Is our earth flat or not? Which Earth is it: round or flat? All evidence

January 31st, 2014

Like a flat, worn-out coin
The planet rested on three whales.
And they burned smart scientists in the fires -
Those who insisted: “It’s not about the whales.”
N. Olev

By going outside and looking around, anyone can be convinced: the Earth is flat. There are, of course, hills and depressions, mountains and ravines. But overall it is clearly visible: flat, sloping at the edges. The ancients figured this out a long time ago. They saw the caravan disappearing over the horizon. Climbing the mountain, observers noticed that the horizon was expanding. This led to the inevitable conclusion: the surface of the Earth is a hemisphere. In Thales, the Earth floats like a piece of wood in an endless ocean.

When did these ideas change? In the 19th century, a false thesis was established, which is still being replicated, that people considered the Earth to be flat before the great geographical discoveries.

Thus, the 2007 manual for teachers “Lessons on the world around us” says: “For a long time, ancient people considered the Earth to be flat, lying on three whales or three elephants and covered by the dome of the sky... Scientists who put forward a hypothesis about the spherical shape of the Earth were laughed at, they persecuted the church. The navigator Christopher Columbus was the first to believe in this hypothesis... The teacher can tell the children that the first person who saw with his own eyes that the Earth is not flat was cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.”

In fact, already in the 3rd century BC. the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276-194 BC) not only firmly knew that the Earth is a sphere, but also managed to measure the radius of the Earth, obtaining a value of 6311 km - with an error of no more than 1 percent!

Around 250 BC, Greek scientist Eratosthenes for the first time measured quite accurately Earth. Eratosthenes lived in Egypt in the city of Alexandria. He guessed to compare the height of the Sun (or its angular distance from a point above his head, zenith, which is called - zenith distance) at the same point in time in two cities - Alexandria (in northern Egypt) and Siena (now Aswan, in southern Egypt). Eratosthenes knew that on the day of the summer solstice (June 22) the Sun was at noon illuminates the bottom of deep wells. Therefore, at this time the Sun is at its zenith. But in Alexandria at this moment the Sun is not at its zenith, but is 7.2° away from it.

Eratosthenes obtained this result by changing the zenith distance of the Sun using his simple goniometric instrument - the scaphis. This is simply a vertical pole - a gnomon, fixed at the bottom of a bowl (hemisphere). The scaphis is installed so that the gnomon takes a strictly vertical position (directed to the zenith). The pole illuminated by the sun casts a shadow on the inner surface of the scaphis, divided into degrees.

So at noon on June 22 in Siena the gnomon does not cast a shadow (the Sun is at its zenith, its zenith distance is 0°), and in Alexandria the shadow from the gnomon, as can be seen on the scaphis scale, marked a division of 7.2°. In the time of Eratosthenes, the distance from Alexandria to Syene was considered to be 5,000 Greek stadia (approximately 800 km). Knowing all this, Eratosthenes compared an arc of 7.2° with the entire circle of 360° degrees, and a distance of 5000 stadia with the entire circumference of the globe (let's denote it by the letter X) in kilometers. Then from the proportion it turned out that X = 250,000 stadia, or approximately 40,000 km (imagine, this is true!).

If you know that the circumference of a circle is 2πR, where R is the radius of the circle (and π ~ 3.14), knowing the circumference of the globe, it is easy to find its radius (R):

It is remarkable that Eratosthenes was able to measure the Earth very accurately (after all, today it is believed that the average radius of the Earth 6371 km!).

And a hundred years before him, Aristotle (384-322 BC) gave three classical proofs of the sphericity of the Earth.

Firstly, during lunar eclipses, the edge of the shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon is always an arc of a circle, and the only body capable of producing such a shadow at any position and direction of the light source is a ball.

Secondly, ships, moving away from the observer into the sea, are not gradually lost from sight due to the long distance, but almost instantly “sink,” disappearing beyond the horizon.

And thirdly, some stars can only be seen from certain parts of the Earth, but are never visible to other observers.

But Aristotle was not the discoverer of the sphericity of the Earth, but only provided irrefutable evidence of a fact that was known to Pythagoras of Samos (c. 560-480 BC). Pythagoras himself may have relied on the evidence not of a scientist, but of a simple sailor Skilacus of Cariande, who in 515 BC. made a description of his voyages in the Mediterranean.

What about the church?

There was a decision to condemn the heliocentric system, approved in 1616 by Pope Paul V. But the persecution of supporters of the sphericity of the Earth in Christian churches did not have. The fact that “before” the church imagined the Earth standing on whales or elephants was invented in the 19th century.

By the way, why did they really burn Giordano Bruno?

And yet the church made its mark on the issue of the shape of the Earth.

Of the 265 people who set off on September 20, 1519 on a trip around the world under the leadership of Magellan, only 18 sailors returned on September 6, 1522 on the last of the ships, sick and exhausted. Instead of honors, the crew received public repentance for one lost day as a result of moving through time zones around the Earth in a westerly direction. So the Catholic Church punished the heroic team for a mistake in celebrating church dates.

This paradox of traveling around the world for a long time was not recognized in society. In Jules Verne's novel Around the World in 80 Days, Phileas Fogg almost lost his entire fortune due to ignorance. “Science and Life” of the 80s describes conflicts between teams returning from a “round the world” trip with accounting departments who do not want to pay for an extra day of business travel.

Misconceptions and primitive ideas persist not only in the church.

It’s probably worth noting one more point, the fact is that the shape of the Earth is different from a ball.

Scientists began to guess about this back in the 18th century, but it was difficult to find out what the Earth really was like - whether it was compressed at the poles or at the equator. To understand this, the French Academy of Sciences had to equip two expeditions. In 1735, one of them went to carry out astronomical and geodetic work in Peru and did this in the equatorial region of the Earth for about 10 years, while the other, Lapland, worked in 1736–1737 near the Arctic Circle. As a result, it turned out that the arc length of one degree of the meridian is not the same at the Earth's poles and at its equator. The meridian degree turned out to be longer at the equator than at high latitudes (111.9 km and 110.6 km). This can only happen if the Earth is compressed at the poles and is not a ball, but a body similar in shape to spheroid. At the spheroid polar radius is smaller equatorial(the polar radius of the earth's spheroid is almost shorter than the equatorial radius 21 km).

It is useful to know that the great Isaac Newton (1643–1727) anticipated the results of the expeditions: he correctly concluded that the Earth is compressed, which is why our planet rotates around its axis. In general, the faster a planet rotates, the greater its compression should be. Therefore, for example, the compression of Jupiter is greater than that of the Earth (Jupiter manages to rotate around its axis in relation to the stars in 9 hours 50 minutes, and the Earth only in 23 hours 56 minutes).

And further. The true figure of the Earth is very complex and differs not only from a sphere, but also from a spheroid rotation. True, in this case we're talking about about the difference not in kilometers, but... meters! Scientists are still engaged in such a thorough refinement of the Earth’s figure to this day, using for this purpose specially conducted observations from artificial Earth satellites. So it is quite possible that someday you will have to take part in solving the problem that Eratosthenes took on a long time ago. This is very what people need case.

What is the best figure for you to remember on our planet? I think that for now it is enough if you imagine the Earth in the form of a ball with an “additional belt” put on it, a kind of “slap” on the equator region. Such a distortion of the Earth’s figure, turning it from a sphere into a spheroid, has considerable consequences. In particular, due to the attraction of the “additional belt” by the Moon, the earth’s axis describes a cone in space in about 26,000 years. This movement of the earth's axis is called precessional. As a result, the role of the North Star, which now belongs to α Ursa Minor, is alternately played by some other stars (in the future it will become, for example, α Lyrae - Vega). Moreover, due to this ( precessional) movement of the earth's axis Zodiac signs more and more do not coincide with the corresponding constellations. In other words, 2000 years after the Ptolemaic era, the “sign of Cancer,” for example, no longer coincides with the “constellation Cancer,” etc. However, modern astrologers try not to pay attention to this...

Where did this stupid idea of ​​a flat Earth with three elephants/whales come from?

Nprime Thales believed that the Earth floats in water, like a piece of wood. Anaximander imagined the Earth in the form of a cylinder (and indicated that its diameter was exactly three times more height), on the upper end of which people live. Anaximenes believed that the Sun and Moon are as flat as the Earth, but corrected Anaximander, pointing out that the Earth, although flat, is not round in plan, but rectangular, and does not float in water, but is supported by compressed air. Hecataeus, based on the ideas of Anaximander, compiled geographical map. Anaxagoras and Empedocles did not object to this to the founders, considering such ideas not to contradict physical laws. Leucippus, considering the Earth to be flat, and the atoms falling perpendicular to this plane in one direction, could not understand how then the atoms could connect with each other, forming bodies - and said that no, the atoms in their fall must somehow deviate at least a little. Democritus in defense flat earth gave the following argument: if the Earth were a ball, then the sun, setting and rising, would intersect the horizon in an arc of a circle, and not in a straight line, as in reality. Epicurus solved the problem of the fall of atoms onto a flat Earth, which tormented Leucippus, by attributing to the atoms free will, by virtue of which they deviate and unite at will.

