Created in the late 1980s - early 1990s as a modernization of the T-72B tank under the designation T-72BU, but in 1992 it was put into service under the designation T-90. After the death of Potkin Vladimir Ivanovich, the chief designer of the tank, by government decision Russian Federation- The Russian T-90 was given the name “Vladimir”.
The T-90 tank is a deep modernization of the T-72, created in the Nizhny Tagil “Ural Design Bureau of Transport Engineering” in 1989 under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimir Potkin as the T-72BU (factory name “Object 188”). In 1989, the tank was transferred to the State Survey, which was successful.
T-90 has a classic layout, with the control compartment located in the frontal part, the fighting compartment in the middle and the engine-transmission compartment in the aft part. The T-90 crew consists of three people- a driver, located along the longitudinal axis of the tank in the control compartment, and a gunner with a commander, located in the turret to the left and right of the gun, respectively.
Armament
Firing of the main and auxiliary weapons of the T-90A is carried out by the 1A42 fire control complex, consisting of a 1G46 rangefinder sight, a T01-K04 commander's sighting and observation system and a rear-view television system.
The main armament of the T-90A(SM) is a 125-mm 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun, mounted in a coaxial mount with a machine gun on trunnions in the frontal part of the turret and stabilized in two planes by the 2E42-4 “Jasmine” system. The gun barrel length is 48 calibers. The gun is equipped with an automatic loader and is capable of firing ATGMs. The T-90 automatic loader, located on the rotating turret floor, is an electromechanical, carousel type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander’s seat. The rate of fire of the T-90A(SA) is 8 shots in 56 seconds when the automatic loader is operating, the loading time of one AZ shot is 7 seconds.
In addition to traditional artillery weapons, the T-90 has the ability to fire ATGM "Invar-M". Missiles are launched using the main gun of the tank; missiles are guided by a laser beam in a semi-automatic mode. The T-90 guided weapon system allows firing, with a hit probability close to one, at stationary or moving targets at a speed of up to 70 km/h at a distance of 100 to 5000 m, from a standstill and on the move at a speed of up to 30 km/h . This provides it with a much greater effective target engagement range than tanks equipped only with artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern sighting devices, effective shooting at “tank” type targets at a distance of more than 2500 m is already seriously difficult.
T-90 auxiliary weapons consists of a coaxial machine gun, an anti-aircraft machine gun mount and the crew's personal weapons. The mount paired with the gun houses a 7.62 mm PKT or PKTM machine gun. The machine gun's ammunition consists of 2,000 rounds of ammunition in eight belts of 250 each, and the combat rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.
Armor protection
The T-90 has sharply differentiated ballistic armor protection. The armored hull of the T-90 is welded, the turret is cast on the T-90 and welded on the T-90CA and T-90A. The main material of the hull is armor steel; The upper frontal plate of the hull, as well as the frontal part of the turret within the heading angles of ±35°, consist of multi-layer composite armor. The sides and roof of the turret and the side armor plates of the hull also have a partially multilayer structure.
In addition to traditional armor and dynamic protection, T-90 is equipped with active protection, consisting of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex. The complex is designed to protect a tank from being hit by anti-tank guided missiles and consists of an optical-electronic suppression station and a curtain installation system. The optical-electronic suppression station is designed to protect against missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system and consists of two OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlights, two modulators and a control panel.
Vehicles based on the T-90:
BMPT - fighting machine tank support
IMR-3M- engineering barrier vehicle
MTU-90- bridge layer
E300- universal tracked chassis
BMR-3M- armored mine clearing vehicle
Modifications:
T-90- the first serial modification.
T-90K- command version of the T-90, with additional communications (radio station R-163-50K) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
T-90A- the T-90 modification has been produced since 2004, the V-92S2 engine with a power of 1000 hp is installed. pp., thermal imaging equipment has been improved, a welded turret has been installed instead of a cast one, and a new fire protection system has been installed.
T-90AK- command version of the T-90A, with additional communications and navigation equipment, as well as a tactical battle control system.
T-90A(2006) - modernization of the T-90A: a second-generation thermal imaging sight "Essa" was installed, the automatic loader was improved, the reserved volume was increased by 100 liters and the protection of fuel tanks was improved. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2006.
T-90S- export version of the T-90. The tank does not have OTSHU Shtora floodlights; instead, additional ones are installed. VDZ blocks.
T-90SK- command version of the T-90S, with additional communications and navigation equipment.
T-90SA- export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified laser radiation detection system, a new PPO system was installed. The tank does not have OTSHU Shtora floodlights; instead, additional ones are installed. VDZ blocks.
T-90SKA- command version of the T-90CA, with additional communications and navigation equipment and the T-BMS tactical battle management system.
T-90AM - latest modification T-90A, work on which was started at the initiative of UKBTM in 2004 by OCD theme"Breakthrough". For the first time, the export version of this modification of the tank under the name T-90MS was presented to the public on September 9, 2011 at the Staratel training ground in Nizhny Tagil as part of the VIII international arms exhibition REA-2011. The main features of the tank modernization were the replacement of the old turret with a new combat module, which is equipped with an improved Kalina fire control system with an integrated tactical level combat information and control system, new machine loading and modernized 2A46M-5 cannon, as well as remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun"UDP T05BV-1". The Relikt remote sensing device was installed instead of Kontakt-V. Particular attention was paid to improving the commander's ability to find targets and control weapons fire equally effectively during the day and at night. For the first time in a Russian main tank, steering wheel-based control and an automatic gear shift system with the ability to switch to manual were used. The ammunition is placed in 2 stowage groups: 1 inside the tank and 1 outside, 22 shots are located in the AZ, in the lower part of the hull, the remaining shots and charges for them are located in an armored box located at the rear of the turret. To improve mobility and maneuverability, the modernized tank is equipped with a new combined night vision device for the driver and a rear-view camera. The weight of the new version, compared to the base model, has increased by one and a half tons and is 48 tons, which is still significantly less than, for example, the weight of its American and German counterparts. The tank is equipped with a monoblock power plant B-93 with a capacity of 1130 hp. pp., developed on the basis of the V-92S2F2. The anti-neutron cap was removed and replaced with fire-resistant anti-fragmentation material such as Kevlar, and the fire extinguishing system was improved. The firepower, protection and mobility of the tank have noticeably improved, the dimensions of the tank have not increased and in terms of weight it continues to remain in the class of up to 50 tons.
T-90SM- export version of the T-90AM tank.
Common data:
Year of adoption: 1993
Combat weight: 46.5 t
Crew: 3 people
Length with gun forward: 9530 mm
Case length: 6860 mm
Overall width: 3780 mm
Track width: 3370 mm
Tower roof height: 2230 mm
Reserved tank volume: 11.04 m3
Reserved hull volume: 9.19 m3
Reserved tower volume: 1.85 m3
Armament
A gun: smoothbore launcher type 2A46M
Gun caliber: 125 mm
Barrel tube length: 51 caliber
Rollback length: 300 mm
Barrel purging: ejection
Maximum permissible powder gas pressure for the barrel: 5 200 kgf/cm2
Combat rate of fire: 8 shots/min
Loading: automatic
Ammunition: 43 (22) rds. (including in the automatic loader)
Ammo types: BPS, BKS, OFS, SGPE, UR
Shot type: separate-sleeve
BPS initial speed: 1715 m/s
Weight of shot from BPS: 20.2 kg
BPS mass: 5.9 kg
BCS initial speed: 905 m/s
Weight of shot from BKS: 29 kg
BCS weight: 19 kg
Stabilizer: electric machine horizontally, electrohydraulic vertically
Twin weapons:
PKT machine gun
Caliber: 7.62 mm
Ammunition: 2000 pcs
Anti-aircraft weapons:
machine gun NSVT-12.7
Caliber: 12.7 mm
Ammunition: 300 pcs
Control: remote
Guided weapons:
guided missile 9K119
Missile guidance system: by laser beam
Maximum firing range: 5000 m
Fire control system
Maximum turret rotation speed: 24 deg/s
Maximum gun elevation angle: 20 deg.
Maximum gun descent angle: 7 degrees
Duplicate fire control: There is
Rangefinder: laser
Range measurement range: 500-5000 m
Ballistic computer: electronic digital
Main gunner sight:
periscope, combined with LD and thermal imager
Increase: 2.7-12 times
Field of view angle: 20-4.5 degrees.
Stabilization of the sight's field of view: independent in VN and GN
Gunner's night sight:
thermal imaging
Vision range at night: 2600 m
Commander's main instrument: periscopic
Increase: 7.5 times (days); 5.1 times (n)
Field of view angle: 7 degrees
Anti-aircraft sight: There is
Commander's Night Sight: thermal imaging video viewing device
Vision range at night: 2600 m
Security
Armor protection: combined
Angle of inclination of the upper frontal part of the body: 68 degrees
Anti-cumulative side screens: There is
TDA system: There is
Smoke grenade launchers: 12 pcs.
Optical-electronic suppression complex: There is
Dynamic protection:
built-in
Collective protection system against weapons of mass destruction: general exchange
Fast-acting PPO system: There is
Mobility and permeability
Maximum speed: 60 km/h
Specific power: 18.1 hp/t
Highway range: 500 km
Fuel tank capacity: 1200+400 l
Average specific pressure of tracks on the ground: 0.91 kgf/cm2
Clearance: 492 mm
Obstacles to be overcome:
moat: 2.8 m
vertical wall: 0.85 m
ford: 1.2 m
maximum lift angle: 30 deg.
Depth of surmountable water obstacle with OPVT: 5 m
Power point
Engine: multi-fuel diesel V-84MS
Maximum power: 618 (840) kW (hp)
Maximum torque: 340 kgf m
Number of cylinders: 12
Cylinder arrangement: V-shape 60°
Tact: 4
Cooling type: liquid
Overall power: 700 hp/m3
Engine weight: 1020 kg
Compression ratio: 14
Piston stroke: 180/186.7 mm
Cylinder diameter: 150 mm
Working volume: 38.88 l
Specific fuel consumption: 180 g/hp h
Transmission
Transmission type: mechanical planetary
Transmission: two onboard planetary
Number of forward/reverse gears: 7/1
Rotation mechanism: non-differential
Minimum design turning radius: 2.79 m
Main brake: disk, operating in oil
Transmission weight: 1870 kg
Final drive: planetary
Motion control system: hydraulic
Chassis
Suspension: torsion bar
Dynamic roller motion: 320 mm
Shock absorbers: 6 pcs. hydraulic vane
Track width: 2790 mm
Track track length: 4270 mm
Track width: 580 mm
Number of tracks: 97
Weight of one caterpillar: 1723 kg
Number of road wheels per board: 6
Track roller diameter: 750 mm
Track roller damping type: external
Number of support rollers on board: 3
Tension mechanism: worm
Few issues related to the armament of the Russian army do not cause such heated debate as the future of domestic armored forces. Experts, journalists, professional military personnel and simply people interested in military affairs are participating in a furious discussion. Articles on this topic regularly appear in the Russian media. Representatives of the top leadership of the Russian army do not tire of adding fuel to the fire.
There are debates about the potential of Russian combat vehicles, as well as their comparison with foreign counterparts. In 2011, the then Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces, Colonel General Postnikov, spoke extremely unflatteringly about the characteristics of the T-90 tank, comparing them with the performance of the main German Leopard-2 tank. According to him, the T-90 is not a technical breakthrough, but just another modernization of the T-72, in which there is nothing fundamentally new. He also mentioned that, in his opinion, the price of a Russian tank is too high - for 120 million rubles (this is the price of one T-90) you can buy several Leopard 2A7 tanks. On the other hand, many experts call the T-90 the bestto datethe main tank in the world. Where is the truth?
The T-90 tank is a continuation of the T-72 and T-80 family of vehicles. Its development and testing began in the late 80s of the last century, and it was put into service in 1992. The car does not contain any revolutionary innovations; conceptually it continues earlier cars. Of course, many changes were made to the design of the T-90: the fire control system and protection were improved, the vehicle received more advanced multi-layer armor and built-in dynamic protection, but we can say that the T-90 is just the most modern modernization of the T-72.
History of the creation of the T-90:
In 1985, mass production of the new T-72B tank began - but already at that time the tank was obsolete in comparison with advanced foreign analogues. This was especially true for the fire control system; in this regard, it lost not only to the Leopard and Abrams, but even to the new Soviet tanks. Therefore, immediately after the start of serial production of the T-72B, work began on its modernization.
The 1A45 “Irtysh” fire control system (FCS) was installed on the vehicle; it was well tested on T-80 tanks), it was combined with the tank’s automatic loader. The latest optical-electronic suppression complex (KOEP) “Shtora” was also installed, which protected the vehicle from anti-tank weapons, especially those using laser guidance. It cannot be said that the new tank is technical specifications turned out to be a breakthrough - but the protection and firepower of the vehicle were increased.
In 1989, state testing of the tank began at several training grounds in different parts of the USSR. Tests in Central Asia, in conditions of high temperature, sand and dust. In 1992, the tests were successfully completed, and the new vehicle was put into service. In the same year, mass production of the vehicle began, designated T-90. After tragic death Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, the chief designer of this model, the T-90 was named “Vladimir” in his honor.
T-90 different modifications became the most popular and best-selling Russian tank on the world market. Until 1998, 120 tanks of this type were manufactured for the Russian Ministry of Defense. In 2004, work began on modernizing the T-90, which resulted in the appearance of the T-90A and T-90AK vehicles (they featured a more powerful engine, a new welded turret, an improved thermal imaging sight and a new gun stabilizer). The latest modification of the T-90 is the T-90AM tank, which is equipped with a new Kalina fire control system, an upgraded gun, a new automatic loader and a more powerful engine.
During the production of the T-90, several export modifications of the tank were created, which took into account customer requirements. Russian Ministry Defense has stopped purchasing the vehicle since the end of 2011.
Structure of the T-90 tank
The main battle tank T-90 has classic scheme layout: the control compartment is located in the bow, the fighting compartment is in the middle of the vehicle, and the engine and transmission are in the rear of the tank. The crew consists of three people: the driver is in the control compartment, and the commander and gunner are inside the turret, to the left and right of the gun.
The tank's hull is made of welded armor, the frontal part of the vehicle consists of multi-layer armor using composite materials and with built-in dynamic protection.
The main armament of the T-90 is a 125 mm smoothbore gun. The gun is equipped with a stabilizer, a chrome-plated barrel, and has systems for recording barrel deformation and pumping out powder gases. The length of the gun is 48 calibers. The gun's rate of fire reaches 8 shots in 56 seconds. The T-90 is also armed with a coaxial machine gun and an anti-aircraft gun (NSVT "Utes").
The tank's ammunition load is 43 rounds and includes different kinds ammunition: 3BM42 armor-piercing sub-caliber projectiles, 3BK29M armor-piercing cumulative projectiles, high-explosive fragmentation projectiles with an electronic remote fuse (increases the effectiveness of the fight against enemy personnel located in shelters), as well as 9M119 ATGM. The firing range of anti-tank missiles ranges from 100 to 5000 meters. No tank in the world has ammunition with such a range.
The T-90 is equipped with a four-stroke 12-cylinder diesel engine; in later versions of the vehicle it was replaced with a more advanced engine with a turbocharger, which increased its power from 840 hp. up to 1000 hp The engine provides greater mobility and maneuverability of the tank; it is not for nothing that the T-90 is called the “Russian flying tank.” The transmission is planetary type, there are 7 forward gears and one reverse gear.
The fire control system makes shooting as easy as possible. All data (firing range, wind direction and speed, air temperature, tank position) for firing are taken into account automatically and the gunner simply needs to aim the sight at the target and press the fire button. The tank is equipped with a Buran-PA night sight, as well as an Agat-S sighting system for the tank commander.
