Educational objectives: 1. To familiarize students with the main types of special weapons in service with internal troops; 2. Bring to trainees the combat properties, general structure and principle of operation of special weapons and ammunition for them; 3. Using specific examples, show students the superiority of domestic small arms special weapons over foreign models. Educational goals: 1. Familiarize students with the main types of special weapons in service with the internal troops; 2. Bring to trainees the combat properties, general structure and principle of operation of special weapons and ammunition for them; 3. Using specific examples, show students the superiority of domestic small arms special weapons over foreign models.
Educational questions: 1. Purpose, combat properties, design features of special weapons and grenade launchers of units special purpose internal troops. 2. Ammunition for special weapons. Educational questions: 1. Purpose, combat properties, design features of special weapons and grenade launchers of special forces units of internal troops. 2. Ammunition for special weapons.
Firepower Maneuverability Maneuverability ReliabilityReliability Serviceability - reach - shooting accuracy - lethal effect bullets - speed Combat - mobility - speed of transfer from traveling to combat position and back - possibility various applications- ease of transportation - reliability - survivability - safety - convenience and simplicity of ammunition supply - convenience and simplicity of preparation for shooting and shooting - ease of storage and storage Requirements for special weapons Operational
The pistol is a personal weapon designed to defeat the enemy at distances of up to m (some samples up to 200 m). Modern models of pistols are self-loading, some models can fire automatically. A revolver (from the English revolve - to rotate) is a personal multi-shot non-automatic weapon with a rotating drum, designed to defeat an enemy at a distance of up to 100 m. A pistol is a personal weapon designed to defeat an enemy at distances of up to m (some samples up to 200 m). Modern models of pistols are self-loading, some models can fire automatically. A revolver (from the English revolve - to rotate) is a personal multi-shot non-automatic weapon with a rotating drum, designed to defeat the enemy at a distance of up to 100 m.
9 mm MAKAROV PISTOL The 9 mm Makarov pistol is a personal weapon of attack and defense, designed to defeat the enemy at short distances. Pistol weight 730 g. Pistol weight with a magazine loaded with eight rounds 810 g. Pistol length 161 mm Pistol height 126.75 mm Barrel length 93 mm Barrel caliber 9 mm Number of rifling 4 Magazine capacity 8 cartridges Bullet weight 6.1 g Cartridge weight 10 g Combat rate of fire 30 rpm Initial bullet speed 315 m/sec
9-mm PMM pistol The modernized Makarov pistol (PMM) has been mass-produced by the Izhevsk plant since 1994. Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 Muzzle velocity m/s Weight of the pistol with magazine without cartridges - 0.76 kg Magazine - 12
9 mm product 6P9 The Silent 6P9 pistol is an individual weapon of covert attack and defense in conditions requiring silent, flameless shooting Caliber – 9 mm Weight – 950 g. Sighting range – 25 m. Ammunition used – 9 x 18PM Combat rate of fire – 30 rpm . Initial bullet speed – 290 m/s Magazine capacity – 8 rounds
9 mm Stechkin automatic pistol - APS 9 mm Stechkin automatic pistol is a personal weapon of attack and defense, designed to defeat the enemy in attack and defense, designed to defeat the enemy at short distances with both single and automatic fire. Combat properties 9 mm APS Caliber 9 x 18 PM Length 225 mm Barrel length 140 mm Weight 1.22 kg Rate of fire V/m Rate of fire V/m Magazine capacity 20 rounds Sighting range 25, 50, 100, 200 m
9-mm pistol 6P35 “Grach” (Klimovsk) Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 19 7N21 N.s m/s Weight of pistol with magazine without cartridges - 0.9 kg Magazine - 18 In 1993, GRAU clarified the requirements for new weapons. From that moment on, a decision was made to develop an army pistol chambered for the new domestic 9x 19-mm cartridge, which subsequently received the index 7N21. This cartridge is made in the dimensions of a standard NATO pistol cartridge 9x 19 mm parabellum, but at the same time has greater power, penetration and lethality.
9-mm pistol OTs-27 "Berdysh" The OTs-27 pistol was shown to the general public in April 1994 at the exhibition "Milipop-Moscow 94". The pistol was developed by I. Ya. Stechkin more than ten years ago and developed by his group at TsKIB in Tula. A feature of its design is a replaceable barrel, which allows you to choose the caliber of the pistol. There are three options: 7.62 mm chambered for 7.62 x 25 mm TT, 9 mm chambered for 9 x 18 PM or PMM and chambered for 9 x 19 mm Para. Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s m/s Weight of pistol with magazine without cartridges - 0.96 kg
9-mm pistol SR.1 "Vector" ("Gyurza") Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 21 N.s m/s Weight of the pistol with magazine without cartridges - 0.9 kg Magazine mm pistol complex "Gyurza" is designed to kill living people targets in body armor of I, II and III protection classes (type Zh-81, Zh-86-2), corresponding to foreign standards NILECJ-STD and MIL-C, as well as various technical means (vehicles, cabins and antennas of radar systems, missile bodies etc.) at ranges up to 100 m.