Obviously, these ancient Greek atheist-materialist scientists relied on mythological ideas expressed in poetic language by Homer and Hesiod in the 7-8 centuries BC. The Hindus, Sumerians, Egyptians, and Scandinavians had similar myths about a flat Earth. But I don’t want to go even further there - I’m writing about something completely different. As a curiosity, one can note the book “Christian Topography” by Cosmas Indicopleus, written between 535 and 547, in which the author presents the Earth as a flat rectangle covered with a convex roof of the sky - a sort of chest-chest. This book was immediately criticized by Cosmas’s contemporary John the Grammar (c. 490-570), who then cited the same quotations from the Bible that I did as a justification for the sphericity of the Earth. The official Church did not interfere in this dispute about the shape of the Earth; it was much more worried about the heretical views of the disputants - Cosmas was a Nestorian, and John was a tritheist and Monophysite. Basil the Great disapproved of such disputes, considering their very subject not related to issues of faith.

If you start looking for elephants/whales, then first of all you can turn to the once popular work of Slavic folk-spiritual literature - “The Book of the Pigeon”, where there is a verse: “The earth is founded on seven pillars.” Folk legend about the Book of Doves goes back to the “book with seven seals” in the 5th chapter of the Revelation of John the Theologian, and the verse about whales is borrowed from the apocrypha “Conversation of the Three Hierarchs”. The outstanding collector of Slavic folklore A.N. Afanasyev wrote: “There is a legend among our common people that the world stands on the back of a colossal whale, and when this monster, suppressed by the weight of the earth’s circle, moves its tail, an earthquake occurs. Others claim that from time immemorial four whales served as support for the earth, that one of them died, and his death was the cause of the global flood and other upheavals in the universe; when the other three also die, at that time the end of the world will come. An earthquake occurs because whales, having laid on their sides, turn to the other side. They also say that in the beginning there were seven whales; but when the earth became heavy with human sins, the four went into the Ethiopian abyss, and in the days of Noah, all of them went there. And so there was a general flood." Some linguists suspect that in fact, sea animals have nothing to do with it, but we are talking about fixing the Earth at its four edges, since in the ancient Slavic language the root “whale” meant “edge”. In this case, we again return to Kosma Indikoplov, whose curious book about the rectangular Earth was very popular in Rus' among the common people.

"Flat Earth Society"

Well, in order to finally amuse the tired reader, I will point out such a curiosity, but complete insanity, as the existence in our enlightened times of the “Flat Earth Society”. However, the Flat Earth Society existed from 1956 to beginning of XXI centuries and counted in its better times up to 3,000 members. They considered photographs of the Earth from space to be fakes, and other facts - a conspiracy of authorities and scientists.

The origins of the Flat Earth Society were the English inventor Samuel Rowbotham (1816-1884), who in the 19th century proved flat shape Earth. His followers founded the Universal Zetetic Society. In the United States, Rowbotham's ideas were adopted by John Alexander Dowie, who founded the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in 1895. In 1906, Dowie's deputy, Wilbur Glenn Voliva, became head of the church and advocated for a flat earth until his death in 1942. In 1956, Samuel Shenton revived the World Zetetic Society under the name International Flat Earth Society. He was succeeded as president of the society in 1971 by Charles Johnson. Over the three decades of Johnson's presidency, the society's number of supporters increased significantly, from a few members to approximately 3,000 people from different countries. The society distributed newsletters, leaflets, and similar literature advocating the flat Earth model. Represented by its leaders, the society argued that the landing of man on the moon was a hoax, filmed in Hollywood from a script by Arthur C. Clarke or Stanley Kubrick. Charles Johnson died in 2001, and the continued existence of the International Flat Earth Society is now in doubt. According to supporters of the society, all governments on Earth have entered into a global conspiracy to deceive people. When Samuel Shenton was shown photographs of the Earth from orbit and asked what he thought of them, he replied: “It is easy to see how photographs of this sort can fool an ignorant person.”

Hello dear friends and blog readers. Ruslan Miftakhov is in touch. Lately I have been haunted by one topic: is the earth really structured the way we were told in school?

If you ask any person passing by, is the earth round or flat? Almost everyone will say without hesitation that the earth is a sphere, someone else will add in the form of an ellipse. And maybe one in a hundred will say jokingly - the earth is flat.

Or maybe everything we were told about the earth, we just believe in it as God without evidence.

Let's think together about what they are hiding from us, whether it is really spherical and what is happening around us in general.

Let me say right away that I am not a supporter of flat-earthers, but flat-earthers put forward their own theory, thereby breaking stereotypes about the sphericity of the planet. And forcing us to think with our own heads, and not stupidly believe in everything that is imposed on us by the human programming center (read school).

Let us remember from history that previously everyone was convinced that the earth was flat. Then humanity was convinced that the earth is spherical, that the planet rotates around its axis and around the sun. And to this day we all unquestioningly believe in this, without wondering whether it really is so.

If there is no proof, then it is just a guess. How could Copernicus prove in the Middle Ages that the earth is spherical? How? Have you flown into space and looked from above?

Or maybe there really is no space. Why hasn’t the space program developed since the flight to the moon in the last century? What is hidden behind this? Maybe it's all fake? And there was simply no flight to the moon?

Yes, you can troll me about my lack of education, the fact that I did not study well at school, and so on. But think about this, are you sure that in the programming centers of humanity called school, reliable information was poured into our brains, and not that which was beneficial to the superior race?

Are you wondering how many times larger Russia is than Africa? You will be surprised when you watch this video.

For example, I was convinced that most of the history in the school curriculum is false, or they simply do not tell the truth or outright lie. So maybe the whole truth about our planet is not being revealed to us?

And since in adulthood all the vessels in a person’s head are filled with knowledge, whether false or not, he is skeptical about new information, rejecting it as immunity. Try to free your vessels a little from the old one and fill in the new information.

Are you ready for new information? Then look further, you might be shocked...

A giant mine from another civilization

The most interesting thing in the video begins at the 12th minute, telling that all the rocks, canyons, and gorges on our planet are nothing more than giant quarries for mining minerals for another civilization, since 95% of the production disappears into nowhere.

The essence of the video is that our Earth is not a planet, it is a giant quarry in which the entire periodic table is mined in the most barbaric way.

Truth from the movie John Carter

After watching the video about the quarry, then watch the movie John Carter if you haven’t already. Movie from the fantasy category of 2012, as they say in every fairy tale there is some truth. I read somewhere that it failed at the box office. Or maybe there is a reason for this?

Below I have posted an excerpt from the film.

I was especially impressed by the conversation with the thorn that all planets have the same fate - overpopulation and destruction as such.

Well, what is your goal? - asked John Carter.

He answered - but it doesn’t exist, we are not haunted by the specter of mortality like you, we are immortal. We played these games when this planet (Mars) did not yet exist and we will play it after yours (Earth) disappears.

But we are not the ones who bring the planets to destruction, captain, we control them, we feed on them, if you like. But the same thing happens on every planet... population growth, division in society, widespread wars.

And at this time the planet is devastated and quietly fading away.

Remember what's been going on with us lately? The world's population has exceeded 7 billion, there is division in society between the poor and the very rich, and constant wars.

And there is no doubt that it is being devastated, just from Russia how much is being extracted and taken away in an unknown direction. But who and where is unknown, and it is unlikely that we will find out.

And how much timber they put in our Siberia is simply appalling. Although this is not a forest, and we don’t have trees, these are all bushes compared to what... however, watch the video below.

There are no forests on earth

Watch this video and you will be shocked that all these mountains, which we are accustomed to taking for trunk mountains, are not mountains at all, but... the stumps of large trees.

I used to be amazed at the shapes of some mountains and suspected that they were probably artificially created. But it didn’t even occur to me that this was the base of a tree.

Waterfalls from the mountains, where does so much water come from?

As a continuation of the previous video, watch the video about waterfalls. Decide for yourself how plausible this is, I’m not imposing anything on you, I’m just giving food for thought.

Life under the dome

Let's return to the topic of flat earth. In general, I wanted to publish this article back in September 2017, but I considered this topic nonsense, and it remained gathering dust in my drafts. But having collected some arguments, I returned and supplemented the article with information that I thought was interesting. And the article gained the right to life.

Back in the fall of 2017, when meeting a friend, a conversation came up, did you see a video on YouTube about the fact that the earth is flat?

I say: I saw it, but I don’t quite believe it. And this is what he answered me...

He remembered one film starring Jim Carrey. The plot is that main character for 30 years he lived in the largest film studio in the form of an island under a dome.

All around was normal life, people went to work and back, drove cars, day turned to night, there were rains, nothing strange in general, except for one thing...