The T-90 is protected by multi-layer armor with built-in Kontakt-5 dynamic protection. The Shtora-1 optical-electronic countermeasures system protects the vehicle from anti-tank weapons with a semi-automatic guidance system or laser homing. Laser radiation sensors ensure its reception within a 360° radius, the data is quickly processed, and an aerosol grenade is fired in the desired direction, blocking the laser beam. The tank has modern system fire extinguishing
The vulnerable point of protection of the T-90 tank is its fuel system. The fuel tanks are partially located in the combat compartment and are in no way separated from the crew. Another problem with this vehicle is the placement of ammunition inside the fighting compartment, while it is also not isolated from the crew. Its detonation is guaranteed to lead to the destruction of the tank.
The T-90 uses the chassis of the T-72 tank. In combination with a new engine, reliable transmission and low weight of the machine, it provides high mobility and maneuverability. Due to its ability to effectively overcome obstacles, some Western experts call the T-90 a “flying tank.”
Main performance characteristics of the T-90 tank
| Main characteristics | |
| Crew composition | 3 persons |
| Tank weight, t | 46,5 |
| Length, m | 6,86 |
| Tank hull width, m | 3,78 |
| Tower hatch height, m | 2,23 |
| Engine power, hp | 800/1000 l. With. (diesel) |
| Number of cylinders | 12 |
| Cooling | Liquid |
| Transmission | |
| Type: mechanical | Two final drives, input gearbox and coaxial final drives |
| Number of gears (forward/reverse) | 7/1 |
| Diesel fuel tank life on the highway; capacity | 550 km; 1200 l |
| With mounted tanks; capacity | 700 km; 400 l |
| Fuel consumption, l/100 km | 240-450 |
| Chassis | |
| Suspension | Torsion bar |
| Highway speed, km/h | 60 |
| Speed on arable land, km/h | 50 |
| Obstacle elevation angle | 30 degrees |
| Obstacle barrier, m | 0,8 |
| Barrier ditch, m | 2,8 |
| Barrier ford, m | 1,2 (1,8) |
| Tank armament | |
| Gun type; caliber | Smoothbore; 125 mm |
| Guided missiles | |
| Firing range | 5 km |
| Loading | Automatic, manual |
| Number of ammunition, pcs. | 42 (22 rounds in the automatic loader) |
| Rate of fire | 8 rounds per minute |
| Ammunition types | BPS, BKS, OFS, UR |
| Coaxial machine gun | PTKM 7.62 mm; 2000 rounds |
| Heavy machine gun | CORD 12.7 mm; 300 rounds |
| Protection | |
| Multi-layer combined armor, with Kontakt-5 dynamic protection. KOEP "SHTORA-1" | |
Advantages and disadvantages of the T-90
The T-90 tank is truly a modern tank with characteristics that are not inferior to their foreign counterparts. His strengths are good mobility and maneuverability, reliability of the engine and chassis, as well as a good level of security. The relatively light weight of the tank and its dimensions make the vehicle less vulnerable to enemy fire.
TO negative aspects The T-90 can be attributed to the location of the ammunition and fuel tanks next to the crew. ERA is ineffective against tandem munitions (although the tank's protection system is effective against most anti-tank weapons). The fire control system on early modifications is outdated, although the Kalina fire control system installed on the latest models is not inferior to foreign analogues. The tank's disadvantage is also its low reverse speed.
The undoubted advantage of the T-90 is the ability to fire guided missiles at a range of up to 5000 meters.
Modifications of the T-90 tank:
- T-90S - a machine made for export
- T-90SK - command version of the T-90S
- T-90K - T-90 command tank, the vehicle is equipped with additional communications and navigation equipment
- T-90A - a vehicle with a more powerful power plant, a welded turret, a new automatic loader and a new thermal imaging sight
- T-90AK - command T-90A
- T-90SA - export version of T-90A
- T-90SKA - command version of the T-90SA
- T-90AM is the latest modification of the T-90A. The Kalina control system, a new automatic loader and a new Relikt remote control system and a V-92S2F power plant (1130 hp) were installed.
There is a whole range of vehicles developed on the basis of the T-90 - for carrying out sapper work, bridge layers, recovery vehicles. The T-90 is in service with several countries around the world.
Video about T-90
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The whole truth about the Russian main battle tank T-90
Towards the end of the USSR, the GABTU decided that a single main battle tank ground forces Soviet Union The T-80UD Bereza tank will definitely become one of the most advanced Soviet tanks.
After the abolition of the USSR, a unique opportunity arose in Russia to make the T-80UD tank a single MBT of the Russian army. Moreover, Kharkov T-80UD tanks were constantly in sight, being part of the staff of the Kantemirovsky and Tamansky divisions.
But Uralvagonzavod was not going to put up with the current situation, doing everything possible to prevent this from happening, as a result paving the way for its proactive T-90 tank.
The fairly outdated Nizhny Tagil T-72 tank is an export, deeply converted copy of the secret Soviet T-64 tank with seriously reduced fire control system, armor and running capabilities. The T-90 continues the further line until the development of the combat capabilities of the T-72 tank.
The T-90 tank is renamed by Uralvagonzavod for marketing purposes on a quick fix tank T-72BU (T-72B improved model 1991). The T-90 is slightly superior to its ancestor - the Nizhny Tagil T-72 tank and has similar combat capabilities comparable to the characteristics of the Soviet main battle tanks - T-64 and T-80.
The adoption of the T-90 into service became the biggest crime against defense capability Russian state. Another tank has entered service with the Russian army with characteristics comparable to the T-64, T-72 and T-80 tanks.
This is how, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the secret and previously most unrealizable dream of Uralvagonzavod came true - after eliminating competitors, the Nizhny Tagil T-90 tank finally became the main battle tank of the Russian state, and the weakest Soviet tank design bureau UKBTM became Russia's leading developer of armored vehicles. Everything has turned upside down...
According to the Nizhny Tagil philosophy of assigning personal indices to new tanks, UKBTM has always tried to assign indices to its developments that must end with numbers 2 or 5 , for example: T-5 5 , T-6 2 , T-7 2 , T-9 5 (object 19 5 ).
For the tank, the T-72B improved model of 1991, when assigning a new index, UKBTM did not adhere to its original tradition, thereby indirectly only confirming that the modernized tank T-72BU model 1991 does not have the legitimate right to bear the real Nizhny Tagil index " T-92" And ultimately, instead of the “T-92” index, UKBTM settled on the transitional “T-90” index, which was previously not typical for Nizhny Tagil vehicles.
The T-90 could have remained a purely Russian tank. Only thanks to the fact that the Ukrainian T-80UD Bereza tank won the Pakistani tender, India was forced to quickly take retaliatory steps and turned to Russia to purchase Russian tanks. But since Russia by the end of the 90s had completely lost the ability to produce the most advanced Russian tank, the T-80U, India had no choice but to set its sights on the Nizhny Tagil tank with meager combat capabilities. Therefore, India chose the Ural T-90 in order to somehow neutralize the overwhelming superiority of the Ukrainian T-80UD tanks of the Pakistani army over the most modern Indian tanks T-72M1 at that time.
An Indian soldier atop T-72 Ajeya tank waits during the rehearsal for the Republic Day parade in New Delhi on January 17, 2012. India will celebrate its 63rd Republic Day on January 26 with a large military parade. AFP PHOTO / Prakash SINGH (Photo credit should read PRAKASH SINGH/AFP/Getty Images)
As life has shown, the adoption of the Russian T-90 tank by the Indian Army for service has become the greatest Indian defense miscalculation of our time for India.
The Russian T-90 tank, adopted by India, was unable to qualitatively strengthen the combat capabilities of the Indian army, becoming its main disappointment.
The lowest combat capabilities in the Indian army belong to tank and mechanized formations armed specifically with Russian T-90 tanks. Since Russian T-90 tanks are subject to frequent breakdowns and failures of the control system, weapons and other key systems of the tank.
During the Indian Army's exercises, between 80 and 90 T-90 tanks were damaged due to a faulty tank fire control system. And this is only for the duration of the exercises alone! What then to say if hostilities suddenly break out? If for the duration of just one exercise, the Indian army could not scrape together T-90 tanks for one full-fledged tank battalion!
Week-long comparative tests conducted by the Indian Army in different climatic zones of India on the T-90 and Arjun tanks showed that the Indian Arjun tank is superior to the Russian tank in all key combat parameters.
It is not for nothing that the T-90C tanks were nicknamed “night butterflies” and “rusty buckets” in India for their low combat and operational capabilities. The Russian T-90 tanks received the nickname “night butterfly” from the Indian military because these tanks simply cannot be used in the daytime, since the equipment of the tank control system often breaks down in the heat. And no matter how hard the Indians tried, they were ultimately unable to eliminate this defect in the T-90 tanks.
The T-90 tanks received the nickname “rust buckets” because they long ago needed to be scrapped as metal for later cutting. Indian military experts thus draw attention to the fact that by sending T-90 tanks to metal, they could ultimately bring at least some benefit to the economy and national economy of India.
Having made such a serious mistake in the past, now the Indian military leadership is forced to puzzle over a difficult dilemma: what to do next with the T-90 tanks, which have already been adopted in sufficient numbers by the Indian army?
Let's consider the possible options. First. Take the Indian army and organize the modernization of T-90 tanks? This means that the Indian army will be forced to transfer combat units armed with T-90 tanks to reserve for an indefinite period of time, which means seriously weakening the disputed border tank-hazardous areas on the border with Pakistan. This option, even for such a large and economically powerful country as India, is very difficult and unfavorable.
Next option under consideration. Should the T-90 tanks be completely removed from service and then sent for melting down? But even all Indian production capabilities will not be enough to promptly and fully re-equip all formations armed with Russian T-90 tanks with domestic Indian Arjun Mk.1 tanks.
Next possible variant. Buy completely different new tanks abroad? Start holding a tender? This requires a lot of time. And to openly and honestly admit that the emergency purchase of Russian T-90 tanks at the end of the 90s turned out to be a stupid mistake - this means inflicting an irreparable blow on all those political circles of power that then approved this reckless disastrous step. No one in today's current government of India would even want to take upon themselves, firstly, the courage for such a decision, and secondly, bear responsibility. After all, no matter how, political ratings are constantly under scrutiny.
Next option. Turn a blind eye to the shortcomings of the purchased Russian tank and continue to weaken the Indian tanks at the same pace tank forces, throwing many billions of dollars of financial resources of the Indian state down the drain? That is, to continue in the same spirit to do Russia, represented by Uralvagonzavod, a disservice? At a time when in India every day 3,000 Indian children die from hunger and malnutrition and up to 2 million Indian citizens go hungry every day?
This is how the Indian military leadership, from day to day, is constantly tormented in its doubts over the problematic T-90 tank, looking for the right path to a single, acceptable denominator.
As of today, the HVF plant in Avadi, India has ceased production of T-90C Bhisma tanks under license. There has been no new order from the Indian Army for these tanks.
In addition to India, Russia itself is very disappointed in the T-90 tanks. Today, the modern Russian army simply does not need T-90A tanks. The Russian army does not want to purchase outdated and useless T-90 tanks. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is not eager to pay a lot of money for a tank that is not so different in combat capabilities from the existing Soviet-made T-72 tanks. The Russian army is interested in modernizing cheap combat T-72s rather than buying new but extremely expensive T-90A tanks. Uralvagonzavod for the Russian Ministry of Defense cannot finalize the price of the unreasonably expensive T-90 tank. The cost of the T-90A is estimated at 71 million 915 thousand wooden Russian rubles.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces, Colonel General Alexander Postnikov, said that for the money that Uralvagonzavod demands for the new T-90A tank, it would be easier to buy three German Leopards.
An adequate assessment of the T-90A tanks was given by the General Director of Uralvagonzavod Oleg Sienko, calling the products produced by his own enterprises nothing other than “UVZ carts” and at the same time very accurately and laconically noted: “I’m already tired of all this: these crazy kits, hoses... Already in you won't enter the tank. If you walk into a foreign tank at an exhibition, you sit as if not in a Mercedes, then in a Volkswagen. If you climb into ours, it’s just that some arteries stick out everywhere...”
The Russian main battle tank T-90A is clearly inferior to the most advanced Western tanks - the American M1A2 SEP V2 Abrams and the German Leopard 2A6, lagging behind them by a whole generation.
Russian tankers, to put it mildly, do not respect the T-90 tank because it has worst characteristics than the flying gas turbine tank T-80U.
Russian main suspension battle tank The T-90A has insufficient ride smoothness due to high shaking accelerations when driving over small uneven surfaces with high resistance of hydraulic shock absorbers, suspension breakdowns (hard impacts of the balancer point-blank on the body), and low resistance of hydraulic shock absorbers.
The consequence of this is, in addition to the insufficient level of crew comfort, restrictions on firing on the move when moving over large uneven surfaces due to large vibrations of the hull.
The main disadvantages of Russian T-90 tanks are: low survivability due to poor coverage by dynamic protection elements; outdated fire control system; location of fuel tanks and ammunition in the same volume as the crew; an outdated manual transmission, developed for the T-72 tank, operating at the limit of its capabilities; the presence of levers instead of a steering wheel, making control of the tank inconvenient; low speed in reverse, only 4.8 km/h.
The engine and transmission compartment used on the Nizhny Tagil T-72 and T-90 tanks is archaic and has its roots in the old Soviet T-54 tank.
The T-90 tank lacks an automated gearbox, while for its foreign counterparts this has long become the norm.
The Ural diesel engines of the B series installed on T-90 tanks rapidly lose up to 30% of their power in the heat at temperatures above + 34 degrees Celsius. Most of the engine power of the T-90 tank is spent on the cooling system, gearbox and energy-intensive suspension.
Russia's most modern tank, the T-90, does not have the ability to quickly change engines. Changing the engine on a T-90 tank requires from one to two days. Changing the engine in tanks - the German Leoparda 2A6 and the Ukrainian T-84 BM Oplot takes no more than 2 hours. The difference is certainly obvious.
The T-90 tank with the V-84MS engine is worse in terms of driving capabilities than the T-72B mod. 89. The T-90 of the first series was equipped with the V-84MS engine with a power of 840 hp. and the T-72B model 1989 has an engine with a total power of 840 hp. But what is the main secret? Due to the fact that the weight of the T-72BU tank, also known as the T-90, increased during its modernization (renaming), as a result, only 600 hp are supplied to the gearbox, and in the same T-72B mod. 89 reaches the gearbox 640-645 hp. Therefore, the driving performance of the T-72B mod. 89 is slightly better than the later T-90 mod. 1992.
T-90A model 2004 with a V-92 engine with a power of 1000 hp. in terms of driving performance it is at the level of the T-72B tank mod. 89, since the gearbox of the T-90A tank receives 720-730 hp. Thus, Uralvagonzavod managed to catch up with the T-72B tank in terms of running capabilities only over the next 14 years. 89 So what new tank with the name T-90 are we talking about? Just from this one example we were convinced that the vaunted T-90 tank is not a new tank. The statement “The T-90 is a new tank” is just sheer advertising profanity...and empty brainwashing from the developer of the T-90 tank.
The real power of the V-84MS engine of the T-90 tank at temperatures above + 50 degrees Celsius in the shade drops from 840 hp. up to 420 - 450 hp At the same time, it is impossible to squeeze higher than fifth gear due to lack of engine power.
The poor mobility of the T-90 tank is influenced by the fact that, like its older brother the T-72 tank, the fan cooling system is powered by a guitar. The Algerians, having purchased Russian T-90SA tanks with V-92S2 engines, encountered serious problems during the operation of these tanks. In Algeria, B-92S2 engines barely reached the manufacturer-guaranteed engine life of 300 hours. Therefore, the Algerians were forced to suspend the acceptance of T-90SA tanks until the Russian side eliminated the deficiencies in the cooling system.
