces
Poplar rocket launch
The use of “Topol-M” can be considered using the example of a mobile soil complex. Like its predecessor, it can launch a missile from any point in the positional area, both from a combat patrol route and while parked from garage shelters with a retractable roof. The ground-based complex of command instruments located on the TPK of the Topol-M missile provides targeting by implementing an autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform. Before launching, the TPK is raised to a vertical position. Just as I promised, I cut a short video, let’s watch it, if you’re not too lazy, you can “like” it.
At the same time, you can look at the presentation of the channel on YouTube, where there’s just a sea of different missile launches.
The rocket launch is “mortar”. The first stage engine is turned on after the rocket exits the container. Increasing the power of solid fuel charges made it possible to increase the thrown mass and reduce the duration and height of the active part of the trajectory, thereby making interception more difficult for the enemy. A program maneuver is provided at the start when passing through the cloud of a nuclear explosion. Together with the described means of protection, this makes it possible to launch even after a nuclear impact on neighboring objects of the complex and when the position area is blocked by a high-altitude nuclear explosion. After the end of the active section, the warhead flies along a ballistic trajectory. The circular probable deviation is 200 m. In combination with the power of the warhead, this makes it possible to hit any small, high-strength strategic targets.
Mobile ground-based missile system "Topol-M" of the Strategic Missile Forces photo
The missile can be equipped with a warhead with multiple warheads for individual guidance (then a warhead disengagement stage is added) or maneuvering (with correction engines) - such warheads, which greatly increase the likelihood of a breakthrough of the missile defense system, were tested in 2005-2007. So, what's so wonderful about her?
- The operating time of the first stage engine is 60 s, the second is 64 s, and the third is 56 s. Thus, the rocket reaches maximum speed in three minutes. What is considered extremely fast acceleration?
- When passing through the cloud of a nuclear explosion, it performs a program maneuver, actively maneuvering in the interception segment.
- The protective coating of the missile body provides protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and... the attention of weapons based on new physical principles (who knows, please clarify what we are talking about?).
- When overcoming missile defense systems, it can launch passive and active false targets according to its characteristics when irradiated various types detection, indistinguishable from combat ones. Visibility is reduced by an order of magnitude, the estimated detection range of the missile on approach to the target is about 100-200 km.
- The missile is unified with the famous sea-based missile "Bulava", many news releases are dedicated specifically to the "Bulava" launch weight of 37 tons. But it is inferior in striking power to heavier solid-fuel missiles, for example, such as Trident-2 with a launch weight of 59 tons. (Compare combat unit"Bulava" - 150kt x 6, theoretically "Trident-2" - 8x475 kt). Some experts criticize the equipping of the naval component with light ballistic missiles of the "Bulava" type, pointing to the need to create a solid-fuel SLBM R-39UTTH, tests on it were discontinued in the 90s. If it had come to putting it into service, it would have no world analogues in terms of striking power and performance characteristics among submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