There were all actors around, except for that one man named Truman.

Without suspecting anything, for many years he thought that everything around him was true and did not doubt it. Until one girl couldn’t stand it and told him the truth, which shocked him a little.

Afterwards, he found more and more evidence that everything around him was false and decided to leave the island. But they prevented him from doing this in every possible way, and then one night he escapes.

However, you can watch this film yourself, it’s called The Truman Show.

Oddly enough, the film is from 1998, but I didn’t even know about this film if a friend hadn’t told me about it.

And so I began to understand what he was driving at.

Have you ever thought that everything around us is an illusion, a deception that we accept as the truth. Once upon a time, everyone believed that the earth was flat and stood on three elephants, and elephants on a turtle.

Now this seems nonsense, doesn’t it? And we believe that the earth is spherical and revolves around the sun. Is this really true? Maybe this is all a matrix and we live in this program and are being watched from the outside.

Or maybe we all live under such a dome and the earth is not round at all?

Why is it that when we look at the sky at night, we see stars. And pictures from space show that the sky is black and there are no stars. Who to believe? Your eyes? Or maybe there is a dome on top, and the stars are just a hologram.

Well, you’re probably thinking now that I’m crazy and making things up here. Then tell me, where is it really? But there is no truth. We live our lives here in our own little world and entertain the viewer named God.

No, of course the earth is spherical, spinning around its axis and around the sun. There is a universe where there are many stars, but no one knows what is there next.

Have you ever wondered if there are other planets like ours in the universe?

I will say this, when the overall picture is built and you understand how it all works, your soul simply becomes calmer from the awareness and understanding of the rules of the game in this world.

Who thinks about this, write down in the comments. Be sure to share this article with your friends by clicking the special buttons social networks at the bottom.

I was with you, Ruslan Miftakhov

Over the past decades, against the backdrop of a crisis in science, and in physics, first of all, there have appeared both proposals for a way out (Atsyukovsky V.A. http://www.atsuk.dart.ru/, for example) from the crisis, and sweeping denial modern science without offering constructive ideas (see, for example, the speech of Yu.S. Rybnikov and others). In historical science, everyone knows the “scientific” works of Fomenko A.T. and Nosovsky G.V. (http://www.chronologia.org/) according to the new chronology, which were rebuffed (http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/library/book2.htm). But attempts to discredit science, to introduce into people’s consciousness that apart from two operations, addition and subtraction, and natural numbers (such as 1,2,3,4,...) there is nothing in nature, and all higher mathematics is from the evil one, continue. So, recently a group of “propagandists” has appeared on the Internet claiming that we do not live on a spherical planet that rotates around its axis (which determines the change of day and night) and around the Sun, but on a flat earth, and that the Sun and Moon are these are holographic images that launch spaceships and communication satellites, including global positioning satellites (https://www.glonass-iac.ru/) GLONASS (http://www.glonassgsm.ru/) and GPS (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ GPS) is a falsification and deception, and astronomy is a pseudoscience. Perhaps we would not have paid any attention to these delusional statements if videos had not started appearing on the Internet in which they seriously stated that “ we need to figure this all out». « How can an airplane fly over a rotating Earth, since the linear speed of rotation (at the equator) is about 465 m/s?!" But the fact that the plane rotates with the planet, like all its inhabitants and objects, seems to be beyond the comprehension of the authors of these videos. Or another question, why are objects visible that are supposed to be behind the horizon line and which, if the Earth is spherical, should be hidden? " Since objects are visible, it means the Earth is flat“, - the conclusion is made without much thought that we live on an endless plane slightly hilly in relief. Other supporters of brain liquefaction even organize discussions on the Internet “for and against” the flat Earth theory. At these discussions, one of the arguments in favor of a flat Earth was ... the Indian Vedas, which, according to a participant in the discussion, say that the Earth is a disk.

There is an application of Overton window technology (). To legalize the idea of ​​a flat Earth, Overton window technology is at the very beginning: How bold! Here are the witnesses that the Earth is flat, here is the wonderful video they provided, here are the “advanced amateurs” who launched a homemade rocket, but it hit something at an altitude of 100 km! - for sure this is the vault of heaven! And the fact that “advanced amateurs” receive signals on their television receivers from satellites flying in geostationary orbit at an altitude of about 40,000 km above the equator does not count! The unthinkable and absurd turns into radical. For further developments, see the points on Overton window technology ().

Another attempt to change the logic is obvious social behavior people, radically breaking their worldview. Here it is appropriate to quote point 3) from our leaflet (picket materials, concept file - June 15, 2016.doc): “ As a result of scientific and technological progress, technologies began to often replace one another. That's why people in identical situations began to make completely different decisions than before(this is called the “law of time”). For example, a solar eclipse in the time of the pharaohs caused fear and panic among people, which the “priests” took advantage of, but now the eclipse is calculated in advance, and then they are written on photos and videos, but the “priests” are left out of work. Formerly a man I went to church to find out the news or hear a mentor’s advice - but now I turn on the TV. The logic of people's behavior is changing.A government that does not understand the ongoing changes in the logic of people’s social behavior will be doomed to anarchy ».

Thus, we see that the authorities UNDERSTAND what is happening, otherwise why would they launch Overton window technology again and again? Further we see that this is not the power that sits in the Kremlin and sits in State Duma that this power occupies the next level of the hierarchy. This is the level of power of ideas, the level of power of worldviews. The “priests” and “shepherds” were left out of work, but they REALLY want to regain their lost positions. To do this, you just need to return the “flat Earth”, declare astronomy a pseudoscience, cancel history and higher mathematics, scientists should be dispersed, and school education reduced to nothing.

Below we present brief excerpts from books in accessible language that provide answers to many “whys” that arise from various observations. These answers lead to conclusions about the sphericity of the Earth. In most cases, to perceive the material, knowledge at the level of a peasant of the century before last with 2 classes of a parochial school is sufficient. Considering that in the Russian Federation no one has yet abolished universal secondary education, we provide links to more “complex” answers, with sines, cosines and other elementary algebra, and trigonometry, which, without a doubt, will attract the attention of the reader who thinks with his own head.

Asset of Sverdlovsk RO KPE

The earth is round.

K. Fmammarion. Public Astronomy (PETITE ASTRONOMIE). Translated from the 7th French edition by V. CHERKASOV. The edition has been reviewed, corrected and supplemented by PROF. S. N. BLAZHKO. STATE PUBLISHING HOUSE R.S.F.S.R. BERLIN, 1922.

Before turning our gaze to the sky and contemplating the Sun, Moon and stars, let us take up the Earth on which we live.

"The Earth is Round"- this is what we have to hear and repeat as soon as we begin to study geography. However, it is not enough to limit ourselves to this definition alone, because a thing can be both round and flat, such as, for example, a dish, a plate, a coin; It is also necessary to add that the Earth is “round, like a ball, like any ball.” They show you a large ball, called the terrestrial globe, and say: “here is a picture of the Earth.”

How! Is it really possible that the Earth, the Earth we walk on, is structured this way? No doubt you are quite surprised when you hear about it for the first time. Even when you understand this, it will still be difficult for you to form a correct concept about it.

Indeed, at first glance, the Earth does not appear to us in this form at all. If we look around us, the surrounding area, Part of the land, which we can observe, seems smooth when we are standing on a plain, and uneven, rough when we are in a mountainous area. The sky spread out above our head appears to us as completely rounded. vault- blue in clear weather and gray if it is covered with clouds. This arch seems to be overturned over the Earth and limits it in the distance along a circular line. The child believes that this is actually the case; he is convinced that beyond the distance, as far as his gaze can see, there is nothing else and that there, far away, somewhere far away, the sky meets the Earth. But then he hears stories about very distant countries, about long journeys lasting months, years, and he easily realizes that, of course, the space of several miles that he can see in front of him does not constitute the whole Earth. Then the Earth begins to seem quite vast to him, but still flat, like a table, or rather like some kind of immense pancake; then, on this vast plane, in various places, his imagination draws those mountains that he remembers and which appear to him in the form of small bulges or swellings on this even and flat cake. Finally, the round vault of the sky, in his opinion, covers the entire Earth, just as one covers a sweet pie with a glass cover.

This was also the idea of ​​the Earth among the ancient, simple-minded and trusting people, like children, those who have not yet learned to think and reason; soon we will see what strange nonsense it led them to.

Imagine that you are in the middle of a vast plain. The area available to you appears to you in the form of a huge circle, in the center of which you stand. The sky is above you. The circumference of this apparent circle, that distant limit where the sky seems to touch the Earth is called horizon.

But beyond this horizon there is still Earth; there are fields, forests, cities, hills, and so on, and so on. Why are they not visible? Of course, because the Earth has a rounded shape, convex, and not flat. If the Earth were flat, then we could see distant objects, as far as our vision would suffice, and these objects would only seem to us smaller and smaller and not so clear; meanwhile this does not happen, because visible circle horizon completely hides everything behind it.