Not everything is simple with the electronics in the T-90 tank. The T-90A main battle tank also lacks an on-board system (BIUS), which reports the situation on the battlefield and shows the location of other armored vehicles of its unit. And the sighting and observation system of the PNK-4S T-90 commander does not meet any modern requirements at all.
The T-90S manufactured by Russia for India are equipped with relatively modern French thermal imagers and a number of imported electronic components. Russia generally does not have the ability to produce modern tank electronics and is forced to purchase it mainly from France or Belarus.
Compared to the most modern Western tanks, the Russian T-90 tank has a relatively small declination angle and gun elevation.
Russian tank industry for last years partially lost the technology for manufacturing high-quality cannon barrels. The service life of the most modern Russian 2A46M5 tank guns does not exceed 450 rounds, which is more than two times lower than that of German, French and American tank guns. And if you fire a guided missile, the resource of the Russian 2A46M5 tank gun mounted on the T-90A tank drops to only 50 shots! The 2A46M5 tank gun of the T-90A tank has low ballistics and poor wear resistance of the barrel bore.
The use of ancient Soviet shells in the T-90A's arsenal significantly reduces its firepower. In the automatic loader of the T-90A tank, it is impossible to use relatively new Russian armor-piercing finned sabot shells ZBM60 Svinets-2 with an increased core length. Due to the fact that they simply do not fit in size into the Nizhny Tagil automatic loader used on the T-90A, which was inherited from the Ural T-72 tank completely unchanged.
The most “modern” Russian T-90A tank still lacks protection for the crew from ammunition explosions. If a shell penetrates the turret or side of the T-90 hull, then the entire crew dies from the detonation of the ammunition located in the tank’s automatic loader. The crew in the fighting compartment of the T-90 tank is located immediately above the armored partition, under which the ammunition rack of the automatic loader with shells and their powder charges is located in a horizontal position.
The T-90A tank supplied to the Russian army has a weakened “hole” zone in the turret’s VLD, which is not blocked by the built-in Kontakt-V dynamic protection.
Nizhny Tagil designers managed to solve the problem of insufficient coverage of the frontal armor of the turret by dynamic protection elements on the export T-90S, where there are no searchlights for the optical-electronic jamming system. The Russian ground forces receive a tank with the dynamic protection elements removed, the place of which is taken by Shtor electronic components.
A few years ago in Germany, the modern German RPG Panzerfaust-3 was tested on dynamic protection - the Russian Contact-5 and the Polish ERAWA-2 (which is inferior to ERAWA-3). Ultimately, the Polish ERAWA-2 dynamic protection won the comparative tests.
After some time, only in Poland, additional comparative tests were carried out with two dynamic protections. And the results obtained again showed that the Polish ERAWA-2 dynamic protection is better able to withstand the shots of the German Panzerfaust-3 RPG than its Russian counterpart.
According to the Steel Research Institute, the turret of the T-90A tank with Kontakt-V dynamic protection can easily be penetrated by a modern American M829A3 armor-piercing finned sabot projectile at a distance of up to 1 kilometer.
Modern dynamic protection has not yet been developed in Russia.
Relatively new development of the Research Institute of Steel, reactive armor Relict can hardly cope with modern armor-piercing finned sub-caliber projectiles.
Foreign BOPS DM43, DM53 (Germany), M829A3 (USA) are capable of overcoming the most modern Russian dynamic protection “Relikt” (installed on the T-90MS Tagil demonstrator tank) without causing its detonation.
The high armor penetration of foreign 120-mm BOPS will allow advanced Western and Chinese tanks to easily destroy Russian T-90A tanks. At the same time, the probability of hitting a T-90A tank with an American M829A3 projectile when shelling frontal zones at a distance of 2 km will be 0.8–0.9.
Today, the classic layout of the most modern Russian T-90A tank has not only practically exhausted the possibilities of radically increasing the parameters of its invulnerability, but has also led to a crisis in the design ideas of Uralvagozavod in terms of improving the armor protection of these tanks from the upper hemisphere. 
The thickness of the roof armor of the T-90A tank does not exceed 40 mm and mounted dynamic protection (DZ) is placed on it. Thanks to this, T-90A tanks can be easily hit by NATO anti-tank shells, ATGMs and mines, which, when approaching the tank, attack it from the upper hemisphere.
For the bottom of the Russian T-90A main battle tank, the typical armor thickness is only 20–30 mm. Which gives the enemy an easy opportunity to hit the T-90 tank using on-board magnetic mines.
The crew seats of the T-90 tank are not ergonomic and very uncomfortable. As a result, such limited space leads to stiffness, fatigue crew, which negatively affects its combat and emotional capabilities.
In the future, it is not possible to carry out a serious modernization on the T-90 tank, due to its cramped and very dense layout.
The T-90 tank, like the T-72 tank, has long exhausted all its possibilities for further modernization. For example, the most secret Soviet tank T-64 at this moment time, it is much easier to modernize than the Nizhny Tagil tanks of the T-72 and T-90 (T-72BU) line.
Time has once again proven and shown to everyone that the tracks first used on the Soviet T-64 tank were later used on the T-80 tank through structural improvements. At the beginning of the 2000s, Nizhny Tagil designers, realizing their mistake, also began to smoothly convert their T-72 and T-90 (T-72BU) tanks to them.
On Russian tanks of the T-90 and T-72 series it is not possible to overcome water obstacles more than 1 kilometer wide, since in these tanks, when overcoming a water obstacle for a long time, the engine stops and as a result the tanks remain motionless, that is, they drown along with the crews.
The fan cooling system of tanks of the T-72 and T-90 series has limitations on operating time under water. To remove this limitation, radiators must be placed in a compartment separate from the engine, which, when moving underwater, must be flooded with sea water and the fan drive must be switchable, which is not the case on T-72/90 series tanks.
This problem does not exist on the Ukrainian T-64 BM Bulat and T-80UD Bereza tanks. The T-64 BM Bulat and T-80UD tanks can overcome water obstacles (rivers) of unlimited width along the bottom, because their radiators are easily washed by sea water during underwater driving. When washing with sea water from the radiators of Ukrainian tanks BM Bulat and T-80UD, very intense heat removal is carried out, due to this the engines do not overheat. Therefore, for the engines of the T-64 and T-80UD tanks there are no restrictions on the duration of operation when underwater crossing rivers with a width of more than one kilometer.
The fact of the competitive attractiveness of the T-90 tank is very eloquent, when Iran more than once from 2004 to 2008 turned to the Russian Federation to purchase the most modern Russian T-80U tank. But Russia simply could not conclude a deal beneficial for both parties, because by this time it had lost the full production cycle of gas turbine tanks. In exchange for T-80U tanks, Russia more than once offered Iran to purchase Nizhny Tagil T-90 tanks, but Iran, being well aware of their real combat characteristics, each time refused such happiness. And this at a time when the issue of updating the rather outdated tank fleet of the Iranian army was high on the agenda for Iran!
Not a single self-respecting country in the world has adopted the T-90 tank for service.
For all its time, except for India and Russia, the T-90 tank was exported only to authoritarian countries with a poor democratic climate - Algeria, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
When buying a T-90 tank, these countries pay attention to its weak combat characteristics, only as a last resort. For such countries, the combat capabilities of a tank are not the most important thing. The main thing is that the tank was new, it could be rolled out once a year for a parade in honor of the anniversary to glorify the achievements of the country's leader.
Russian T-90 tanks are also bought in order to have a very effective tool to disperse peaceful demonstrations of dissent, demanding democratic change like air. To intimidate the population with the very sight of tanks, keeping them in submissive fear.
The T-90 tank has become a kind of instrument for guaranteeing and crystallizing the power of anti-people regimes for many years to come. For authoritarian regimes, the T-90, in combination with gold and diamonds, has become a profitable investment of capital plundered over decades from ordinary people.
For example, countries with a high level of respect for democracy and democratic freedoms, such as the USA, Germany, France and Great Britain, never allow the supply of such heavy destabilizing weapons as tanks to countries that violate the principles of democracy and human freedoms. As can already be seen from this example alone, the Russian Federation does not have the T-90 tank on this list. After all, money doesn’t smell...
Thus, Uralvagonzavod managed to supply T-90SA tanks to Algeria only thanks to the fact that Russia wrote off half of Algeria’s government debts. If debts were not written off, Algeria would not even look in the direction of the T-90SA tank.
Due to its meager set of characteristics, the T-90 was not invited to the world's greatest modern tank tenders, held in Sweden, Greece and Turkey.
In Malaysia, the T-90 lost to the Polish RT-91 Twardy tank. During testing, the T-90 managed to get stuck in the jungles of Malaysia.
In Peru and Morocco, the T-90 lost to the Chinese export tank MBT-2000, which did not meet modern requirements, with even more meager characteristics than the Russian tank!
The stagnation of the technical level of the T-90 with a simultaneous increase in its cost led to the fact that the Chinese MBT-2000 managed to beat the T-90S in the Moroccan tender for the supply of main battle tanks. As a result of the tender, the Moroccan Ministry of Defense purchased 150 MBT-2000/VT1A tanks from China.
In Saudi Arabia, the Russian main battle tank T-90 gave way to a modern one German tank Leopard 2A6.
In Thailand, the T-90 lost in all respects to the newest Ukrainian tank BM Oplot.
Therefore, it is not surprising that the Nizhny Tagil T-90 tank, due to its high cost, outdated design, and poor modernization, is not in great demand on the world arms market.
In the near future, NPO Uralvagonzavod pins its great marketing hopes on the next modernization option for the T-90A tank, the T-90MS Tagil tank, first presented in the fall at the REA 2011 defense exhibition held in Nizhny Tagil, Russia.
The T-90MS Tagil tank demonstrator is a running demonstrator of the latest developments and advanced achievements in the armored field of NPO Uralvagonzavod and the Belarusian enterprise Peleng, assembled by hand, made in a single copy, not passed state tests and cannot be adopted by the Russian army.
Despite the fact that the total combat potential of the T-90MS Tagil demonstrator tank in comparison with the serial T-90A tank has increased slightly, even such an increase in its combat capabilities cannot fully satisfy the requirements presented by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
If we only take into account that in recent years the development program for the promising long-term construction T-95 tank (object 195) was discontinued due to the inability of NPO Uralvagonzavod to bring the prototype tank to fruition, as well as the ongoing endless development of the crude T-90MS demonstrator tank Tagil to optimal condition - only indicate that Russia has lost its former status as a great tank-building power and today does not have the ability to independently develop and mass-produce competitive modern tanks that are in demand both on the domestic and foreign arms markets.
In order for Russia to be able to revive at least half of its lost armored potential in the future, there is only one way left - it is necessary to quickly purchase the most modern armored vehicles abroad and, at the same time, try and learn to reproduce them under license at our defense enterprises. The sooner this happens, the better it will be for the Russian army and Russia as a whole.
DATA FOR 2012 (standard update)
T-90 / "object 188"
T-90S / "object 188S"
T-90A / "object 188A"
T-90A "Vladimir" / "object 188A1"
T-90SA / "object 188SA"
T-90M / "object 188M"
T-90AM / "object 188AM"
Main tank. Developed by the Uralvagonzavod design bureau (Nizhny Tagil) under the leadership of chief designer V.I. Potkin within the framework of the research project “Improving the T-72B” (set by decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of June 19, 1986). The prototype of the tank - "object 188" - was created on the basis and as a modernization of the T-72BM tank and was originally called T-72BU ("T-72B improved"). The modernization affected the control system - the 1A40-1 control system was replaced by the 1A45 "Irtysh" control system unified with the T-80U / T-80UD and modified for the T-72BM automatic loader. "Object 188" was developed in parallel with the tank "Object 187", which was a deeper modernization of the T-72BM. Testing of the “object 188” began in January 1989 and continued until the fall of 1990. The tank was tested at the Uralvagonzavod production site, as well as in the Moscow, Kemerovo and Dzhambul regions of the USSR (total mileage about 1,400 km). By the decision of the USSR Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Defense Industry of March 27, 1991, the T-72BU was recommended for adoption by the USSR Armed Forces.
Indian Armed Forces T-90C, 2012 (http://militaryphotos.net).
http://gurkhan.blogspot.com).
http://worldwide-defence.blogspot.com).
After 1991, the introduction of “object 187” into the series was abandoned in favor of . The development work on “object 187” was later used to create modifications of the T-90 and other types of equipment. Taking into account the experience of the combat use of T-72 tanks during Operation Desert Storm (1991), the Uralvagonzavod design bureau made modifications to “object 188” - the TShU-1 Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex was installed. Repeated tests of "object 188" were carried out starting from September 20, 1992. At the request of Russian President B.N. Yeltsin, the name of the tank was changed from T-72BU to T-90 and by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of Russia No. 759-58 of October 5, 1992, the main tank T-90 entered service. The same Resolution determined the possibility of supplying the T-90S modification for export. The tank was put into serial production at the Uralvagonzavod Production Association in November 1992. In 1995, the Russian Ministry of Defense selected the T-90 tank as the main one. Default data is T-90.
Crew- 3 people (the driver is in the control compartment in the center, the gunner and tank commander are in the turret to the left and right of the gun)
The commander's seat, the gunner's seat and the driver's seat in the T-90A tank (2004 model) of the 19th motorized rifle brigade. Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, April 28, 2011 (photo - Denis Mokrushin, http://twower.livejournal.com).
Design- The T-90 is made according to the classic design for Soviet tanks - the control compartment with the driver's seat attached to the roof of the hull is located in the front part, the fighting compartment with a turret in the central part of the tank, the engine and transmission compartment in the rear part. The tank is characterized by a small reserved volume. The hull and turret armor is made of three types of materials - multilayer composite armor, conventional rolled armor and casting. The shape of the T-90 armored hull and its layout are similar to the T-72, but due to the use of composite multilayer armor, the protection is higher. The welded hull is box-shaped, with a wedge-shaped nose section with a classic angle for Soviet tanks at the upper frontal plate (68 degrees). The sides of the hull are vertical, their upper part consists of armor plates, the lower part is formed by the edges of the bottom. The rear of the hull has a reverse slope. The hull roof consists of rolled armor plates, the hull bottom is all-stamped and has a complex shape. The main body material is armor steel. The upper frontal plate of the hull and the frontal part of the turret within the heading angles of ±35° in the front part consist of multi-layer composite armor. The side and roof of the turret and the side of the hull also have partially multi-layer armor.
The turret is cast (T-90) or welded (T-90S and T-90A) - similar in shape to the T-72BM turret, but taking into account the placement of the KUO 1A45T. The turret has a combined armor - in the front part of the turret there are two cavities located at an angle of 55 degrees. to the longitudinal axis of the gun, in which packages of special armor of the “semi-active” type are placed. The armor structure of the front part of the turret with reflective sheets is a barrier consisting of 3 layers: a plate, a spacer and a thin plate. The effect of using “reflective” sheets can reach 40% compared to monolithic armor of the same mass. On the modernized T-90A, instead of cast ones, welded turrets with improved manufacturing technology began to be installed. The reserved volume has increased by 100 liters. In the area of the upper frontal part of the hull near the driver's observation device, the thickness of the armor has been reduced (to make it possible to remove the driver's observation device). The armor on the turret on the sides of the gun embrasure has also been weakened (there is no combined protection, less thickness).
The T-90M modification uses a new type of welded turret, the armor of the upper frontal hull plate has been strengthened, and the fire-resistant anti-fragmentation material Kevlar is used in the design.
Reservation taking into account built-in dynamic protection (equivalent in homogeneous rolled armor steel, estimated data):
New welded turret T-90M compared to welded turret T-90A (http://tank-t-90.ru)
Rubber-fabric screens are installed on the sides of the hull, on which steel shields with dynamic protection are installed (3 shields on each side). On the T-90M, the height of the two screens is increased.
Built-in dynamic protection:
T-90 / T-90A- built-in dynamic protection complex of the second generation "Contact-5" (developed by the Steel Research Institute, 1986, Moscow). The protection elements used are 4S22 (on early series vehicles) or 4S23 (on later series vehicles - T-90A, etc.). Built-in dynamic protection is installed on the frontal upper part of the hull (12 sections), on the turret (forehead, roof - 8 sections) and on the side screens (6 screens). By default, the data of the Kontakt-5 complex is:
Performance characteristics of 4S22 elements:
Dimensions - 251.9 x 131.9 x 13 mm
Element weight - 1.37 kg
Mass of explosives in the element - 0.28 kg (TNT equivalent - 0.33 kg)
Shelf life - at least 10 years
The elements remain operational under mechanical shocks with peak shock loads of 196 m/s2, during accidental drops from a height of 1.5 m onto a concrete or steel base, in the temperature range from -50 to +50 degrees C. The explosive substance in 4S22 elements does not detonate when hit by armor-piercing incendiary bullets of 7.62 and 12.7 mm caliber, fragments of HE shells when detonated at a distance of 10 m or more, or when a flammable mixture and napalm burn on the surface of the EDS. 4S22 elements are installed in special cavities provided in the tank design.
The mass of the complex on the T-90 is 1500 kg
Number of DZ sections - 26 pcs.
The total quantity of 4С22 is 252 pcs.
Number of sections on the main parts of the tank:
on the tower - 8 pcs;
on the upper frontal - 12 pcs;
on side screens - 6 pcs.
The area of the frontal projection of the tank, covered by the complex:
at a heading angle of 0 degrees - more than 55%
at heading angles ±20 degrees (hull) - more than 45%
at heading angles ±35 degrees (tower) - more than 45%
Increased tank protection:
from cumulative shells - 1.9...2.0 times
from armor-piercing sabots - 1.2 times (according to test data, 1.6 times)
There is information in the media that the T-90A / T-90SA tanks are equipped with the third generation dynamic protection complex "Cactus" ("Relict") with 4S23 elements. This information requires additional verification.
The second generation dynamic protection complex "Kontakt-5" (front of the hull) and more modern dynamic protection on the turret of the modification of the T-90 tank (http://tank-t-90.ru)
T-90M- built-in third-generation dynamic protection complex "Relikt" (developed by the Steel Research Institute as part of the R&D work "Cactus" and "Relikt") with 4S23 elements.
To reduce exposure to radiation damaging factor The lining of the control compartment and fighting compartment is made of hydrogen-containing polymers with the addition of lithium, boron and lead. On the T-90M / "object 188M" modification, the lining was replaced with a lining made of fire-resistant anti-fragmentation material "Kevlar".
Chassis and transmission.
Suspension type - individual torsion bar, 6 main rollers on each side, hydraulic blade shock absorbers are installed on the 1st, 2nd and 6th pairs of rollers, support rollers with a diameter of 750 mm with an external rubber mass are cast from an aluminum alloy. The rollers are 10 mm wider than those of the T-72B.
Track with sequential engagement - with rubber-metal or open joint.
Transmission - mechanical planetary similar to T-72B with input gearbox, 2 final drives, 7 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. Transmission weight - 1870 kg
Engine:
1) T-90 of the first series - V-shaped 12-cylinder 4-stroke multi-fuel diesel engine V-84MS liquid-cooled with direct fuel injection and a centrifugal drive supercharger developed by SKB Transdiesel (Chelyabinsk). Fuel options are diesel, gasoline (with a slight loss of power), kerosene.
Power - 840 hp at 2000 rpm
Time to replace the engine - 6 hours (team of technicians, М1А1 - 2 hours)
2) Experienced T-90 - diesel V-84KD
Power - up to 1000 hp. at 2000 rpm
3) Experimental or project T-90 - gas turbine engine with a power of more than 1000 hp. (according to Western data)
4) T-90 late series, T-90A, T-90S - V-shaped 12-cylinder 4-stroke multi-fuel diesel engine V-92S2 with a turbocharger (modernized V-84, distinguished by the installation of a turbocharger and improved design) produced by ChTZ (Chelyabinsk).
Power - up to 1000 l. With. at 2000 rpm (950 hp - V-92)
Dimensions - 1458 x 895 x 960 mm
Weight - 1020 kg
Working volume - 39 l
Specific fuel consumption - 170 g/hp. at one o'clock
Adaptability coefficient - 1.25
5) T-90M / T-90AM - diesel B-99 produced by ChTZ (Chelyabinsk), modernized version, 2010.
Power - 1130 / 1200 hp at 2000 rpm
| T-90 first series | T-90S and later modifications | |
| Length with gun | 9530 mm | 9430 mm |
| Case length | 6860 mm | |
| Width | 3460 mm | 3780 mm |
| Width over tracks | 3370 mm | |
| Height | 2226-2228 mm (according to various sources) | |
| Tower roof height | 2190 mm |
Maximum turret rotation speed - 24 degrees/s
Gun elevation angle - from -7 to + 20 degrees
Booked volume:
- total - 11.04 cubic meters
- control department - 2 cubic meters
- fighting compartment - 5.9 cubic meters
- engine compartment - 3.1 cubic meters
Ground clearance - 492 mm (470 mm according to Karpenko)
Minimum design turning radius - 2.79 m
Obstacles to be overcome:
- rise - 30 degrees
- wall - 0.8-0.85 m
- ditch - 2.8 m
- ford:
- 1.2 m (immediately)
- 1.8 m (with preliminary preparation or on models 2001 and later with deep fording system)
- 5 m (with OPVT, obstacle width - up to 1000 m)
Weight:
- 46.5 t (T-90 / T-90S)
- 48 t (T-90A)
Specific power:
- 18.1-18.67 hp/t (T-90 first series)
- 21.5 hp/t (T-90S)
- 20.8 hp/t (T-90A)
Specific ground pressure:
- 0.87 kg/sq.cm (T-90 first series)
- 0.94 kg/sq.cm (T-90A)
Fuel capacity:
- 705 l (internal tanks)
- 1600 l (with two external barrels)
Highway speed - 70 km/h (60 km/h according to Karpenko)
Speed over rough terrain - about 50 km/h
Highway range:
- 500-550 km (up to 650 km according to Karpenko)
- 550 km (T-90S, with “barrels” - according to Uralvagonzavod)
- 700 km (with external tanks)
Mileage between overhauls before major overhaul:
- 14000 km ("object 188")
- 11000 km (T-90S)
Mileage to TO-1 - 2500-2700 km
Mileage to TO-2 - 5000-5200 km
Time to complete maintenance work - 1 - 12 hours
Time to complete TO-2 work - 30 hours
Control inspection time - 15 minutes
Preparation time for leaving the park at temperatures above +5 degrees C - 12 minutes
Time to prepare for combat use- 30 min
Service life of caterpillar tracks and drive wheel crowns - 6000 km
Armament:
- 125 mm smoothbore gun - launcher 2A46M-4 (2A46M-5 on T-90A) with symmetrical recoil brakes, horizontal wedge breech, barrel ejection, thermal protection of the barrel and quick-release screw connection of the barrel (barrel replacement time about 3 hours without dismantling the gun, similar to the T-64). The gun is a modification of the 2A46M-1 gun installed on the . The 2A46M-4 and 2A26M-5 guns for the T-90 are produced by the Barricades Production Association (Volgograd). The T-90M modification has a new version of the gun with improved ballistics. The gun is stabilized in the horizontal (EG stabilizer) and vertical (EV stabilizer) planes.
Barrel length - 6000 mm / 48 calibers
Rollback length - 300 mm
maximum gas pressure in the barrel - 5200 kg/sq.cm
Vertical guidance angles - -6…+13.5 degrees.
Technical rate of fire:
- 8 rounds/min (with automatic loader)
- 7 rounds/min (T-90S)
- 2 rounds/min (manual loading)
Machine loading cycle time - minimum 5 seconds
Sighting range:
- 4000 m (armor-piercing shells)
- 5000 m (ATGM)
- 10000 m (high-explosive fragmentation shells)
T-90A with a 2A46M-5 cannon (photo by D. Pichugin, Equipment and weapons. No. 11 / 2009)
3UBK14 rounds with 9M119 ATGM of the 9K119 complex with a laser receiver of the guidance system (made in the dimensions of standard rounds) - source - official website of Uralvagonzavod
3UBK20 rounds with 9M119M ATGM of the 9K119 complex with a laser receiver of the guidance system (made in the dimensions of standard rounds) and a reduced starting propellant charge 9X949
3VBM17 rounds with a 3BM42 armor-piercing sabot projectile (APS) with a tungsten core
Armor penetration (meeting angle 60 degrees, homogeneous armor) - 600 mm (range 2000 m)
3VBK16 rounds with 3BK18M armor-piercing cumulative projectile (BKS)
Armor penetration (meeting angle 60 degrees, homogeneous armor) - 260 mm (at any range, the data is questionable)
3VOF36 rounds with a 3OF26 high-explosive fragmentation projectile (OFS) (can operate with the Ainet remote detonation system)
Shots with an armor-piercing finned sabot projectile (BOPS), made of tungsten alloy, high-energy gunpowder is used in the propellant charge, armor penetration is almost 20% higher than that of 3BM42 (adopted for service with the latest series of T-90)
3VBK25 rounds with a new generation cumulative projectile, higher armor penetration than 3BK18M (adopted into service with the latest T-90 series)
Shots with a fragmentation-shrapnel projectile with an electronic remote-contact fuse with large area complete destruction, the detonation distance is set automatically according to the KUO laser rangefinder data (adopted into service with the latest T-90 series)
| Shot type | Weight rd. | Weight projectile | Explosive mass | Initial speed | Sighting range |
| Armor-piercing sub-caliber 3VBM17 | 20.4 kg | 7.1 kg | No | 1715 m/s | 3000 m |
| Armor-piercing cumulative 3VBK16 | 29.0 kg | 19.0 kg | 1760 g | 905 m/s | 3000 m |
| High-explosive fragmentation 3VOF36 | 33.0 kg | 23.0 kg | 3400 g | 850 m/s | 10000 m |
| ATGM 3UBK20 | 24.3 kg | 17.2 kg | nd | 400 m/s | 5000 m |
Automatic loader electromechanical carousel type with separate loading (similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander’s seat). Placed on the rotating turret of the tank. The T-90M uses a new type of automatic loader.
ATGM 9K119 "Reflex" (9K119M "Reflex-M" on T-90A) with 9M119 and 9M119M missiles:
Guidance - semi-automatic by laser beam
Target/ATGM illumination is carried out by a guidance device - a laser rangefinder-target designator 1G46 (see below)
Armor penetration (at an encounter angle of 60 degrees, against homogeneous armor) - 350 mm behind dynamic protection
Target speed - 0-70 km/h
Range - 100-5000 m
Tank speed when firing - 0-30 km/h
The probability of hitting a target with one missile is about 1
Time to transfer the complex to combat position - 3 minutes
12.7 mm anti-aircraft machine gun NSVT-12.7 "Utes" (on tanks of the first series) or 6P49 "Kord" (mutually compatible in mounting, power supply and control) mounted on the roof of the turret with an electro-mechanical remote control system 1ETs29 with stabilization in the vertical plane and drives guidance (similar to that previously used on the T-64, you can fire with the commander’s cupola hatch closed).
Ammunition - 300 rounds. (2 tapes of 150 pcs., weight of one loaded magazine box is 25 kg)
The cartridges used are 12.7x108 with armor-piercing incendiary tracer (BZT), anti-armor-piercing incendiary (B-32) and instantaneous incendiary (IMZ) bullets.
Sight - PZU-7.216.644 (optical monocular periscopic, magnification 1.2x)
Aimed fire range - up to 1600 m on targets at speeds from 100 to 300 m/s
Control system operating modes:
- "Automatic" mode - vertical guidance angles from -4 to +20 degrees from the stabilized position of the mirror of the TKN-4S commander's observation device, guidance using an electric drive, automatic.
- "Semi-automatic" mode - guidance using an electric drive, regardless of the position of the commander's observation device TKN-4S.
- "Manual" mode - manual guidance without restrictions.
Horizontal guidance is carried out either manually or using an electric drive in a sector from 45 degrees to the left to 60 degrees to the right from the position of the main gun of the tank.
7.62 mm PKT or PKTM machine gun coaxial with a cannon, belt-fed (model 6P7K on the T-90S).
Combat rate of fire - 250 rounds/min
Ammunition - 2000 rounds. (8 tapes of 250 partons)
The cartridges used are 7.62x54R with light steel (LPS), tracer (T-46), armor-piercing incendiary (B-32) and increased armor penetration bullets.
5.45 mm AKS-74U assault rifle For crew self-defense (1 piece, 15 magazines of 30 rounds each), 10 F-1 or RGD hand grenades, 26 mm signal pistol (12 missiles).
81 mm PU system 902B "Cloud" on the tank turret (12 PU), used for setting up a smoke screen and passive aerosol interference with laser guidance systems
Angle of inclination to horizon:
- 45 degrees (without installation on the KOEP TSHU-1 "Shtora-1" tank)
- 12 degrees (when installed on the KOEP TSHU-1 "Shtora-1" tank)
Ammunition:
3D17 - aerosol smoke grenade, cloud formation time - 3 s, curtain deployment range - 50-80 m, curtain dimensions from one grenade - 15 m in height and 10 m in front;
3D6M - smoke grenade (used on T-90 tank models without KOEP TShU-1 "Shtora";
The active protection system for the Arena tank (developed by the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau, Kolomna) can be installed on T-90 tanks of various modifications.
Equipment:
Tank information and control system (TIUS) - not available on serial vehicles produced until 2010, may appear during modernization; according to media reports, installed on the T-90M (2010). As of 2006, TIUS was being tested on the T-72B2 "Slingshot". The system provides real-time receipt and display of information about the combat situation, tanks of its unit, technical condition tank, etc. and so on.
Automated fire control complex 1A45T "Irtysh" (modified for use with the T-72B automatic loader complex 1A45 of T-80U tanks). The leading designers of the complex are Yu. N. Neugebauer and V. M. Bystritsky. The control system was the first to use micro connectors in electrical circuits control, which reduced the volume and weight of cable routes (a prototype of the complex was also installed on the experimental tank “Object 187”). The complex includes:
1) ASUO 1A42:
1.1 - information and computing day complex for gunner 1A43
1.1.1 - sight-rangefinder guidance device (PDPN) - laser rangefinder 1G46 is used to point the weapon at the target, includes a periscope sight with continuously adjustable magnification (from 2.7x to 12x), laser rangefinder (range determination from 400 to 5000 m), stabilization system in two planes, ATGM guidance system (target illumination with laser). The 1G46 includes a device for aligning the gun with the main sights without leaving the tank (alignment time - up to 1 minute);
Speed of sighting line in vertical and horizontal planes:
- minimum - 0.05 deg/s
- smooth - 0.05-1 deg/s
- maximum - not less than 3 degrees/s
Sight-rangefinder guidance device 1G46 of the T-90A tank (model 2004) of the 19th motorized rifle brigade. On the left is the instrument unit of the French Catherine-FC thermal imager manufactured by Thales. Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, April 28, 2011 (photo - Denis Mokrushin, http://twower.livejournal.com).
1.1.2 - digital ballistic computer 1B528-1 automatically calculates the required elevation and lead angles of the gun, taking into account weather conditions and data on the distance to the target, and automatically aims the gun in accordance with these data; includes a processor, RAM, ROM, feature registers, data registers, main and additional counters, switches, analog memory blocks, DAC and ADC. Unlike earlier tanks, it functions as a firing permission block.