Due to the convexity of the Earth, from the place where we are located, we can survey everything that is around us, right up to those points where our gaze no longer touches the surface of the Earth. Beyond this horizon, the Earth with the objects on it, rounding and descending in all directions, will be below us in relation to us; We will not be able to see these objects even then: the roundness, curvature of the Earth hides them from us.

Thus the person represented by the letter M(Fig. 3), can see objects in front of him only up to point A, where straight line, representing the direction of his vision, touches earth's surface. In the same way, at the same distance, he can see around him and in all other directions, i.e. to points B, C, D, E(as well as on the other side, which cannot be represented in our figure).

Fig. 3. The curvature of the Earth is the limits of the horizon for an observer located on Earth.

Fig. 4. A wider horizon opens up to the observer from the top of the mountain.

These points limit his field of vision and form the line of his horizon or horizon. Objects located behind this line, for example, in F, G, H, I, it turns out at the bottom and will be closed to the observer by the convexity of the earth's surface. If, however, instead of settling down in the middle of a plain, we climb some mountain, then our horizons will extend to a much greater distance. Mountain tops for us will open cities or villages, forests and fields, which we had not seen before, being at the foot of the mountain. At the same time, our gaze will be presented with a more extensive range of vision than before, since now

Fig. 5. View of a remote village. - The curvature of the Earth allows you to see only the tops of buildings.

any straight line coming from the eye will touch the earth's surface at a more distant point. Thus, if the observer in our figure is placed on a hill at point N (Fig. 4), then along the line representing the direction of his vision it is clear that he will now notice objects located at points F, G, H, I, which were hidden from him by the curvature of the earth's surface before, when he stood at the foot of the hill in M ​​(Fig. 3). However, objects K, L, located further, will still be closed from his eyes. Approaching some remote village along a flat area, we notice that this village does not appear to our eyes immediately, but at first we can only see bell towers and roofs of houses ( Fig. 5). What lies below these outstanding buildings is still hidden from our view by the convexity of the earth’s surface lying between us and these objects. As you approach the village, in front of

Fig. 6. View of the same village at a closer distance; the buildings open up completely to the eye; visible horizon behind them

We first pull out the upper floors of the buildings, and then their foundations, as if these buildings were coming out of the ground (Fig. 6).

The same thing is even better observed at sea, where there are no hills, no irregularities that prevent you from looking into the distance. On the shore we see a picture of a vast expanse of water, which seems to rise slightly towards the sky, merging with it on the horizon. The ship moving away from us seems to be little by little rises, approaching the horizon, which it finally reaches; further, beyond the horizon, it seems to begin go down. First the ship's hull disappears, then the lower sails, while the upper ones are still visible; finally the tops of the masts are the last to disappear; in a word, as if the ship was slowly sinking into the sea (Fig. 7). If the surface of the sea were flat, then of course

Fig. 7. Curvature of the sea surface. - sequential view of a ship moving away from the observer

the ship, as long as we could see it, would constantly remain in front of us; the tops of the masts and small upper sails, on the contrary, would most likely escape our gaze due to the difficulty of distinguishing them from a great distance. But the surface of the sea in the same way has roundness, curvature, just like the Earth, and since somehow the same phenomenon occurs equally in every direction, wherever we make the indicated observation, it follows that the surface of the sea is the same in all directions. sides roundness, represents a spherical or spherical surface like a watermelon or a ball.

Here is another proof of this. It is known that the shadow of an object resembles in its appearance that very object. If you place a square notebook in front of a wall illuminated by the sun or a lamp, then the shadow from this notebook on the wall will also be square. The shadow of the ball will be round, no matter how we rotate the ball. In some cases, which will be indicated below, you can see shadow of the earth... And it turns out that this shadow is completely round; therefore, the Earth is also round.

But the best proof of the roundness of the Earth is that it can be walked around and in all directions. Imagine a small ant on a ball or orange, crawling along this ball straight in front of it, turning neither to the right nor to the left; continuing to crawl like this, he will go around the entire orange and will soon return to the place from where he set off, but from the opposite side. In exactly the same way, brave sailors circumnavigated our huge globe - the Earth. - They encountered continents on their way, continuous expanses of earth, but turning a little to the side (as we turn in order to go around some obstacle, for example, fallen trees to the ground, and go the same way again), they all - could still complete their full rotation. Constantly heading their way in the same direction, they returned to the same port from where they began their voyage, but from the direction opposite to where they originally sailed. The first to make such a journey was the navigator Magellan, used for this three years time. Now, with the help of railways and steamships, it is possible to make trip around the world in less than three months.

There are still other proofs of the roundness of the Earth; nothing else has been proven at present as well and reliably as this. After making sure everyone possible ways that the Earth is a ball, we began to measuring it... Yes, using various techniques, which we cannot present here yet, astronomers measured this huge ball and found that it has a circumference of 377.5 thousand miles. Based on these methods, even the length of that measure, which is called meter. To do this, we first took one quarter circles (Fig. 8, from E to P) or, as they say, great circle earth (meridian); then one ten-millionth part of this quarter was taken as a unit of length, as a normal measure, and called it meter(1 meter equals 22.5 inches = 0.47 fathoms = 3.28 feet).

Thus, the circumference of the Earth is 40 million meters or about 37,500 versts (40,000 kilometers) in all directions, since the Earth is equally rounded in all directions, with the exception of a very slight depression at the poles.

40 million meters! 38 thousand miles! What a ball! This is such an amazing magnitude that it is difficult to even imagine such a colossus. A vast and also rounded sea covers three quarters of the surface of this ball, which serves as a common home for all of us. Spaces of continuous earth, continents, fill the rest and maintain almost the same regular curvature as if the sea were spreading everywhere.

Fig. 8. Measuring the circumference of the Earth

“Well, what about the mountains?” you will notice. - As for the mountains, they add absolutely nothing. Look at the orange; its skin has slight roughness. But does this in any way prevent the orange from remaining round? Of course not. So, highest mountains compared to the entire Earth will be much less than the roughness of the skin in relation to an orange. If we wanted to accurately depict this relationship on a globe representing the Earth, and the size, say, of a very large watermelon, then in order to indicate the highest mountains on it, it would be enough to throw a few small, almost imperceptible grains of sand onto such a ball. Small irregularities, such as continents and mountains, do not in the least prevent the Earth from remaining a perfectly regular ball.

Then, when your imagination has become somewhat accustomed to these ideas, you will be convinced that the form that has neither corners nor edges is the simplest and most natural of all other forms. This form is taken on its own by a drop of flowing liquid, a drop of rain while it is still falling, a drop of dew on the leaves. Finally, we will soon see that the Sun, Moon and all sorts of luminaries that we notice in the sky are also spheres in appearance; It is quite natural after this that the Earth also has the same shape; on the contrary, one might rather be surprised if if only she was alone was arranged differently.

***

It is known that the shortest distance between two points on a plane is a straight line. However, on Earth this is only true at short distances. For sea voyages, say, from the Cape of Good Hope to the southern tip of Australia or from Yokohama to the Panama Canal, this is not true. The fact is that we live on the surface of a ball, and not on a plane, and the surface of the ball has its own geometric patterns. The given excerpt from the book by Ya.I. Perelman " Entertaining astronomy» convincingly and simply illustrates this fact .

The shortest path on Earth and on the map

(from the book by Ya.I. Perelman “Entertaining Astronomy”, 7th edition, edited by P.G. Kulikovsky. State Publishing House of Technical and Theoretical Literature. Moscow, 1954)

Having marked two points on the blackboard with chalk, the teacher offers the young schoolboy a task: to draw the shortest path between both points.

The student, after thinking, carefully draws a winding line between them.

That's the shortest way! - the teacher is surprised. -Who taught you that?

My dad. He is a taxi driver.

The drawing of a naive schoolboy is, of course, anecdotal, but wouldn’t you smile if you were told that the dotted arc in Fig. 1 - the shortest route from the Cape of Good Hope to the southern tip of Australia! Shown in Fig. 1 supposedly the “straight” sea route from Africa to Australia is 6020 miles, and the “curve” one is 5450 miles, i.e. shorter by 570 miles, or 1050 km.

Even more striking is the following statement: the roundabout route from Japan to the Panama Canal shown in Fig. 2 is shorter than the straight line drawn between them on the same map!

Rice. 1. On a sea map, the shortest route from the Cape of Good Hope to the southern tip of Australia is indicated not by a straight line (“loxodrome”), but by a curve (“orthodrome”)

All this looks like a joke, and yet in front of you are indisputable truths, well known to cartographers.

Rice. 2. It seems incredible that the curved path connecting Yokohama to the Panama Canal on a sea map is shorter than a straight line drawn between the same points

To clarify the issue, we will have to say a few words about maps in general and sea maps in particular. Depicting parts of the earth's surface on paper is not an easy task, even in principle, because the earth is a ball, and it is known that no part of a spherical surface can be unfolded on a plane without folds and tears. One inevitably has to put up with inevitable distortions on maps. Many ways of drawing maps have been invented, but all maps are not free from shortcomings: some have distortions of one kind, others of another kind, but there are no maps without distortions at all.