1.1.3 - a set of automatic sensors for firing conditions DVE-BS (gun position, wind speed, tank speed, heading angle to target);
1.1.4 - switch block 1B216 - for adjusting the types of projectiles used (old or new types, three projectile modification switches);
1.2 - main armament stabilizer 2E42-4 "Jasmine" (on the T-90). Stabilization occurs in two planes. In the vertical plane there is an electro-hydraulic drive, in the horizontal plane there is an electric drive. According to some reports, the T-90A was equipped with a new, more advanced stabilizer for the main armament, which significantly improved the accuracy of shooting on the move and on the move, as well as the speed of retargeting the gun.
The average value of vertical stabilization accuracy is 0.4 rangefinder points
The average value of horizontal stabilization accuracy is 0.6 rangefinder points
1.3 - current converter PT-800 with frequency and voltage regulator RCHN-3/3 (produces alternating three-phase current 36 V 400 Hz for the operation of the KUO equipment).
1B) Automatic control system T-90A / T-90M:
The T-90M weapon control system implements automatic target selection and uses a new element base. At least a mock-up, and possibly a real working copy of the OMS, already exists in 2010.
2) Night sighting system for the gunner TO1-KO1 (on vehicles of the first series) or thermal imaging tank complex TO1-PO2T "Agava-2" (several experimental tanks, latest series). The complex consists of a sight stabilized in two planes and screens for the gunner and commander through which the terrain is monitored and weapons are aimed:
2.1 (option A, first series of T-90) - TO1-KO1 - electro-optical periscope night sight TPN4-49 "Buran-P/A" (operates similarly to PNK-4S) with eyepiece screens.
Sight weight - 35 kg
Sighting range in passive mode (at illumination of 0.005 lux and above) - up to 1200 m
sighting range in active mode (with illumination by means of TShU-1 "Shtora") - up to 1500 m (up to 800 m with a coaxial machine gun).
Magnification - up to 6.8x
Field of view - 5.25 degrees
Elevation angles of the line of sight - from -7 to +20 degrees
2.1 (option B, small series T-90) - TO1-PO2T - electro-optical thermal imaging periscope night sight TPN4-49-23 "Agava-2" with television monitors.
sighting range in active mode (with illumination by means of TShU-1 "Shtora") - 2500-3000 m (target recognition of the "tank-side projection" type at any time of the day)
The range of mirror pumping angles along the vertical aiming channel is from -10 to +20 degrees
The range of mirror pumping angles along the horizontal aiming channel is from -7.5 to +7.5 degrees
Continuous operation time - 6 hours (unlimited in combat conditions)
Field of View:
- at a magnification of 5.5x - 4 x 2.7 degrees.
- at 11x magnification - 2 x 1.35 degrees.
2.1 (option B, T-90A of the first releases, 2004) - ESSA electro-optical periscope night sight with an integrated Catherine-FC thermal imaging camera manufactured by Thales (France, since 2004, T-90A).
The control unit of the Catherine-FC thermal imager manufactured by Thales of the T-90A tank (model 2004) of the 19th motorized rifle brigade. Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, April 28, 2011 (photo - Denis Mokrushin, http://twower.livejournal.com).
2.1 (option G, T-90A of later releases, by 2009) - ESSA electro-optical periscopic night sight with an integrated Catherine-XG thermal imaging camera manufactured by Thales (France, by 2009, T-90A). Probably, the T-90M is supposed to use a similar panoramic sight with a Catherine-XP matrix manufactured by Thales (3rd generation, joint production with Peleng, Russia).
3) Commander's sighting and observation system PNK-4S provides fire control from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount, as well as, in duplicate mode, from the main armament:3.1 - stabilized in a vertical plane (presumably on the T-90A - in two planes) electro-optical day/night periscope observation device TKN-4S "Agat-S"; in day mode the scope magnification is up to 7.5x, in night mode - up to 5.1x. At night - passive mode - aiming range with enhanced natural lighting up to 700 m, active mode (illumination using TSHU-1 "Shtora") - aiming range up to 1000 m.
Line of sight aiming speed:
- minimum - no more than 0.05 deg/s
- smooth - at least 3 degrees/s
- transfer - 16-24 deg/s
Tank commander observation device TKN-4S "Agat-S" of the PNK-4S complex of the T-90A tank (2004 model) of the 19th motorized rifle brigade. Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, April 28, 2011 (photo - Denis Mokrushin, http://twower.livejournal.com).
3.2 - gun position sensor
3.3 - monocular telescopic optical sight PZU-7 (guidance of an anti-aircraft machine gun mount)
3.4 - fire control system ZPU 1ETs29
T-90M - a new panoramic sight for the tank commander with a thermal imaging channel has been installed.
4) Rear view TV system(on tanks of the latest series)
For firing from closed positions, the tank is equipped with a side level and an azimuth indicator.
Optical-electronic suppression complex TShU-1 "Shtora-1" (perhaps on some series the TShU-2 "Shtora-2" was installed). the complex includes 2 IR searchlights and IR jammers OTSHU-1-7 to counter ATGMs with IR seekers, and is also used for IR illumination. The complex also includes a system of laser radiation sensors - 2 rough determinations of the direction of laser irradiation (to warn of irradiation) and 2 precise determinations of the direction. The sensor system initiates, in manual or automatic mode, the launch of grenades (12 PU 902B on the tank turret) with an aerosol to interfere with laser target designation. In addition to interfering with laser target designation, the aerosol cloud also provides a smoke screen.
System equipment weight - 350 kg
The wavelength of the interference radiation is 0.7-2.5 microns in a sector of +-20 degrees from the axis of the barrel bore horizontally and 4.5 degrees vertically.
Driver observation devices- prism wide-angle TNPO-168 and active-passive night vision device TVN-5. A combined day-night driver's device TVK-2 with a 3rd generation electro-optical converter and an object identification range at night in passive mode of up to 400 m can also be used.
Radio stations:
- R-163-50U "Crossbow-50U" VHF band and receiver R-163-UP - T-90
- R-163-50U "Crossbow-50U" VHF band and receiver R-163-UP, R-163-50K "Crossbow-50K" HF band - T-90K
Radio station R-163-50U "Crossbow-50U" (http://fotki.yandex.ru)
Radio station R-163-50K "Crossbow-50K" of the T-90K tank (http://radiopribor.com.ua)
System of collective defense against weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Napalm protection system.
The fire-fighting equipment system with optical fire sensors 3ETS13 "Iney", includes 4 cylinders with a fire-extinguishing mixture of freon 114B2 and freon 13B1, 10 optical and 5 thermal sensors, reaction speed of 150 milliseconds.
Equipment for self-digging of a tank.
Equipment for underwater tank driving (OPVT).
It is possible to install a KMT-6M2 rutted knife mine trawl or a KMT-7 roller-knife trawl or a KMT-8 knife trawl with an electromagnetic attachment.
Modifications:
"Object 188"(1989) - experimental prototype T-72BU (T-90) developed by the transport engineering design bureau (Uralvagonzavod, UVZ), chief designer V.I. Potkin.
T-90 / "object 188"(1992) - the first production version of the main tank. Produced by Uralvagonzavod since 1992, adopted for service by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of Russia No. 759-58 on October 5, 1992. A total of about 120 units were produced. according to "Equipment and Weapons".
T-90K(1994?) - command version of the T-90. Additionally equipped with a HF radio station R-163-50K and a navigation complex TNA-4-3 and an autonomous power unit AB-1-P28. It was put into service and began to enter service with the troops presumably in 1994.
T-90S / "object 188S"(1990s) - export modification of the T-90 with a welded turret and without the Shtora-1 optical-electronic countermeasures system (as agreed with the customer). The possibility of supplying the tank for export is stipulated by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of Russia No. 759-58 of 10/05/1992 on the adoption of the T-90 tank (“object 188”) into service with the Russian Armed Forces. Equipment for the tank and additional systems is chosen by the customer and may differ when supplied to different consumers.
The main tank T-90S at the exhibition of military equipment in Omsk in 2010 (http://worldwide-defence.blogspot.com).
T-90SK(1990s) - a command version of the T-90S tank with additional communications and navigation equipment that provides simultaneous communication via three channels (communication range from 50 to 250 km) and continuous generation and indication of coordinates.
T-90A / "Object 188A"(1999) - development of the T-90 - prototype of the T-90A, a new type of small-link caterpillars is used, a welded turret similar to the turret of the "object 187", a different engine (B-92S2), a thermal imaging complex, a deep fording system.
T-90S "Bhishma"(2000) - version of the T-90S tank for the Indian Army, equipped with a 1000 hp diesel engine. V-92S2 manufactured by ChTZ (Chelyabinsk), the Shtora KOEP is not installed, additional dynamic protection is installed.T-90A "Vladimir" / "object 188A1"(2004) - serial modification of the T-90 with improved equipment, the B-92S2 engine, the ESSA thermal imaging system (modification Catherine-FC on tanks of the first series and Catherine-XP on later releases - by 2009), improved automatic loader , increased by 100 liters with reserved volume, fuel tank protection. Sometimes called T-90M in the media. According to “Equipment and Weapons”, a total of 32 units of the first series were produced from 2004 to 2005 (including 2 units in the T-90AK variant). The second series (according to the same source) has been produced since 2006. In total, in 2004-2007. 94 T-90A tanks were produced. In 2007, a contract for production in 2008-2010 was signed. 189 T-90A tanks for the Russian Armed Forces. The total output for 2010 is no less than 217 pieces, incl. 7 pieces T-90AK.
Main tank T-90A "Vladimir", Moscow, May 9, 2008 (http://militaryphotos.net).
T-90A tanks of the 7th Krasnodar Red Banner Order of Kutuzov and Red Star military base, Gudauta, Abkhazia, 2009-2010. (http://www.militaryphotos.net).
T-90A tank (probably 2004 model) of the 19th motorized rifle brigade without side screens, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia, September 7, 2010 (photo - Denis Mokrushin, http://twower.livejournal.com).
Main tank T-90A "Vladimir", rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 04/26/2011. The last two photos - 05/03/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net).
Main tank T-90A "Vladimir", rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 04/26/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net).
Main tank T-90A "Vladimir", rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).
T-90SA / "object 188SA"(2005) - export modification of the T-90A for Algeria, Libya, India, etc. The tank is equipped with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified laser radiation detection system. An air conditioning system is also installed. In serial production since May 2005.T-90AK(2005-2008?) - serial modification of the T-90A / “object 188A1” with the integration of TIUS into the tactical level control system. New equipment with means of displaying the tactical situation.
T-90SKA- a command version of the export T-90SA, which provides for the installation of additional communications and navigation equipment at the request of the customer.
T-90M / "object 188M"(2010) - experimental modification, development of the T-90A / "object 188A1". a turret of a new design is used, a new V-99 engine, a modernized control system, a new automatic loader and a modified gun, built-in dynamic protection of the "Relic" type and elements of protective systems developed on the topic of the Cerberus research project, KOEP "Shtora" without illumination systems, control unit movement - steering wheel, automatic transmission, air conditioning of reserved volume and other improvements. According to media reports, serial production of the modification is planned to begin in 2010. As of July 2010, there is only a model of the tank, which was shown at a closed display on the first day of the Defense and Security exhibition in Nizhny Tagil on July 14, 2010. Based on the results The exhibition notes that the decision on the purchase of T-90M for the Russian Armed Forces has not yet been made and in 2011 the tank may be offered for export in different versions.
Projections of T-90M / "object 188M" (http://tank-t-90.ru)
T-90AM / "object 188AM" / "modernized T-90S"(2010) - modification of the T-90 tank, development of the T-90A / "object 188A1" - the result of work on the Breakthrough-2 development work. This may be the official name of the tank, which became known in 2010 as the T-90M. According to media reports dated 04/07/2011, the tank was declassified by the Russian Ministry of Defense in March-early April 2011 and will be shown to the public for the first time at an arms exhibition in Nizhny Tagil on September 8-11, 2011. A modification of the tank was developed within 5 months after the meeting on the status tank building, which took place on December 8, 2009. By June 2010, the engine was improved - its power was increased by 130 hp, the gun barrel was modernized, the gearbox was modified - it became automatic (source - Korotchenko I.), a new panoramic was installed sight and remotely controlled launcher, updated TIUS, modernized automatic loader, active armor "Relic". On the non-export version of the tank (T-90AM), there is also the possibility of using the new 125 mm 2A82 tank gun ( Barabanov M.V.). The export version is supposed to use the 2A46M gun (2A46M-5 on the prototype). The tank provides for the use of an additional power unit - diesel DGU5-P27.5V-VM1 or DGU7-P27.5V-VM1 with a power of 5 and 7 kW, respectively. The power units are manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Production Association and can optionally be installed on the left fender. The export version of the tank may be called T-90SM.
Probably the first photo of T-90AM / object 188AM, 2010 (http://otvaga2004.mybb.ru).
T-90AM / object 188AM, July 2010 (http://gurkhan.blogspot.com).
The expected type of T-90M variants - perhaps this is the T-90AM (drawing by A. Sheps, http://otvaga2004.mybb.ru, 2010)
T-90AM (http://gurkhan.blogspot.com).
T-90AM / “modernized T-90S” on display in Nizhny Tagil, January-February 2011, published 08/31/2011 (http://gurkhan.blogspot.com).
T-90S with KE2K unit- the unit is intended to be used on the T-90M / T-90AM modification. In serial production as of the beginning of 2011 at least (possibly earlier). The power unit-air conditioner KE2K developed and produced by NPO "Electromashina" is intended for:
- cooling of electronic devices, incl. thermal imager "ESSA"
- preservation of the resource of the main engine;
- power supply to the electrical equipment of the tank (weapons, radio station, etc.) when the main engine of the tank is not running;
- automatic charging of main batteries;
- increasing crew efficiency.
Output voltage - 27.5 V
Power:
- in air conditioning mode - 0.5-4 kW
- in power unit mode - 6.5 kW
Number of cooling units - 4
Continuous operation time without refueling - 8 hours
Dimensional drawing of the KE2K unit, dimensions in millimeters (http://www.npoelm.ru).
Installation diagrams for the KE2K unit on the T-90S tank (http://www.npoelm.ru).
T-90S tank with KE2K unit (http://www.npoelm.ru).
Based on the T-90 tank, the following were created:
- engineering clearing vehicle IMR-2MA (1996);
- armored mine clearance vehicle BMR-3M (1997);
- BMPT tank support combat vehicle ("object 199", 2005);
- tank bridge laying machine MTU-90;
- universal tracked chassis-platform E300 (2009);
Cost of the T-90 tank for the Russian Armed Forces:
- 2004 - 36 million rubles.
- 2006 end of year - 42 million rubles.
- 2007 beginning of the year - T-90A / "object 188A1" - 56 million rubles.
- 2009-2010 - 70 million rubles
- March 2011 - 118 million rubles - it is not clear what modification of the tank we are talking about, the figure was mentioned in an interview with the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces Alexander Postnikov on 03/15/2011.
Status- USSR / Russia
- November 1992 - the beginning of serial production and entry into the Russian Armed Forces.
1995 - The Russian Defense Ministry adopted the T-90 as its main battle tank.
March 1997 - the T-90 tank was first shown at the IDEX-97 international exhibition in Abu Dhabi (UAE).
1997 September - 107 T-90 tanks are in service with the 5th Guards Don Tank Division (Buryatia, Siberian Military District).
Mid-1998 - over the entire period of time, the Uralvagonzavod Production Association produced about 150 T-90 tanks (?) for the Russian Armed Forces. One of the regiments of the 21st Taganrog Red Banner Order of Suvorov motorized rifle division of the Siberian Military District (94 units) is fully equipped with T-90 tanks, and T-90 tanks (107 units, see above) are in service in the 5th Guards Don Tank Division (Buryatia, Siberian Military District).