Sailors use maps drawn according to the method of an ancient Dutch cartographer and mathematician of the 16th century. Mercator. This method is called “Mercatorian projection”. It is easy to recognize a sea map by its rectangular grid: the meridians are depicted on it as a series of parallel straight lines; circles of latitude are also straight lines perpendicular to the first ones.

Imagine now that you need to find the shortest path from one ocean port to another, lying on the same parallel. On the ocean, all paths are accessible, and traveling there along the shortest path is always possible if you know how it runs. In our case, it is natural to think that the shortest path goes along the parallel on which both ports lie: after all, on the map it is a straight line, and what could be shorter than a straight path! But we are mistaken: the parallel path is not the shortest at all.

Indeed: on the surface of a ball, the shortest distance between two points is the great circle arc connecting them ( Big A circle on the surface of a ball is any circle whose center coincides with the center of this ball. All other circles on the ball are called small). But the circle of parallel is a small circle. The arc of a large circle is less curved than the arc of any small circle drawn through the same two points: a larger radius corresponds to a smaller curvature. Stretch a thread on the globe between our two points (cf. Fig. 3); you will be convinced that it will not lie along the parallel at all. A stretched thread is an indisputable indicator of the shortest path, and if it does not coincide with a parallel on the globe, then on a sea map the shortest path is not indicated by a straight line: remember that circles of parallels are depicted on such a map as straight lines, but any line that does not coincide with a straight line , there is a curve.

Rice. 3. A simple way to find the truly shortest path between two points: you need to pull a thread on a globe between these points

After what has been said, it becomes clear why the shortest path on a sea map is depicted not as a straight line, but as a curved line.

They say that when choosing the direction for the Nikolaevskaya (now Oktyabrskaya) railway, there were endless debates about which route to lay it on. The controversy was put to an end by the intervention of Tsar Nicholas I, who solved the problem literally “straightforward”: he connected St. Petersburg with Moscow along a line. If this had been done on a Mercator map, the result would have been an embarrassing surprise: instead of a straight road, the road would have turned out crooked.

Anyone who does not avoid calculations can verify this with a simple calculation. (read the book further)

***

Why are objects sometimes visible that should be hidden behind the horizon due to the spherical shape of the Earth? Why during a thunderstorm, when dark and light stripes suddenly begin to alternate in the sky, do the twilight rays seem to diverge as if the light source was 4, and not 140 million km away? (see 25 optical phenomena in nature that amaze the imagination

Here is a short excerpt from the article

How optical solar illusions work: “anti-twilight rays”, “sun pillar” and “Tyndall effect”

The sun's rays burst into our atmosphere at a speed of three hundred thousand kilometers per second. Meeting a planet on their way, they are able to create optical illusions of unprecedented beauty. We have long been accustomed to some of them, for example, twilight rays and have stopped paying special attention to them; other, not so ordinary, eyewitnesses, on the contrary, tend to regard them as otherworldly phenomena or the appearance of a UFO - however, they also have a simple explanation. To get to the bottom of them, let's start with something simple.

How do crepuscular rays work?

First of all, for the appearance of twilight rays at dawn or sunset (in English version- “Crepuscular rays”), sunlight must meet on its way clouds or mountain tops, which will divide it into beams of light diverging from one point to almost a third of the sky. Crepuscular rays are so clearly visible to the human eye due to the fact that the area of ​​​​sunlit air is clearly separated from the shaded space. The second point, without which it is impossible to see these rays, is the presence in high layers an atmosphere of a certain concentration of water vapor or dust, the particles of which would reflect and scatter light in our direction. In fact, the sun's rays are parallel, despite the illusion that they are converging towards the sun like a giant fan. In the same way we see how the rails railway in the distance they disappear at one point.

***

Rays of light do not always travel in a straight line. Depending on the density of the media, the higher the density, the lower the speed, the rays of light are bent. Refraction or refraction is clearly visible in the image below :

Taking into account refraction in the optical range, see here

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Subject " Flat Earth"Does it seem funny to you? Then I'll remind you. Just 500 years ago, everyone KNEW that the Earth was Flat, and those who said that the Earth was Round were taking a serious risk. At best, his friends, acquaintances and relatives looked at him as a “lunatic.” At worst, he was burned at the stake by religious fanatics.

Now this story has a continuation...

Earth became again Flat, but now no one will burn you. Most people still won’t understand what is written, because they haven’t learned to think with their heads. However, this is not about you. And treat the article with Humor.

Play: "The Flat Earthers Strike Back."

Scene 2: "Evidence for a Flat Earth."

Characters:

Professor Sharov — (PSh ). He talked about the Round Earth. . I hope you have seen his official responses. Because now what we love most about this site will begin - “Melting Our Reality «.

Professor Wonderful — (PZ ). Talks about Flat Earth. Right now.

You -simple buyer.

Did I read Scene 1?

1. Our world.

You : Good afternoon, Professor Wonderful (PZ ), I just talked with your colleague Sharov about our world, and somehow he didn’t look 100% convincing. What do you have?

PZ : I have a Model and Flat Earth Map. She looks like this.

PZ : Our world is a Flat Disk, which is surrounded by an ice wall. Therefore, the water does not flow anywhere and you cannot fall off the edge. The ice wall is officially called Antarctica, it covers the entire disk, how far it goes into the depths - we don’t know, maybe to infinity. Or maybe a hundred kilometers away there is life there. The military closed Antarctica with a special agreement from 1959. Therefore, it’s not so easy to get there. Alas.

The Flat Earth map is officially called in science Azimuthal Projection.

More details: From above we are covered by the “Dome” - a structure UNDER which the Sun and Moon rotate, plus the rest of the “planets”. The height of the Dome is 5 thousand km. The Moon rotates just below the Sun. The stars are light bulbs on the Dome.

You : Clear. Professor Sharov, could you remind me of your version?

PS: Earth is the planet on which we live, and our model is called Globe, from Latin globus -> ball. The surface is 29% land, 71% water. Simplified model The earth looks like this.

PS : Sun - 99.86% of the total mass solar system, is located in the center. The planets revolve around the Sun. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. Visually below.

You : Clear. Refresh your memory. Question for you, PZ . There are generally accepted proofs, which are usually taught in schools, as confirmation that the Earth is round. Can you refute them or show an alternative explanation?

PZ : Yes, sure. Show me your evidence, I will comment on it.

Moreover, I'm willing to pay 1000 dollars to the one who refutes proof that the earth is flat. You are interested?

You : Yes, I want to earn 1000 USD, if you're not kidding. But first, disprove the evidence for a round Earth. Ready?

PZ: I'm seriously offering a deal. Ready.

You: Evidence 1. The ships go beyond the horizon and first the hull disappears, and then the sail disappears. Isn't this proof of the curvature of the Earth's surface?

PZ: No, not proof. The ship simply diminishes on the horizon and disappears as soon as it passes." convergence point", that is, goes behind " visibility horizon". You can get it back if you take the binoculars.

How does vision work?.

An object that is moving away from you reaches a point on the horizon when it is too small for you to make out anything. Here's the point in the center of the picture where the road shrinks into a point. This point is called « point of convergence «, point where parallel lines converge in the EYE. This is our vision on Earth.

We use 2 eyes to determine the distance to the object.

That is, the further the object is from us, the smaller it will be. And even 2 parallel lines are still removed and reduced to Convergence points of the eye lens. This skill is very useful for PREDATOR HUNTERS (us, in the past). Determine the distance to prey or danger .

Even 1 eye is still able to show us the Distance, because the light passes through the edges of the lens (points 1, 2, 3, 4). Pupil = ROUND LENS, not a narrow SLIT. Therefore, even 1 eye is very cool!

We see an object up to 7 km away on the horizon. The physical size of the pupil does not allow one to see further.

Practice.

Here are 2 parallel railway tracks. They are parallel to each other thousands of kilometers ahead, WAYS DO NOT CROSS, DO NOT GO TO EACH OTHER AT ALL, otherwise the train would not have been able to travel for weeks along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Moscow to Vladivostok.

But, you see how 4 parallel rails converge to a point on the horizon, right? Same with the ship. Curvature has nothing to do with it. Curvature is the most primitive way to explain all these effects.

Keep in mind that hot air or water vapor may prevent you from seeing a ship in the distance and above the horizon.

Here, for example, is the phenomenon of a mirage. When in the summer the effect hangs over a hot road like a wet puddle. I think everyone has seen it in their lives. The middle dividing strip disappears in " puddle«.

The object, the ship-machine will be blur and shrink with distance. The wheels will be the first to disappear because they are closest to the ground, although the road is absolutely flat in front of you. It's the same at sea.

Water and wind create waves. Waves breaking on the surface of the water create many small splashes and this entire mass hangs above the surface of the sea. It is clear that the sail will be the first to rise above the thick mass, a fog of drops. After all, you are looking almost parallel to the surface of the water. And the sail is the tallest object on the ship. The closer the ship is to you, the higher the sail will be above the surface of the water. Although, initially, you see the entire ship on the horizon. It's just that because of the shallow spray (kilometers away from the ship), you won't see its hull until it's close enough. You might as well try to look through the fog. Will it work out big?

You : According to Evidence 1: Features of vision, “vanishing point” + mirage + water vapor.

Evidence 2: Moon and Lunar Eclipses. We see how a semicircular shadow from the Earth creeps onto the Moon during eclipses. A semicircular shadow is cast by the ball or disk of the Earth on the Moon, and according to your theory, the Sun and Moon are above us. What then causes an eclipse in your model?

PZ : A solar eclipse is easy to explain. The Sun and Moon orbit above our heads. And the Moon is slightly lower than the Sun, therefore, when their path intersects, we see a semicircular shadow (of the Moon) creeping onto the Sun, and we have the Black Sun before our eyes.

Regarding the Lunar Eclipse.

Let's begin with Moon by her own anomalous object on the whole head . Have you ever been surprised by what we see Always only 1 side of the moon? Why is that? Perfect orbital synchronization? —-> or this artificial object? Why is everything in nature tied to the Moon? Are planting, animal migration, even those women's cycles perfectly synchronized with the 28-day cycles of the Moon? Isn’t this why women’s “women’s days” shift by 4-5 days towards the beginning of the month?

In short, the Moon is a very strange object and does not behave as an ordinary piece of Rock above its head should. By the way, scientifically, the Moon is a satellite of the Earth. And the satellite can be either artificial(turned its dish-antenna towards us), or natural.

Let's become children for a minute. What about the fact that the Moon was built by previous civilizations? We don’t know this, but modern scientists don’t know how the Moon ended up in the sky. The version of a meteorite hitting the Earth is stupid. Because there is on the moon WATER . During an explosion, from a meteorite hitting the Earth, and then flying in a VACUUM, WATER not formed! So what's the joke then? Just imagine what it could be artificial sphere with its own light source.

We are reverse side Can't see the moon? And what's in there?

You : Imagined (fantasy), let the Moon be an artificial object, as in your version. Go ahead.

Evidence 3. During Moon Phases we see semicircle in heaven and during Lunar Eclipse we see semicircle a shadow, that is, it is given by a semicircular object, a “sphere/ball/disk”, whatever you want. How do you explain this?

PZ : These are 2 different phenomena: Lunar Phases and Lunar Eclipse.

Regarding Moon phases, when you have a crescent moon in the sky rather than a full moon, this is due to the lighting of the moon. The land has nothing to do with it. The moon is a ball-sphere, and a spherical body will be illuminated that way. For example, a “lamp” that is located BEHIND THE MOON. Will now beexperiment with iPhone 5.

Imagine that there is a lamp inside the Moon. And she turns around. Are these not the phases you will see?

As for the Lunar Eclipse, I already answered in the previous example. There is a third body or phenomenon that we do not yet know. For example, that the Moon has its own light source INSIDE, and a semicircular disk passes between the light and the surface, blocking the light. Moreover, its size can be thousands of times smaller than the Moon itself. You don't need the Sun for this.

By the way, the Moon does NOT reflect Sunlight, as official scientists say, but is the source of its OWN light, easy to install using this example. If you have a Sphere (ball), then we know perfectly well how light will be reflected from it. Like this.

I haven't seen a spot on the moon. And you?

You : Proof 4. Traveling around the world? If you sail or fly all the time to the East or to the West, you will arrive at the same point from where you started sailing. Doesn't this talk about the Round Earth?

PZ : A simple experiment. Take a plate of water, place a powerful magnet in the middle of the plate, lower a small boat with a compass there and move to the West. You move only to the West, and you will circumnavigate the world on a plate!

Here's tea with lemon. If a lemon wedge swirls around the center, leaving the peel towards the edge of the cup, it will " trip around the world"by your cup.

Schematically: You all the time moving to the WEST. Magnetic Compass shows all the time on North .

This is what a trip around the world looks like over a flat Earth.

This is what Ferdinand Magellan's journey around the Earth looked like in 1519-1522.

You: Evidence 5. If all body over our heads Round, then why should we think that ours Earth is Flat?

PZ : Here is a billiard table with Round Balls on it. The table, by your logic = Round?

You : The table is naturally flat,

Proof 6. Availability of time zones when in some parts of the planet it is Night, and in other parts of the Planet it is Day. How to explain? Isn't it the turning of the Round Earth?

PZ : No. What does this have to do with the twist? The sun moves over the surface of the Flat Earth, where it is bright. Where it is not there is Night.

Why doesn't the Sun illuminate the entire disk if it is at altitude? Very simple. Here's a light bulb that does NOT light up the entire wall. The wall is too big, just like the surface of the Earth.

LETTERING:

IF THE EARTH IS FLAT
why don't we see sunlight 24 hours a day?

Explanation:

For the same reason that a small lamp cannot illuminate an entire wall.

LIGHT SOURCE = SMALL + MOVING.

You : How do seasons work? Why is it cold in winter and hot in summer?

PZ : The sun moves from North to South throughout the year. When it’s hot here, the Sun moves along the Yellow trajectory close to the North Pole (Tropic of Cancer). When it’s cold here, it rotates along the Red trajectory (Tropic of Capricorn), far from the North Pole, but it’s hot in Southern Hemisphere. And, yes, the Sun moves much faster in the Southern Hemisphere to make its 360 degrees in 24 hours.

The fact that we have Winter in December, and in Australia it is Summer, is shown by this picture. Christmas - December 21 in Australia is celebrated in Santa Claus costumes right on the beach.

You : Then let's not leave the Sun and the evidence for a Flat Earth. I'm interested in 2 more things: Polar day And Polar night. When it is light 24 hours a day and dark 24 hours a day. You know this phenomenon, right? In official science, this is explained by the tilt of the Earth by 24.5 degrees and the location of the Earth relative to the Sun.

PZ : Polar day- this is when the Sun does not set below the horizon for 24 hours. That is, it spins above the Horizon Line, approaching the horizon, but not disappearing below it.

Interestingly, photographs of the Polar Day and Night most often show from the North Pole, but very rarely are they shown from the South Pole. Do you know why? Because according to the Flat Earth theory, the Sun does not illuminate the South Pole 24 hours a day. But there are no problems with the North Pole.

Here's an example.

How to check the South Polar Day?

No way.

South Pole CLOSED to visitors, CLOSED for inspection. There are only government"scientific stations" and " military". Both the first and second ( government + military) are known as liars with a long, long history... It’s not for me to tell you. So there are only 2 options left:

1. At the South Pole there are no days when the Sun is 24 hours above the horizon.

2. At the South Pole there is a Polar Day, when the Sun is 24 hours above the horizon.

But even if it is indeed shown that there is a Polar Day in Antarctica, then we have a theory. It uses the concept of reflected light from a DOME. Schematically and mathematically it looks like this.

By the way, since they have already started talking about Antarctica, then our entire community is showing some kind of unhealthy interest in it. Earth Elite .

Chronicle for 2016:

1. February 12, 2016 Patriarch Kirill meets with the Pope. February 18, 2016 - urgently flies to Antarctica.
2. Beginning of March 2016 - US President Obama flies to Argentina, from where he travels for several days in Patagonia. The territory borders Antarctica, what he did for a couple of days is unknown. A NASA representative was with him on the delegation.
3. November 11-12, 2016 — US Secretary of State John Kerry 3 days after the elections in the USA - flies to Antarctica and is there, signing the next agreement , which prohibits the entry of fishing vessels into waters near Antarctica.

There is some strange stirring around the icy wastelands among politicians and religious leaders. Don't you find it?

But let's leave this aside. Let's return to the Sun and the evidence for a Flat Earth.

You: Interesting, but that comes later. Now m I am interested in the fact that the Sun should decrease in size if it is simply moving away from us, and not set beyond the horizon as a huge disk with the same dimensions. After all, you say that the Sun is simply moving overhead in a circular path.

PZ : Let's talk seriously about the Sun.

This video will be enough to prove that the Sun decreases in size, moving away from us in a straight line when it goes to the horizon. Taken from the observatory ABOVE cloud level. Link .

Now look here. You must understand that very often we see the Sun setting above the level of the Earth. Mountains, hills, obstacles, and buildings often block our view. And since they are much closer than the real horizon, you see how the large and round Sun hides behind the “visible” horizon, although in fact, it is just REMOVED in a straight line and DECREASES.

Decreases BEFORE the “convergence point”.

In this case, the “vanishing point” blocked by a mountain. Therefore, the Sun disappears from our view with a large disk, but still decreases along the way.