2004 - resumption of serial production of the T-90 in the T-90A variant / object 188A1 at UVZ for the Russian Armed Forces. Total from 2004 to 2007 94 tanks were produced ( 2011 data).
August 2007 - Head of the Main Armored Directorate (GABTU) of the Russian Ministry of Defense, Colonel General Vladislav Polonsky, stated that the rearmament of two divisions of the Moscow Military District with T-90A will be completed by 2010 (4th Kantemirovskaya Tank Division and 2nd Taman Motorized Rifle Division) .
August 2007 - announced the delivery of 100 Catherine FC thermal imaging cameras from Thales (France) for installation on T-90A tanks.
2007 - 2 battalion sets of T-90A were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces - 62 pcs (including 2 pcs T-90K).
2007 - over the entire period, 431 T-90 tanks were delivered to the Russian Armed Forces (including 180 T-90A units - probably inflated numbers), in total PO "Uralvagonzavod" produced about 1000 units (including exports). It is planned to increase the number of T-90s in the Russian Armed Forces to 1,400.
2007 - The Russian Defense Ministry and UVZ entered into a contract for assembly and supply during 2008-2010. 189 T-90A tanks / object 188A1 for the Russian Armed Forces. It is likely that the plan figure was not met as of the end of 2010 (see tank arrival schedule below).
July 2008 - the first contract was signed for the supply of Catherine FC thermal imaging cameras from Thales (France) for installation on T-90A tanks intended for the Russian Armed Forces. More than 100 similar thermal imagers have already been purchased for installation on export equipment. The first batch of 25 units should arrive in Russia for installation on the T-90A batch within 2-3 months.
August 2008 - T-90 tanks took part in hostilities in South Ossetia as part of units of the 58th Army during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. In particular, T-90s were seen during the withdrawal of Russian troops from Gori (Georgia).
2008 - The Russian Armed Forces received 62 T-90 tanks from industry (52 units according to other data).
2009 - plan to deliver 63 units to the Russian Armed Forces within a year (Sergei Ivanov), without taking this into account, according to media reports, about 500 T-90s are in the Russian Armed Forces. Probably the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division, the 10th Guards Ural-Lvov Tank Division and the 5th Guards Don Tank Division of the Moscow and Siberian Military Districts have already been rearmed or are being rearmed.
A battalion of T-90A tanks (41 units) on the territory of the 7th Krasnodar Red Banner Order of Kutuzov and Red Star military base, day of arrival, Gudauta, Abkhazia, February 25, 2009 (photo by Twower, http://twower.livejournal.com)
May 2009 - the formation of the 7th base of the Russian Armed Forces in Abkhazia and the 4th base in South Ossetia was announced. A total of 7,400 military personnel of the Russian Armed Forces are planned to be stationed at the bases. The latest Russian-made military equipment, including T-90 tanks, has already begun to arrive at the base in Abkhazia.
November 2009 - the information support department of the Russian Navy announced that units Marine Corps By 2015, the Russian Navy will be armed with T-90 and BMP-3 tanks.
2009 - at the beginning of the year, plans were announced to supply 100 units to the Russian Armed Forces in 2009.
As of the end of 2010, in the Russian Armed Forces (according to online media, mid-2009, 2010-2011 edits):
| Military unit | Military district | Qty | Note |
| No | Far Eastern | 0 | according to Western data - since 1997 - most likely an error |
| Training center, Sertolovo village | Leningradsky | several? | (2009) |
| 5th Separate Guards Taman Motorized Rifle Brigade (Alabino) | Moscow | 41 | T-90, T-90A, incl. 4 T-90K units, rearmament should be completed in 2009. As of 2010-2011. The brigade has one tank battalion equipped with T-90s. |
| 467th Guards District Training Center (DTC), Kovrov | Moscow | several | (2009) |
| Privolzhsko-Uralsky | 0 | (2009) | |
| 19th separate Voronezh-Shumlinskaya Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Red Banner of Labor motorized rifle brigade (Sputnik village Vladikavkaz) | North Caucasian | 41 | T-90A (from 2008-2009), incl. 1 piece T-90K (2009). As of 2010-2011 The brigade has one tank battalion equipped with T-90s. |
| 20th Separate Guards Carpathian-Berlin Red Banner Order of Suvorov Motorized Rifle Brigade (Volgograd) | North Caucasian | 41 | |
| 23rd separate motorized rifle brigade (Volgograd). | several ? | (2009) | |
| 7th Krasnodar Red Banner Orders of Kutuzov and Red Star military base (Gudauta, Ochamchira - Abkhazia) | North Caucasian | 41 | T-90A, incl. 1 piece T-90K (2009). As of 2010-2011 The brigade has one tank battalion equipped with T-90s. |
| 136th Motorized Rifle Brigade (Buinaksk, Dagestan) | North Caucasian | 41 | T-90A (probably since 2009). As of 2010-2011 The brigade has one tank battalion equipped with T-90s. |
| 32nd separate motorized rifle brigade (Shilovo village, Novosibirsk region) | Siberian | 41 | T-90, incl. 4 pcs T-90K, possible 94 pcs(2009) |
| 5th Separate Guards Tank Brigade (Division Station) former 5 TD | Siberian | 94 | T-90, incl. 4 pieces T-90K (2009) |
| As part of units of the Kaliningrad Special Region (subordinate to the Navy, Marine Corps) | Kaliningrad special district | more than 7 | (2009) |
| 155th Marine Brigade | Pacific Fleet | 41 | delivered in mid-2010 |
| TOTAL in the Russian Armed Forces | approx. 460 | The data seems to us incomplete, but gives a rough idea of the situation with the configuration of T-90 tanks |
2010 February 1 - The 4th base of the Russian Armed Forces is fully deployed in Tskhinvali and Java (South Ossetia).
2010 February 25 - in a statement by the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces of the Russian Armed Forces, Colonel General Alexander Postnikov, it is said that in 2010 the Russian Armed Forces (mainly in the North Caucasus Military District) will receive 261 T-90A tanks already purchased by the Russian Defense Ministry (part 2009 plan and 2010 plan). Those. 6 tank battalions with 41 tanks each (+15 tanks that were scheduled to arrive in 2009). According to many analysts, this means the total number of T-90A (63 units) and T-72B tanks upgraded to T-72BA (198 units), which will be received by the Russian Armed Forces in 2010 (although the statement of the commander-in-chief speaks of approximately 1000 tanks that have passed renovation in 2009).
T-90A tanks of the 19th separate Voronezh-Shumlinsky Red Banner Order of Suvorov and the Red Banner of Labor motorized rifle brigade at tactical exercises, probably 2010 (http://www.militaryphotos.net).
Summary table of T-90 receipts in the Russian Armed Forces (* and italics indicate approximate calculated data not confirmed by third-party sources, 02/26/2010, amendments 01/14/2011):
| Year | Total | T-90 | T-90K | T-90A | Note |
| 1992 | 8* | 8* | |||
| 1993 | 20* | 12* | |||
| 1994 | 45* | 24* | 1* | ||
| 1995 | 107 | 60* | 2* | 5 TD Siberian Military District (Buryatia)
|
|
| 1996 | 138* | 30* | 1* | ||
| 1997 | 153* | 15* | |||
| 1998 | 161* | 8* | 5 TD and 1 regiment 21 MSD (41 units?) Siberian Military District, according to other sources, in total in the Russian Armed Forces - 150 units |
||
| 1999 | 165* | 4* | |||
| 2000 | 165* | ||||
| 2001 | 165* | ||||
| 2002 | 165* | ||||
| 2003 | 165* | ||||
| 2004 | 181* | 1 | 15 | plan 15 pieces T-90A | |
| 2005 | 197* | 1 | 15 | plan 17 pcs T-90A, other plan - 41 pcs. ( unlikely) | |
| 2006 | 228* | 1 | 30 | plan 62 units of T-90A (statement by S. Ivanov), reduced to 31 units by the end of 2005. In total, according to A. Belousov’s statement, the Russian Armed Forces have about 200 units. T-90 | |
| 2007 | 259* | 1 | 30 | 7 units as part of units of the Kaliningrad Special Region (subordinate to the Navy), according to Western data, 334 T-90s (probably in total in the Armed Forces). According to media reports, 31 units were delivered. with a plan of 62 pcs. |
|
| 2008 | 311* | 2* | 50* | plan - 62-63 pcs (media - 52 pcs delivered) | |
| 2009 | 374* | 3* | 60* | 2008 plan - 62-63 units, increased in 2009 to 100 units (not fulfilled for 15 tanks), a total of 202 T-90A in the Armed Forces (217 units according to other data). |
|
| 2010 | 437* | 3 | 60 | At the end of 2009 (media) a plan was announced for the supply of 123 units (3 battalions) in 2010. In February 2010, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army made a statement about the supply of new tanks and additional delivery of debts from industry for 2009 - 261 T-90A units (financing in the amount of 18 billion rubles). Most analysts believe that 261 = 198 T-72BA + 63 T-90A. According to a statement by Russian Deputy Defense Minister V. Popovkin (04/19/2010), the 2009 procurement plan for 2010 will be fulfilled in full - 63 T-90A tanks. |
|
| 2011 | 497* | 0 | no more than 60? | purchases of T-90 tanks are not planned ( Sienko), at the end of April 2011, information appeared that an agreement had been reached on the supply of an additional batch of T-90 tanks in 2011. On January 23, 2012, a representative of the press service of the Southern Military District stated that rearmament continued in 2011 military units districts for T-90A tanks. | |
| 2012 | 497* | - | - | - | probably no deliveries planned (January 2012) |
| 2020 | 1400 | plan for spring 2010. As of spring 2011, the figure already looks dubious. |
* - approximate calculation data not confirmed by third-party sources
2010 May 05 - plans were announced to rearm the 155th Marine Brigade of the Pacific Fleet with T-90A tanks during 2010.
2010 - 02/14/2011 the media reported that in 2010 a total of 26 T-90S tanks were exported.
April 2011 - the media reports the cessation of deliveries of current T-90 variants to the Russian Armed Forces. At the same time, at the end of April 2011, information appeared that an additional batch of T-90s for the Russian Armed Forces would be produced by UVZ during 2011.
2011 April 07 - according to media reports, the T-90AM tank was declassified by the Russian Defense Ministry in March-early April 2011 and will be shown to the public for the first time at an arms exhibition in Nizhny Tagil on September 8-11, 2011. Also, Oleg, director of the NPO Uralvagonzavod Sienko said that there are no plans for purchases of T-90s by the Russian Defense Ministry in 2011 - the plant is exclusively engaged in modernizing tanks as part of the state defense order.
April 29, 2011 - information appeared in the media that Uralvagonzavod OJSC and the Russian Defense Ministry reached an agreement on the supply of an additional batch of serial T-90s to the Russian Armed Forces in 2011 ( Barabanov M.V.).
January 23, 2012 - as stated by a representative of the press service of the Southern Military District, in 2011 the re-equipment of military units of the district with T-90A tanks continued. Motorized rifle formations in North Ossetia and the Volgograd region, as well as tank battalions in Dagestan and Abkhazia, have been completely rearmed.
Export:
Azerbaijan:
Algeria:
- 2005 - a contract was signed for the supply of 290 T-90 tanks by 2011.
2006 March 11 - a contract was announced for the supply of 180 T-90SA by 2011 (probably as part of a contract for 290 tanks). The cost of one tank is approximately 4.8 million USD.
2009 - 102 T-90S tanks in service.
Algerian T-90S, photo probably from 2010 (from the atalex archive, http://military.tomsk.ru/forum).
2011 - the contract for the supply of 185 T-90S tanks was presumably completed.
2011 autumn - February 14, 2012, the media reported that a contract had been concluded with Rosoboronexport for the supply of 120 T-90S tanks in the fall of 2011 for an amount of 500 million USD (approximately).
Venezuela:
- October 2008 - analyst Jack Sweeney announced the possibility of Hugo Chavez purchasing from 50 to 100 T-90s to replace AMX-30 tanks, but in September 2009, deliveries of 92 T-72s were announced.
July 24, 2009 - Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez once again announced possible purchases of ground military equipment from Russia. According to media reports, we are talking about T-90s in quantities from 100 to 500 units.
2009 September 12 - after returning from a visit to Russia, Hugo Chavez announced that Venezuela would purchase T-72 and T-90S.
India:
- 1999 - signing of a preliminary contract and delivery of a batch of T-90 for testing (3 tanks).
1999 May 13 - the day of the death of the chief designer of the T-90, Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, and the beginning of testing of the T-90 in the Rajasthan desert.
2000 - start of deliveries of T-90 under contract 310 units (see 2001). The contract amount, according to some sources, is 1 billion USD ( 3.226 million USD/piece), according to other sources, the contract amount is 700 million USD ( 2.258 million USD/piece) . In total, it is planned to supply 124 units of Uralvagonzavod software and 186 units in kits for assembly in India.
2001 - signing of a long-term contract for the supply and assembly of T-90S in India with the subsequent transition to full-cycle licensed production. The volume of the agreement of intent is 1000 T-90S tanks. first batch - 2001-2003 - 310 T-90S tanks. It was planned to deliver 40 units by the end of the year, but in October the possibility of delivering 80 units was announced.
2002 - deliveries under contract are underway - 120 ready-made T-90S tanks (with a 1000 hp engine, without Shtora KOEP), 90 semi-finished sets for assembly and 100 ready-made kits (total 310 units).
December 2003 - completion of the contract for the supply of 310 T-90S tanks to India. Including 181 tanks were assembled at the Avadi plant, and 129 tanks were supplied from Russia.
April 2005 - information appeared about the preparation of a new contract for the supply of 400 T-90S tanks worth 900 million USD. The contract may be concluded in June 2005.
2006 October 26 - an additional contract was signed for the supply of 330 tanks of the T-90M class (T-90A, i.e. apparently T-90SA) during 2007-2008, the contract amount is 800 million USD ( 2.424 million USD/piece), with the organization of assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. The tanks are equipped with the French ESSA thermal imager and Indian Kanchan dynamic armor. The framework stipulates the assembly of 1000 tanks of the T-90SA class.
2007 - 326 T-90S tanks in service, incl. 186 units were supplied from Russia and 140 units were assembled in India.
December 2007 - a contract was signed for the supply of 347 units of T-90M (T-90SA) in the amount of 1237 million USD (approx. 3.565 million USD/unit) with partial assembly of the batch at Indian enterprises. 124 tanks are to be supplied from Russia and 223 tanks are expected to be assembled in India from kits of spare parts supplied from Russia.
2008 - in total, more than 500 units were delivered over the entire period, plans were announced to launch full-fledged production of the T-90 under license and to increase the number of T-90s in the army by 2020 to 310 T-90S and 1330 T-90SA (announced so In total, India plans to purchase up to 1,657 units from Russia). During the year, 24 T-90SA tanks were delivered under the 2007 contract.
2009 August 24 - the Indian Army received the first 10 T-90SA tanks from the first batch of 50 planned for production in India under license at the heavy-duty vehicle plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu). In total there are up to 620 units in service. In total, it is planned to collect 1000 units under the licensing contract. The planned production capacity of the Avadi plant is 100 tanks per year.
2009 - 80 T-90SA tanks were delivered during the year
2010 - apparently, 20 tanks will be delivered under the 2007 contract. At the end of the year, it was announced that the total number of all T-90 models in the Indian Army will eventually be increased to 2000 units. It is expected that in 2014-2019. Another 600 T-90 tanks will be purchased.
Indian Armed Forces T-90C, 2010 (http://militaryphotos.net).