Here simple experiment As proof of the Flat Earth, you can make it at home. Stretch the string across the room so that it is the same height from wall to wall. Place obstacles in his way, such as a book or a board (in this video, these are 4 bottles of beer holding a cardboard), and so that the obstacle is below the thread. And then look at what it looks like from Earth level.

Get this is the “effect”.

The sun will move away from you, and BIG will go “beyond the visible horizon”, and not as a point. That's all. No turning of the Round Earth is necessary for this.

This experiment weren't you impressed?

Okay, then what about an obstacle on the horizon like iPhone 6? Camera on the ground distance of 110 meters from the camera to the person? Consider that in our case IPHONE IS A MOUNTAIN.

A MAN IS SEEN BEHIND THE MOUNTAIN.

You : And the last question about the Sun and Moon - how do they fly in a sideways orbit? What keeps them in the sky?

PZ : Magnetic levitation. Here are working magnetic levitation devices.

Lamp ,
computer mouse,
armchair sofa ,
Maglev train on magnetic levitation.

This, by the way, explains ebb and flow on the ground. Water is repelled by magnets ! And the Moon and the Sun = sources of magnetic background, so they are simply “ part the water» under you, and she runs ashore. Gravity here, as always, is superfluous. There are ebbs and flows only in the Oceans and Seas with salt water, which are in the path of the Sun and Moon.

At home, check how ordinary tap water reacts to a comb. Just before doing this, run it through your hair to transmit the electric shock.

In the tap - normal fresh water! A sea ​​water- responds even better to electricity. There's SOOOOOOOOOOL!

Ebbs and flows have nothing to do with the gravity of the MOON. Because most Gravity doesn't exist at all. This is Newton's fantasy and fictitious force to describe the world and facts at the beginning of the 19th century. This is what the electromagnetic repulsion of the Moon and Water looks like. Schematically.

You:Evidence 7. Satellite photos? Photos from above? Will you still say that the Earth is Flat?

PZ: Have you heard about special effects in photography? And fisheye lenses, right? These lenses bend the image greatly to cover a larger area. Here are some examples:

1. Real Round walls? Below = no distortion.

4. Round subway cars.

5. The church spire bows to the building on the right

6. The square bends...

Horizon = Curvature.

Is this what proof of a spherical Earth looks like?

Now returning to Space and the ISS. Here is a photo from 2008. Where is NASA admits , that the pictures are taken through a fisheye lens. These lenses are located at the MIR station. Come in and check it out.

Here is the same photo in Wikipedia , where it is said that the curvature of the Earth is due to the “Fish Eye”.

Why use if the earth is Round?

That's right, to bend a flat image, like proof of curvature.

Although all the photos, without corrections, tell us the opposite. Earth - Flat! From any height!

You : Proof 8. Sharovers claim that with height we see further, because we see BEYOND the horizon.

PZ : An absolutely stupid argument from the Sharovers (like all the others, by the way). Why?

Because

Here is an example - a flat lawn near a house. If you place the camera at ground level and move away from it, you " disappear over the horizon". Is this proof that a flat field suddenly has a curvature? No. Link to video .

You : I like this explanation. Accurate and with evidence.

Evidence 9. Still, what about satellites? Communications / satellite TV / GPS? How are they explained on Flat Earth?

PZ : Communication between continents without wires existed long before satellites. The first transatlantic radio communication was successfully made in 1906, from Brant Rock, USA to Machree, Scotland. No one had heard about satellites for the next 50 years, but the continents ALREADY communicated with each other.

Today, 99% of all Internet traffic travels through undersea ocean cables between continents, rather than via satellites.

Satellite dishes on houses are only called "satellite" because they all face the Horizon, NOT the sky, at a 90% angle. You see such antennas every day on houses and roofs, right? Do they look vertically UP, INTO THE SKY at the satellite?

Or —————————> TO the horizon?

"These antennas" receive ordinary radio signals from ordinary transmitting towers standing on the ground, but not from Space. Is the antenna tilt clearly visible?

What you see with your own eyes on houses is called “ tropospheric» radio communication.

The distance of “tropospheric radio communication” is 300-800 km. The signal bounces off the ionosphere. What modern scientists call the “Ionosphere,” I call the “Dome.” This is a dome over the Flat Earth that bounces radio waves down to Earth.

And everything that is less than 300-800 km can be covered with additional 300 meter towers, as in the pictures below. The signal “to the dish” comes from radio towers.

Do you recognize these 200-300 m high engineering creations?

Why do you need satellites for TV? Everything works without them.

You: And what's about GPS and Flat Earth?

PZ: GPS - Global Positioning System. Its only purpose is to convince you that it " GLOBAL “, that is = GLOBE, that is, BALL! How does it work?

In cities, it works at the expense of mobile phone towers. And 3 towers are enough to determine your location exactly down to the meter. It is called - Triangulation .

Outside cities, there is a regular radio network with powerful towers that cover most of the Earth. First used during World War II for navigation of ships and planes, when no one had heard of satellites the next 20 years... The accuracy of identifying a ship at sea is 150 meters at a range of 1,500 KM! Name - LORAN And DECCA. Come in and check it out.

Here's the tower LORAN 190 meters high in Canada.

In 2000 they were renamed GPS and stuck it in your mobile phone with beautiful maps. The system is controlled by the American military, but you will never know how it actually works. Just like you won’t find out why the nuclear-powered icebreaker “KURSK” sank, and how many full-time Russian military personnel died in Donbass and Syria. The military will always lie.

As you understand, positioning systems worked successfully BEFORE the advent of even the idea... SATELLITES...

You: Does anyone else know about this theory?

PZ : Everybody knows. This is not a secret. For example, NASA in its calculations and models of aircraft flight in the air uses the model of a FLAT and NON-ROTATING Earth.

That is, future pilots are taught on models that have never heard of the need to take into account curvature, or that the surface of the Earth rotates underneath them. Why? Because it doesn't really exist.

You can download the document itself . E it is written on the first page in the first paragraph.

Here is another document for FAA (Federal Aviation Administration, USA), which states that flight simulation software should be as close to reality as possible for high-quality training of pilots in the air and training of controllers on the ground. Therefore, everything should be exactly in calculations.

Here various situations and behavior of an airplane in the sky are played out. "The Engineering Analysis and Design of the Aircraft Dynamics Model For the FAA Target Generation Facility." You can download it.

On page 32 it is written in plain text: “ We we do not take into account the rotation of the Earth, and the flight passes above the FLAT Earth«.

Simulation as close to reality as possible, right?

So what is our Reality then, dear pilots?

Official maps?

Here is the official one flat earth map for a wide range of users. Created in 1892 year, a paper copy is stored in the library of Boston, USA. What's interesting about it?

3 moment!

Moment 1 : Immediately at the top of the card it is written in large letters

"AS IT IS"

what does " In fact »

Moment 2: Right and Left says: " scientifically correct« (scientifically and ) And " almost correct« (practically correct). Seriously

Moment 3. At the bottom of the map it is indicated how the Sun moves in June and December. Where do they come from? June 21 and December 21.

Solstice of June.

« The white oval shows the location of the Sun in the Tropic of Cancer, in June, at noon. This causes 24 hours of sunshine in the Polar Regions (Polar Day). After June 21, the Sun begins to spiral south until it reaches its final point on December 21«

December Solstice.

« On December 21, the Sun moves across the Tropic of Capricorn, and as it moves, it illuminates the southern part of the Antarctic ice. There is no light below 80º South latitude, there are only unexplored regions of ice. On December 23, the Sun completes its movement to the South and begins to move back to the North Pole, ending its season.”

In addition, all the most serious organizations in the world such as the UN - the United Nations, ICAO - International organization Civil Aviation, IMO - International Maritime Organization, WMO - World Meteorological Organization use the Flat Earth map. Irony, true?

Organizations controlling globe,
use Flat Earth map..

The million dollar question: “Can you find Antarctica here”?

Pilots.

Sailors.

Climatologists.

Have you found Antarctica?

And it is considered the 6th continent of the Earth, actually...

Google showed the original drawing for the Winter Solstice . So, by the way. Nothing special here.

2. Question 2. What experiment was carried out to reveal Gravity? - Answer . There is nothing to test here, Gravity does not exist, it is a fictitious force that exists only on paper.

3. Question 3. How does water in the oceans bend in an arc? - Answer . No way. The water in the oceans is horizontal, from the North Pole to Antarctica.

4. Question 4. Is the curvature of the Earth taken into account when constructing long bridges, rails, shipping canals and pipelines? - Answer . No, it is not taken into account, because there is no curvature. There is only height.

5. Question 5 . Physics of the XXI century. Standard model elementary particles of our Universe (in short, how everything works in the world) includes only 3 forces: electromagnetic, weak and strong interaction, DOES NOT include gravity in its calculations. - Answer . He does the right thing by not turning it on, because gravity doesn’t exist.

6 . Question 6. How did the Vacuum of Space not suck out the Atmosphere? - Answer . Atmosphere protected by the Dome.

7. Question 7. Why doesn't gravity attract clouds? - Answer . There are different densities of air near the Earth and air at altitude.

9. Question 9. How rivers (water) can flow UP? - Answer . They can’t and you know it. Water always flows down.

10. Question 10. Why do planes fly so strangely?- Answer .

Regarding the first example, Bali flight - Los Angeles, landed in Alaska. Here Flat Earth map and a straight line between the two cities.

Regarding routes through Antarctica. Where should we fly?

Flying in a circle? From Africa to Australia - there won't be enough fuel. From South America to Australia - there won't be enough fuel. From Africa to South America— there won’t be enough fuel. Keep in mind that Antarctica circles a distance much greater than the equator. And our equator itself is 40,000 km in circumference!

But, flying in a straight line like this is the way to go!

Therefore, no one will run optical Internet cables from Africa to Australia and South America. It's SOOO far away. Red zones are empty.

You : OK then. Governments know that the Earth is Flat. They have evidence of a flat Earth, a map of a Flat Earth, then what is the benefit of hiding the truth?

PZ : Because there will be a disaster in science.

No Gravity = No Globe = No Rotation = No Big Bang = No millions of galaxies, planets and stars = No aliens = No Evolution = No connecting link between living organisms and humans = Is this enough to remain silent about the shape of the Earth?

Gravity is a Religion for Scientists. Everything that cannot be explained clearly is explained by the mysterious word Gravity. From RELIGIONS DO NOT REFUSE!

Why is the Earth round? — Gravity .
Why don't people fly away from the spinning Earth? - Gravity .
Why doesn't water fly away from the surface of the Earth and collect at the Equator, where the maximum speed is? - Gravity .
Why is the Moon in the Sky? - Gravity .

Replace the word " Gravity"word" God «, and get the same result. Level 0 explanations.

Why is the Earth round? — God .
Why don't people fly away from the spinning Earth? — God .
Why doesn't water fly away from the surface of the Earth and collect at the Equator, where the maximum speed is? — God .
Why is the Moon in the Sky? — God .

I'll tell you by secret:

« Gravity is the force that attracts the absurd«.

Do you know why?

Because after Newton came up with Gravity, Science has developed this way for the last 300 years.

Scientists realized thattheory of gravity will lead to a singularity (the entire Universe will eventually shrink to a point) then they came up with"Dark Energy". This is, in principle, Anti-Gravity. But, as a result of further calculations of the formulas, they realized that the expansion"Dark Energy" will lead to a rupture of Einstein’s “space-time” itself, and then they came up with"Dark Matter" which should balance"Gravitons" of gravity and "Dark Energy".

Before us is an imaginary force, which should explain another imaginary force, and so time after time, when the formulas don't stick.

But in fact: “Gravitons” do not exist, hence Dark Energy does not exist, hence Dark Matter does not exist. And when you are forced to believe in things that exist only on paper and in dreams, then this is not science, this is -"MAGIC".

Therefore, physics for 2017 has hit its forehead against the wall and is waiting for a new Prophet who will explain what and how. Without “gravities” and other “magical entities”.

What do we need?

And we need other answers to questions as old as the world: “Who are we?” and “What have they forgotten here?” Without “magic”, “gravity” and “ape-man theories”.

ORIGIN OF THE WORLD:

1. Divine version of the world. You've heard about it, the world in 6 days. According to the Bible.

2. Version - Big Bang with Evolution proposed priest Georges Lemaitre)) and Darwin.

“There was NOTHING, then suddenly nothing happened to this NOTHING and NOTHING exploded! Then everything that exploded and scattered NOTHING magically transformed itself into matter and living particles, which also magically learned to copy themselves, multiply... And then there were dinosaurs...

How do you like this theory from the Catholics from the Vatican? It is considered official “in science” for 2017. Seriously!

More options?

3. The most obvious is theory., O which we wrote quite recently. We live in the Matrix (Digital Universe), and it seems that this is a game for our distant descendants, for example children 2100. People of the Future play games of the Past. How do we play computer games about Greece, Feudalism and the Middle Ages. And our descendants play us - with 100% immersion in the virtual reality of the Past. No matter how fantastic it sounds.

All in all.

PS: You won't be able to drag your Flat Earth theory into official science. She's absurd.
2562 votes 72%

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Famous basketball player Shaquille O'Neal has stated that he is a supporter of the flat Earth theory. Despite the humorous tone of the message, it immediately hit the media headlines and caused a heated discussion among conspiracy theorists.

RT asked a psychologist why the marginal Flat Earth Society is becoming mainstream and why people are starting to believe in more and more incredible things.

NBA legend and center Shaquille O'Neal said he shares the position of Cleveland point guard Kyrie Irving, who said the Earth is flat.

"It's true. The earth is flat. Listen, there are three ways to manipulate consciousness: with the help of what we read, see and hear. The first thing we are taught at school is that Columbus discovered America. However, think about it: when he got here, he met red-skinned people with long hair smoking peace pipes. So Columbus didn’t discover America,” O’Neill said on The Big Podcast. After this discouraging statement, the legendary basketball player continued to egg on his co-hosts.

A few weeks earlier, Cleveland Cavaliers point guard Kyrie Irving made a similar statement, but later said he was just joking. Such comedic comments from famous athletes caused a stir in the American segment of the Internet, because, as it turned out, the flat Earth society is becoming increasingly popular.

The Flat Earth Society is a fringe organization even according to various US conspiracy theorists and alternative historians following the trail of UFOs, Bigfoot and Masonic conspiracies. Thus, the popular conspiracy channel on YouTube Secure Team has almost a million subscribers and videos with supposedly alien objects and murky photographs of alien bases on the Moon. In one of the published materials, the channel’s authors expressed regret at “the growing number of people who have regressed into this ancient faith" The channel was immediately attacked by thousands of Flat Earth Society followers.

The society itself states on its website that it is guided exclusively by scientific principles. According to adherents of the theory, resorting to the method of Cartesian skepticism, the burden of proof lies with anyone who believes that the Earth is spherical. They regard the evidence for this as insignificant or fabricated. At the same time, they are happy to publish videos from low orbit, allegedly proving that the Earth is flat.

“The most reliable evidence for a flat Earth is the Bedford level experiment. Conducted many times over a six-mile stretch of water, it has produced results which prove that there is no curvature of the earth's surface." on the society's website.

The experiment the organization refers to was conducted by the English inventor and founder of the society, Samuel Rowbotham, in 1838.

• Bedford experiment

Members of the society claim that our planet is a flat disk 40,000 kilometers in diameter, centered around the North Pole. Also, adherents of this theory deny the existence of gravity and the South Pole, instead of which a huge wall of ice extends around the disk.

Followers of this theory claim that all photographs of the Earth from space are computer-generated, and the belief in a spherical Earth supports a global conspiracy of governments and scientists. Space flight is a hoax, and the moon landing was filmed jointly by Stanley Kubrick and Andrei Tarkovsky from a script by Arthur C. Clarke.

The society produces a huge amount of Internet content, literally inundating its supporters and opponents with a variety of “evidence”: from obscure mathematical formulas to lists of quotations from the Bible. It got to the point that even fundamentalist Christians took up arms against flat Earth followers. Radical Baptist preacher Stephen Anderson, himself a peddler of world government conspiracy theories, launched an angry tirade against the society's followers.

Many alternative journalists, historians and conspiracy theorists have suggested that behind the Flat Earth Society itself there may be government intelligence agencies who want to make ridicule of any alternative views on the world.

RT turned to Alexander Neveev, candidate of psychological sciences, for comment. The scientist explained that there are two reasons why people may suddenly begin to take anti-scientific postulates seriously.

“The first is external to the person. We receive a huge amount of information in the form of specially prepared information packages. We are simply told about something and we take it on faith. This is completely normal, since we do not need to know absolutely everything from our own experience. You don't need to go to America to find out how people live there. But side effect This is because people have misunderstandings and fears that some forces may distort any information. The media saturate people with news and facts, but no one is concerned with developing an understanding of them. As a result, we have a similar situation. No one has seen our globe with their own eyes, only in photographs, so a huge number of insinuations are possible,” said the psychologist.

“The second reason is that our minds are initially built into systems of errors - cognitive distortions and heuristics. Under the influence of these distortions, we tend to believe that our version of events is the most plausible. A person does not seek a refutation of his beliefs. Our mind operates on the principle of cognitive ease - we tend to consider what does not bother us as truth. This is actually an illusion. Conspiracy theories exploit the problem that we cannot directly present a person with evidence to the contrary - send him into orbit and show that the Earth is round. It is very difficult to explain to them mathematically and astronomically the parameters that forced scientists to come to such a conclusion. It’s very easy to say that scientists lied and the Earth is flat, and it’s very easy to accept it,” the expert concluded.