Deliveries of T-90 to the Indian Armed Forces (data as of April 2011):
| Year | Receipt of tanks into the Indian Armed Forces | TOTAL in the Indian Armed Forces | Note |
| 1999 | 3 pcs | 3 pcs | T-90 for testing |
| 2000 | 13 pcs (?) | 16 pcs (?) | start of deliveries of T-90S under the 2001 contract (for 310 units) |
| 2001 | 80 pcs | more than 83 pcs | deliveries of T-90S under the 2001 contract (for 310 units) |
| 2002 | 40 pcs | more than 120 pcs | supplies of T-90S, kits for assembling tanks in India in an amount of no more than 190 units were also supplied to fulfill the 2001 contract for 310 tanks. |
| 2003 | 190 pcs | more than 310 pcs | completion of deliveries and assembly of T-90S under the 2001 contract (310 units) |
| 2007 | 326 pcs | T-90S, incl. 186 pcs were supplied from Russia and 140 pcs were assembled in India | |
| 2008 | 24 pcs | ||
| 2009 | 80 pcs | T-90SA under contract 2007 (for 347 units) | |
| 2010 | 20 pcs (?) | T-90SA under contract 2007 (for 347 units) |
Indonesia:
- 2012 January 31 - the media report that the Indonesian Armed Forces are considering the possibility of supplying T-90 tanks to modernize the army’s tank fleet.
Iran:
Yemen:
- May 2007 - declared interest in concluding a supply contract.
Kazakhstan:
- 2011 - negotiations began on the supply of T-90 tanks.
Cyprus:
- 2008 - a contract was concluded for the supply of 41 T-90SA tanks.
Korea South:
- 2001 - a memorandum on the supply of T-90 was signed.
Lebanon:
- December 2008 - at a meeting between the Russian and Lebanese defense ministers Anatoly Serdyukov and Elias El Murr, the possible supply of the T-90 was discussed.
Libya:
- 2006 - there are reports in the media about the conclusion of a contract for the supply of T-90S. Negotiations are allegedly underway on the supply of 48 T-90S units and the modernization of 145 Libyan T-72s.
2009 August 17 - a contract for the modernization of the T-72 was concluded, there is no information about the delivery of the T-90S.
Morocco:
- 2006 - there are reports in the media about the conclusion of a contract for the supply of T-90S. In fact, a tender was held to conclude a contract for the supply of tanks for the Moroccan army. As of 2010, the tender was lost; Morocco was supplied with 150 Chinese VT1A tanks (modified T-72, which is close in capabilities to the T-80UM2).
Saudi Arabia:
- 2008 May 18 - according to media reports, a contract for the supply of 150 T-90s was signed.
2009 August 29 - according to media reports, a contract for the supply of 150 T-90S and 250 BMP-3 may be signed by the end of 2009. Previously, T-90S were already exported to Saudi Arabia for testing in desert conditions.
November 12, 2009 - The Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSMTC) of Russia for the first time officially confirmed the fact of negotiations with Saudi Arabia on the supply of military equipment. At the same time, the newspaper The Financial Times in October reported, citing an unnamed source in diplomatic circles, that Saudi Arabia would buy weapons from Russia in exchange for Russia’s refusal to supply S-300 air defense systems to Iran.
2011 beginning of the year - comparative tests of the T-90, Leclerc tanks (France), M1A1 Abrams (USA) and Leopard-2A6 (Germany) took place. According to media reports, the T-90S won the tests. But the supply contract has not been concluded.
Syria:
- 2009 - there are rumors about a possible signing of a supply contract.
Thailand:
- 2011, end of March - following the results of a tender for the supply of tanks for the Thai army, the T-90S lost to the Ukrainian one. 200 tanks will be supplied in the amount of 231.1 million dollars.
Turkmenistan:
- 2009 July 8 - a contract was concluded for the supply of a pilot batch of 10 T-90S units in the amount of 500 million rubles (statement of the deputy general director FSUE "Rosoboronexport" Igor Sevastyanov).
2009 - 4 T-90S units were delivered.
2010-2011 - the contract for the supply of 10 T-90S tanks was completed.
2011 summer - February 14, 2012 the media reported the conclusion of a contract with Rosoboronexport for the supply of 30 T-90S tanks in the summer of 2011.
Uganda:
- 2011 - according to media reports, 30 T-90S tanks were delivered.
Sources:
74th Separate Guards Motorized Rifle Zvenigorod-Berlin Order of Suvorov Brigade. Website http://specnaz.pbworks.com, 2011
Barabanov M.V. The battle cannot be won without modern armored vehicles. // Independent military review. April 29, 2011
Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Website http://ru.wikipedia.org, 2010
Military-historical forum 2. Website http://www.vif2ne.ru, 2010
War diary of Igor Korotchenko. Website http://i-korotchenko.livejournal.com/, 2011
War and Peace. Website http://www.warandpeace.ru, 2008
Karpenko A.V. Review of domestic armored vehicles (1905-1995) // St. Petersburg, Nevsky Bastion, 1996
Koshchavtsev A., T-90 Russian MBT // Tankmaster. No. 4-6 / 1998
RIA Novosti news feed. Website http://www.rian.ru/, 2009, 2010, 2010-2012
Milkavkaz.net. Website
Russian main battle tank. It was designed in the late 1980s - early 1990s as a deep modernization of the T-72B tank under the name “T-72B improved”, but in 1992 it entered service under the designation T-90. After the death of Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, the main designer of the tank, by decision of the government of the Russian Federation the T-90 was given the name “Vladimir”.
Between 2001 and 2010 T-90 became the best-selling tank on the world market.
Since the end of 2011, the purchase of T-90 tanks for the Russian Armed Forces has been stopped.
On September 9, 2011, at the NTIIM training ground in the city of Nizhny Tagil, as part of the VIII international arms exhibition REA-2011, the T-90SM was publicly shown for the first time, a new version T-90 tank for export.
History of creation and production
The T-90 is a deep modernization of the T-72B, designed at the Nizhny Tagil UKBTM in 1989 under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimir Potkin as the “Improved T-72B” (factory name “Object 188”). In 1989, the tank was sent to GSI, which was successful.
“Object 188” was created in parallel with the more advanced experimental tank called Object 187 with the goal of bringing the T-72B tank to the level of the T-80UUD. The armor of the T-72B of later series corresponded to this level, but a big drawback was the lack of an automated fire control system. The very simple and reliable sighting system 1A40-1 no longer met modern requirements for tanks. To increase the firepower of the tank, it was planned to install a new fire control system on it (a fire control system is an automated system that combines a set of sensors and technical means. It provides search, detection and identification of targets; preparing weapons for firing, their guidance and solving the problem of hitting a target). The solution was the installation of the 1A45 Irtysh fire control system, tested on T-80U (UD) tanks. It was modified to function in conjunction with the automatic loader of the T-72 tank. The modified complex was named 1A45T.
At the beginning of 1989, the Object 188 tank was sent for state tests. Tests have shown the new tank to be quite reliable. On March 27, 1991, by a joint decision of the Ministry of Defense and the Defense Industry, the tank was recommended for adoption by the USSR Armed Forces. The development of "Object 187" had to be stopped. But the subsequent period in the life of the country and the conclusions drawn upon receiving the results of the combat use of T-72 tanks in Operation Desert Storm did not make it possible to make a final decision. In addition, in December 1991 the USSR ceased to exist.
The UVZ design bureau decided to increase the protection efficiency of Object 188. The vehicle was equipped with the TShU-1 Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex, and then additional tests were carried out. On September 30, 1992, the first “Object 188” of the installation series went into run tests, and on October 5, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation issued Decree No. 759-58 on the adoption of the tank for service with the RF Armed Forces and on allowing the sale of its export version abroad. By order of the President of the Russian Federation, the tank was given the name T-90.
Mass production tank started in 1992. In 1992-1998. About 120 T-90s were produced for the Russian Armed Forces. Due to a decrease in funding for the armed forces, tank production was suspended and resumed only in 2001 after the signing of an export contract with India on February 18, 2001. The first 40 T-90S were shipped to India in 2001 and 84 T-90S in 2002, allowing the buyer to fully form four tank battalions.
In 2004-2006, the tank was thoroughly modernized and its production for the Russian Armed Forces resumed under the designation T-90A. 32 T-90A tanks (2004 model) and 337 T-90A tanks (2006 model), as well as more than 50 T-90AK from 2004 to 2011 were produced. In 2005, the T-90A was officially adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.
The T-90A, an upgraded version of the T-90 (originally "object 188A1"), which entered production in 2004, has a number of important improvements:
The Buran-M thermal imager was installed as a night sight on the 2004 modification, then on the 2006 modification they began to install a more modern second-generation ESSA thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix, stabilized in two planes, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder channel, this made it possible to increase the night vision range from 1800 to 4000 m;
-the previous cast turret was replaced with a reinforced welded one with frontal parts measuring up to 950 mm, which significantly increased its resistance against BOPS/KS;
-instead of the 840-horsepower engine, a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel engine was installed. It was also possible to install a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine on the tank;
-The gun stabilizer was replaced, which doubled the aiming speed and improved the accuracy of shooting on the move.
According to official data, as of the beginning of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications for the Russian Armed Forces amounted to about 500 tanks: approximately 120 T-90, 32 T-90A (including 7 AK modifications) with night a Buran-M gunner's sight and approximately 337 T-90A (including 30-40 AK modifications) with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.
According to them, as of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications amounted to at least 1,335 tanks (not including those made under license in India):
T-90 modification of 1992 (object 188) - about 120 tanks;
-T-90S “Bhishma” modification of 2001 (object 188C) - 657 (310+347) tanks. In 2006, the Indian government also signed a contract worth $2.5 billion for the licensed production of 1000 T-90 Bhishma tanks at the state-owned HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu). In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 of 1,000 planned locally produced T-90S.
-T-90SA modification of 2006 (object 188SA) - 189 tanks;
-T-90A modification of 2004 (object 188A1) - 32 tanks with a Buran-M gunner’s night sight;
-T-90A modification of 2006 (object 188A1) - 217 (+120 until 2011) tanks with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.
Description of design
The T-90 has a classic layout, with the control compartment located in the frontal part, the fighting compartment in the middle and the engine compartment in the rear. The T-90 crew consists of three people - a driver, located along the longitudinal axis of the tank in the control compartment, and a gunner with a commander, located in the turret to the left and right of the gun, respectively.
The T-90 of the initial series (“Object 188”), in addition to the 1A45T fire control system, unified with the T-80, was equipped with the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex, providing the tank with protection from the most common guided anti-tank weapons, such as ATGMs with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as “TOW”, “Hot”, “Milan”, “Dragon” and weapons with laser homing heads such as “Maverick”, “Hellfire”, “Copperhead” due to the creation of active interference with their guidance. 2 TSHU-1-7/7M searchlights create interference in the IR range, sights and seekers.
Firepower
Fire control system and sighting devices
T-90
The T-90 fire control system demonstrated the following combat firing capabilities. The T-90 tank hits heavily armored targets at a range of up to 5 km on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a fairly high probability of hitting with the first shot. During the GSI (state tests), 24 missile launches were carried out at ranges of 4-5 km and all of them hit the target (all missile launches were carried out by inexperienced specialists), an experienced gunner, moving at a speed of 25 km/h, hit 7 real armored targets located at ranges 1500-2500. In similar conditions, the Leopard hit 1 target, and the Abrams hit 2 fewer targets. During tests in India, he demonstrated the ability to see a target at night in difficult conditions. climatic conditions at a distance of up to 3000 meters.
Firing from the main and auxiliary weapons of the T-90A is carried out by the 1A42 fire control complex, consisting of a 1G46 rangefinder sight, a T01-K04 commander's sighting and observation system and a rear-view television system.
The main means of targeting the cannon and coaxial machine gun is the 1A43 gunner's information and computing daytime complex, which is part of the fire control system. It, in turn, consists of a 1G46 guidance device, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer and a set of automatic sensors that determine firing conditions.
The 1G46 sighting and rangefinder guidance device is designed directly for aiming a weapon at a target and combines a periscopic sight with a continuously adjustable magnification within 2.7-12X, a laser rangefinder that determines the range in the range of 400-5000 m, a system for their stabilization in two planes and guided missile guidance system. The 1B528-1 electronic tank ballistic computer automatically calculates the required barrel elevation angle and horizontal lead when firing at a moving target, adjusts these parameters taking into account meteorological conditions determined by a set of sensors, and automatically aims the weapon in accordance with these data. Besides this, like the others Soviet tanks, the T-90A gun is equipped with a side level and an azimuth indicator for firing semi-direct fire and from closed positions.
The tank commander has a T01-K04 sighting and observation system, which provides fire from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount, as well as, in duplicate mode, from the main armament. The complex includes an electro-optical day/night periscopic observation device PK-5, stabilized in two planes. The day channel of the observation device provides magnification up to 8X, and the night channel - up to 5.2X. At night, the device operates in passive mode, at a range of up to 1000 m, due to the enhancement of natural light, or in active mode, at a range of up to 5000 m, due to illumination of the target with an OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlight. In addition, the PZU-7 monocular telescopic optical sight is used to aim the anti-aircraft machine gun mount.
For shooting at night, the T-90A is equipped with the Buran-M or ESSA TVP night complex, which allows it to recognize targets measuring 2.3 x 2.3 m at night. The complex consists of a thermal imaging camera stabilized in two planes, with the help of which both the gunner and the commander can monitor the terrain from individual screens, as well as control weapons using a standard fire control system.
Sighting system: 1) The main gunner's sight is multi-channel with sighting and thermal imaging channels, a laser rangefinder, a built-in laser control channel, magnification of the sighting channel, magnification of 4-12. Recognition range of a "tank" type target, meters: through the sighting channel up to 5000, through a thermal imaging channel not less than 3500 2) Commander's sight - combined panoramic with television and thermal imaging channels, laser rangefinder Recognition range of a "tank" type target, meters: via TV channel up to 5000, at night through the thermal imaging channel no less than 3500 3) Backup sight with dependent aiming line Recognition range of a “tank” type target, meters: during the day no less than 2000 at dusk no less than 1000
Ballistic computer with a set of weather and topographic sensors and a barrel bending sensor. The ability to automatically track targets is provided independently for the gunner and commander with the implementation of the “hunter - shooter” mode. The horizontal movement speed of the turret, deg/s, is at least 40. Rear-view television camera (version after 2011).
T90MS
The fire control system allows the crew to hit moving targets, including when the tank itself is in motion, with a high probability of hitting the target with the first shot in almost any weather conditions. The gun provides at least 15% greater accuracy. Equipped with a combat command and control system and a navigation system that can be integrated down to the division level. 4 television cameras provide almost all-round visibility, transmitting images to the monitors of the commander and gunner. Each camera has a field of view of 95 degrees in azimuth and 40 degrees in elevation.
Smoothbore gun
The main armament of the T-90A(SM) is a 125-mm 2A46M-5 smoothbore gun, mounted in a coaxial mount with a machine gun on trunnions in the front part of the turret and stabilized in two planes by the 2E42-4 “Jasmine” system. The new 2A46M-5 gun reduces dispersion by 15%. Unlike the 2A46M, the barrel is chrome-plated, equipped with an ejector, a thermal protective casing and a system for taking into account the thermal bending of the gun barrel, which allows you to check the aiming line without leaving the tank. The gun barrel length is 48 calibers. The gun is equipped with an automatic loader and is capable of firing ATGMs. The T-90 automatic loader, located on the rotating turret plate, is an electromechanical, carousel type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with an automatic control system from the commander’s seat. The rate of fire of the T-90A(SA) is 8 shots in 56 seconds when the automatic loader is operating, the loading time of one AZ shot is 7 seconds.
The ammunition load of the T-90A(SA) gun consists of 42 (43, 40 on other modifications) rounds of separate cartridge loading, of which 22 are in the automatic loader, and another 20 are in stowage in the hull and turret of the tank and can be manually moved by the crew into the automatic loader as the ammunition in it is consumed, or directly loaded into the gun. The T-90 can fire a wide range of four types of ammunition - armor-piercing sub-caliber 3BM42, 3BM46, 3BM42M (partially) cumulative ZBK29(M), high-explosive fragmentation shells ZOF26 with the Ainet remote detonation system, with a 3VM-12 electronic fuse that provides detonation OFS in given point trajectory, this increases the efficiency of firing at hovering helicopters and manpower in the trenches, guided by missiles, which can be loaded into ammunition in any ratio.
Russian BOPS from T-90 ammunition are somewhat inferior in armor penetration to their American counterparts, but exceed them in speed. For example, the armor penetration of the ZBM-42M from the T-90A ammunition is estimated at 650-700 mm KGS, and the 3BM-46 is 650 mm (distance 2000 m), while the American M829A2 BOPS from the M1A2SEP ammunition at the same distance penetrates 710 (750 according to analytical data) mm KGS (rolled homogeneous steel).
Guided weapons complex
In addition to traditional artillery weapons, the T-90 has the ability to fire Invar-M ATGMs. The missiles are launched using the main gun of the tank, and the missiles are guided by a laser beam in a semi-automatic mode. The T-90 guided weapon system allows firing, with a hit probability close to one, at stationary or moving targets at a speed of up to 70 km/h at a distance of 100 to 5000 m, from a standstill and on the move at a speed of up to 30 km/h . This provides it with a greater effective target engagement range than tanks equipped only with artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern sighting systems, effective shooting at “tank” type targets at a distance of more than 2500 m is already quite seriously difficult.
The guided weapons complex consists of a laser control channel with a ballistic computer, an automation unit and shots with guided missiles for a tank gun. Guided missile rounds, grades 3UBK14 or 3UBK20, have the same dimensions as standard 125-mm artillery rounds and consist of a solid propellant rocket and a reduced propellant charge necessary to impart initial speed to the rocket, as well as ensure the recoil of the gun and the opening of its breech after shot.
Auxiliary weapons
The T-90's auxiliary armament consists of a coaxial machine gun, an anti-aircraft machine gun mount and the crew's personal weapons. A 7.62-mm PKT or PKTM machine gun is installed in a coaxial mount with a cannon. The machine gun's ammunition consists of 2,000 rounds of ammunition in eight belts of 250 each, and the combat rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.
The anti-aircraft machine gun mount is installed on the roof of the turret on the commander's cupola and is a remote-guided autonomous 12.7 mm machine gun, NSVT "Utes" on early production tanks or 6P49 "Kord" on later vehicles. The machine gun is aimed in the horizontal and vertical plane using an electromechanical drive. The machine gun's ammunition capacity is 300 rounds in two belts of 150 each.
Security and survivability
Ballistic protection
The T-90 is equipped with sharply differentiated ballistic armor protection. The armored hull of the T-90 is welded, the turret is cast on the T-90 and welded on the T-90CA and T-90A.
The main material of the hull is armor steel; the upper frontal plate of the hull, as well as the frontal part of the turret within the heading angles of +...-35 degrees. consist of composite armor. The sides and roof of the turret and the side armor plates of the hull also have a partially multilayer structure. The T-90S/A armor is made from medium-hard steel armor, which is quite significantly (10-15%) superior in projectile resistance cast armor of medium hardness, used previously.
The shape of the T-90's armored hull and its layout have not changed compared to the T-72, although the security of the new tank has increased significantly compared to its predecessor due to the use of more modern composite armor. The T-90 hull is box-shaped, with a wedge-shaped nose with a standard angle of inclination to the vertical of the upper frontal plate for main Soviet battle tanks - 68 degrees. The sides of the hull are vertical, their upper part consists of armor plates, while the lower part is formed by the edges of the bottom. The rear of the hull has a reverse slope. The roof of the hull consists of several rolled armor plates, while the bottom of the hull is solidly stamped and has a complex shape. The turret on the T-90A has frontal parts horizontally tilted back by 60°.
The exact information on the armor of the T-90 (model 1992) as well as other modifications, as of 2014, is classified.
Active protection
In addition to traditional armor and dynamic protection, the T-90 is equipped with active protection consisting of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex. The complex is designed to protect a tank from being hit by anti-tank guided missiles and consists of an optical-electronic suppression station and a curtain installation system. The optical-electronic suppression station is designed to protect against missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system and consists of two OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlights, two modulators and a control panel.
The curtain setting system is designed to counter guided missiles with laser homing or semi-automatic laser beam guidance, as well as to interfere with the operation of laser rangefinders and setting a smoke (aerosol) screen. The system consists of a complex of laser radiation indicators, including two coarse and two precise direction sensors, a control system and twelve aerosol grenade launchers. When irradiation of a tank by laser radiation is detected, the system for setting the curtains ensures that the direction of irradiation is determined and the crew is notified, after which it automatically or at the direction of the tank commander fires an aerosol grenade, which, when exploded, creates an aerosol cloud that weakens and partially reflects the laser radiation, disrupting the operation of the missile guidance systems. In addition, the aerosol cloud camouflages the tank, acting as a smoke screen and can be used specifically for this purpose.
Mobility
Engine
T-90 early modifications are equipped with a four-stroke V-shaped 12-cylinder multi-fuel diesel engine Model B-84MS liquid cooled with direct fuel injection and driven centrifugal supercharger. The V-84MS develops a maximum power of 840 hp. at 2000 rpm.
On the T-90 of late production, the T-90A/S, the engine of the B-92C2 model is installed, which is a modernized B-84 and differs from it by installing a turbocharger and an improved design, which made it possible to increase the power developed by the engine to 1000 hp. at 2000 rpm.
Transmission
Planetary gearboxes with hydraulic control. The transmission provides 7 forward and one reverse gears. The machine is turned by engaging a low gear in the gearbox on the side of the lagging track. The gearbox control drive is hydraulic with a mechanical drive of the spools. The brake drive is mechanical, but at the same time it provides effective braking and stopping of the machine, holding it even on steep ascents and descents.
Surveillance, communication and navigation equipment
The tank's communication is provided by the R-163-50U VHF radio station and the R-163-UP receiver with frequency modulation and a step of 1 KHz. The communication range on VHF frequencies 30.025 to 79.975 MHz reaches 20 km on a two-meter whip antenna.
The command tank is additionally equipped with a HF radio station R-163-50K (“Arbalet-50K”), 2-30 MHz. The communication range of the whip antenna in motion is up to 50 km. When parked, the external communication range at frequencies from 2 to 18 MHz is up to 350 km. This range is achieved by installing a “symmetrical vibrator” antenna on an 11-meter mast
Ergonomics
Some T-90s are equipped with the SKS-3 air conditioning system
Maintainability
There are two types of repairs for the T-90: major and current. Routine repairs are carried out as the need arises. During routine repairs, the T-90 returns to service in an average of 2 hours. After a mileage of 2500 km, maintenance is carried out for 12 hours. After a run of 5000 km - 30 hours. Major repairs are carried out after a run of 11,000 km, while the service life of the tracks is 6,000 km.
Modifications
T-90 is the first production modification.
T-90S - export version of the T-90. The tank does not have OTSHU Shtora searchlights; instead, they are equipped with additional units of built-in dynamic protection.
T-90K - command version of the T-90, with additional communications (radio station R-163-50K) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
T-90SK - command version of the T-90S, with additional communications and navigation equipment.
T-90A - modification of the T-90 has been produced since 2004, equipped with a V-92S2 engine with a power of 1000 hp. s., thermal imaging equipment was modernized, a welded tower was installed instead of a cast one, and a new fire protection system was installed.
T-90AK - command version of the T-90A, with additional communications and navigation equipment, as well as a tactical battle management system and improved protection for fuel tanks. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2006.
T-90SA - export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified laser radiation detection system, equipped with a new PPO system. There are no OTSHU curtain spotlights on the tank; instead, they are equipped with additional units of built-in dynamic protection.
T-90SKA - command version of the T-90SA, with additional communications and navigation equipment and the T-BMS tactical battle management system.
T-90A (2006) - modernization of the T-90A: a second-generation thermal imaging sight "Essa" was equipped, the automatic loader was modernized, the fuel tank was increased by 100 liters
T-90AM is the newest modification of the T-90A. The old turret was replaced with a new combat module with a Kalina fire control system with an integrated tactical level combat information and control system, a new automatic loader and an upgraded 2A46M-5 gun, as well as a remote-controlled anti-aircraft gun "UDP T05BV-1". Dynamic protection "Relic". A steering wheel-based control and an automatic gear shift system with the ability to switch to manual are used. The tank is equipped with a monoblock power plant V-92S2F with a capacity of 1130 hp. pp., created on the basis of the B-92S2.
T-90SM - export version of the T-90AM tank.
Vehicles based on the T-90
BMR-3M - armored mine clearing vehicle
-BREM-1M - armored repair and recovery vehicle
-TOS-1A “Solntsepek” - multiple launch rocket system
-IMR-3M - engineering barrier clearing vehicle
-MTU-90 - bridge layer
- “Frame” - tank support combat vehicle
-E300 - universal tracked chassis
Export
Permission to supply abroad the export version of the T-90 under the designation T-90S was given simultaneously with the tank's adoption into service in 1992. However, the tank was first demonstrated at the IDEX exhibition in Abu Dhabi only in 1997.
The largest foreign buyer of the T-90 is India. In 1999, a preliminary contract was signed for the purchase of three tanks for testing. In 2001, the final contract was concluded and delivery of a batch of 310 T-90S units began.
In 2001, an agreement was reached on licensed production of the T-90 in India. During the period from October 2002 to September 2003, the Russian side provided equipment and licensed technical documentation for the assembly of the T-90S in India. Technical assistance was provided in organizing production at the HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) heavy vehicle plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu) and other enterprises of the Indian military-industrial complex. In 2003, Uralvagonzavod supplied the remaining 186 of the 310 T-90S in the form of semi-assembled units and individual components for further licensed assembly at the Indian HVF facilities.
In 2006, the Indian government signed a contract worth $2.5 billion for licensed production of 1000 T-90 tanks"Bhishma." In October of the same year, an additional contract worth $795 million was signed for the supply of another 330 T-90SA tanks during 2007-2008, providing for the assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. Together with Russia and France, the Indian version of the T-90 Bhishma was designed, which features a modernized chassis, an improved fire control system with the French Essa thermal imager and Indian Kanchan dynamic armor. The tank was given the name "Bhishma" in honor of the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata".
In 2007, another contract was signed for the supply of 347 T-90SA worth $1.237 billion in the form of supplies of 124 tanks and 223 vehicle kits for licensed production (small-unit assembly). In 2010, the contract was completed after the remaining 20 tanks and about 160 tank kits were sent to India for assembly at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF.
As of 2008, more than 500 tanks had been delivered and plans were announced to increase the degree of localization and launch full-fledged production of the T-90. In 2008, Indian Defense Minister D. Singh called the T-90 “second after nuclear weapons deterrent” in the conflict with Pakistan, which threatened to result in a large-scale nuclear war.
In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 of 1,000 planned locally produced T-90SAs. In total, under the license contract for HVF, it is planned to produce 1000 T-90SA in 2009-2020. The production capacity of the state-owned HVF plant allows the production of up to 100 tanks per year.
Currently, Russian specialists are providing technical assistance in the production of supplied tank kits and warranty service for the T-90S/SA of the Indian Army. As of 2010, Uralvagonzavod sold more than 600 T-90S/SA tanks to India, of which about 400 tank kits were assembled at the HVF plant. In total, India intends to increase the number of T-90s in its troops to 2000 by 2020.
Other countries
In March 2006, during Vladimir Putin’s visit to Algeria, a large package of contracts worth about $8 billion was concluded. In particular, it included 185 T-90S tanks.
In 2011, Kazakhstan showed great interest in purchasing T-90S tanks.
In 2011, an agreement was concluded between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and the Rosoboronexport company for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). Delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for another 94 T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, the tanks were equipped with Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems
In service
Azerbaijan: in 2011, an agreement was concluded between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and the Rosoboronexport company for the purchase of 94 T-90S (3 battalions). Delivery of tanks started in the spring of 2013. There is also an option for another 94 T-90S tanks. At the request of the Azerbaijani side, Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression systems were installed on the tanks.
-Algeria: 185 units, as of 2013. Additionally, 120 T-90SA units were ordered in 2011.
-India: 780 units. (Russian-made tanks and tank kits assembled at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF), as of 2013.
-Russia: more than 500 units. (of which 200 units are in storage), as of 2013.
-Turkmenistan: 10 units, as of 2013. In the summer of 2011, a contract was signed for the supply of another 30 tanks.
-Uganda: 44 units, as of 2011. The tanks were delivered in 2011 as part of a package contract concluded in 2010.
Combat use
There are no official statements or confirmations regarding the participation of the T-90 in hostilities. The Russian Ministry of Defense did not make statements on this matter. There is only a certificate kept at Uralvagonzavod, which states that one T-90 tank of the 1992 model was at the disposal of one of the units in the conflict zone in Chechnya, but nothing is said about its participation in any battles.
TTX T-90A (S, M)
Classification: MBT (main battle tank)
-Combat weight, t: 46.5
-Layout diagram: classic
-Crew, people: 3
Dimensions:
Case length, mm: 6860
-Length with gun forward, mm: 9530
-Case width, mm: 3780
-Height, mm: 2230 (on the roof of the tower)
-Base, mm: 4270
-Gauge, mm: 2790
- Ground clearance, mm: T-90(C): 426..492; T-90A (SA): 404..467
Reservations:
Type of armor: combined anti-ballistic (with filling in the form of plane-parallel plates and inserts made of high-hardness steel and other materials)
-Active protection: KOEP Shtora-1/1M
-Dynamic protection: T-90(A,C): “Contact-5”; T-90SM: "Relic"
Weapons:
Caliber and brand of gun: 125 mm T-90(S): 2A46M; T-90A(M): 2A46M-5
-Gun type: smoothbore
-Barrel length, calibers: 51
-Gun ammunition: T-90(S): 43 (22 in AZ); T-90A(SA): 42 (22 in AZ); T-90SM: 40 (22 in AZ)
-VN angles, degrees: -5..+16
-GN angles, degrees: 360
-Firing range, km: ATGM: 5.0
-Sights: Gunner (day): 1G46; Gunner (night): Buran-PA,M or "ESSA"; Commander (day/night): T01-KO4
-Machine guns: 1 x 12.7 mm NSVT or Kord 1 x 7.62 mm PKT
-Other weapons: "Reflex-M"
Mobility:
Engine: Manufacturer: ChTZ; Brand: V-84MS or V-92S2; Type: diesel; Volume: 38,880 cc; Maximum power: 1000 hp (736 kW), at 2000 rpm; Configuration: V-shaped; Cylinders: 12-cylinder; Cylinder diameter: 150 mm; Piston stroke: 180 mm; Compression ratio: 14; Power system: direct injection; Cooling: liquid; Clock (number of cycles): 4-stroke; Recommended fuel: multi-fuel
-Highway speed, km/h: 60
-Speed over rough terrain, km/h: 35-45
-Highway range, km: 550 (700 with external tanks)
- Cruising range over rough terrain, km: 345..520
-Specific power, l. s./t: T-90(S): 18.6; T-90A(SA): 21.5; T-90SM: 24
-Suspension type: individual torsion bar
-Specific pressure on the ground, kg/sq.cm: T-90(C): 0.938; T-90A(SA): 0.97
- Climbability, degrees: 30
-Overcome wall, m: 0.85
-Ditch to be overcome, m: 2.6..2.8
-Fordability, m: 1.2 (1.8 with preliminary preparation; 5.0 with OPVT (underwater driving equipment for tanks - a set of devices that provide the tank with the ability to overcome water obstacles along their bottom))