7.62 mm special self-loading pistol (PSS) PSS is an individual weapon of covert attack and defense in conditions requiring silent, flameless shooting Caliber - 7.62 mm Weight - 850 g. Sighting range - 25 m. Ammunition used - SP-4 Length barrel - 35 mm. Combat rate of fire 6-8 r/min. Initial bullet speed – 200 m/s Magazine capacity – 6 rounds
REVOLVERS 9-mm revolver R-92 Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s m/s Revolver weight - 0.52 kg Drum capacity - 6 rounds
9-mm revolver RSA "Cobalt" 9-mm revolver RSA "Cobalt" Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s m/s Revolver weight - 0.8 kg Drum capacity - 6 rounds
A submachine gun is an automatic melee weapon that uses a pistol cartridge. Submachine guns were widely used during the Second World War. After the war, submachine guns were supplanted from the arsenal of army weapons by machine guns. However, for security and police units, the need for small weapons capable of automatic fire remains. Pistol - Machine guns
9-mm submachine guns PP-91 “KEDR” (70s), PP-9 “WEDGE” (94) Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s / 425 m/s Weight of PP - 1.54 kg Magazine - 20 and 30 The KEDR submachine gun is created on the basis of the PP-71 submachine gun (Design by Evgeny Dragunov). The weapon is designed for the 9 x 18 mm PM cartridge. Automation works by using the recoil energy of a free shutter; the shot occurs when the shutter is unlocked. The eldest son of E. F. Dragunov, Mikhail Dragunov, modified the design for a more powerful cartridge and received the name “Wedge”
9-mm submachine gun OTs-02 "Cypress" Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 PM N.s / 425 m/s Weight of PP - 1.57 kg Magazine - 20 and 30 It is a personal weapon of attack and defense. Designed to engage targets with single and automatic fire, including in conditions requiring silent and flameless shooting. It is in service with the internal affairs bodies and units of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
9-mm submachine gun PP-93 Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s m/s Weight of PP - 1.7 kg Magazine - 20 and 30
9-mm submachine gun AEK-919 "Kashtan" Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s m/s Weight of PP - 1.65 kg Magazine - 20 and 30
9-mm submachine gun PP-19 "Bison" In 1993, Kalashnikov and Dragunov (junior) produced the first version of a new submachine gun called PP-19 "Bison". Combat properties Cartridge - 9 x 18 N.s / 420 m/s Weight of PP - 2 kg Magazine - 66
After conducting a large-scale counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus, gangs are trying to dissolve among the civilian population, while continuing to destabilize the situation and carry out terrorist acts. To destroy the enemy in populated areas, in safe houses, employees of operational units need a powerful rapid-fire weapon, which in its characteristics would not be inferior to small arms of army units, but would be compact and mobile. This is due primarily to the specifics of the tasks performed.
9 mm special automatic machine AS “Val” Caliber – 9 mm Weight – 2.96 kg. Sighting range with an open sight - 420 m. With an optical sight - 400 m. With a night sight - 300 m. Ammunition used - SP-5, SP-6, PAB-9 Single combat rate of fire - 30 rpm. in bursts - 90 rpm. The initial speed of the bullet is 290 m/s. The magazine capacity is 20 rounds. The machine gun is designed to engage targets at ranges of up to 400 meters in conditions requiring silent, flameless shooting.
9 mm small-sized assault rifle SR-3 “Whirlwind” The assault rifle is designed to destroy targets protected by body armor at short distances. Caliber – 9 mm Weight – 2 kg. Sighting firing range - 200 m. Ammunition used - SP-5, SP-6, PAB-9 Combat rate of single fire - 30 rpm. in bursts - 90 rpm. The initial speed of the bullet is 270 m/s. The magazine capacity is 10 and 20 rounds.
9 mm small-sized assault rifle 9A-91 The assault rifle is designed to hit targets at short distances. Combat properties of the 9A-91 assault rifle Caliber mm V bullets early. m/s Sighting range m up to 200 up to 250 up to 250 up to 250 Rate of fire rpm 700 – 900 Weight without magazine kg Cartridge type SP-5, SP6, PAB-9; 7.62 x 39 mm arr g; 5.45 x 39 mm model 1974; 5.56 x 45 NATO Combat properties of the 9A-91 assault rifle Caliber mm V bullets early. m/s Sighting range m up to 200 up to 250 up to 250 up to 250 Rate of fire rpm 700 – 900 Weight without magazine kg Cartridge type SP-5, SP6, PAB-9; 7.62 x 39 mm arr g; 5.45 x 39 mm model 1974; 5.56 x 45 NATO
Underwater assault rifle APS In 1960, engineers Kravchenko O.P. and Sazonov P.F., a 5.66 mm special underwater assault rifle was developed specifically for units that protect water areas to combat underwater swimmers. It is designed to defeat an enemy underwater, as well as for self-defense from sea predators. In 1960, engineers O.P. Kravchenko. and Sazonov P.F., a 5.66 mm special underwater assault rifle was developed specifically for units that protect water areas to combat underwater swimmers. It is designed to defeat an enemy underwater, as well as for self-defense from sea predators
7.62/30 mm silent automatic grenade launcher system “Silence” For firing from machine guns equipped with devices for silent firing, cartridges with a reduced initial velocity are used, and the device for silent firing (SFS) requires periodic maintenance and replacement of the shutter. cartridges with a reduced muzzle velocity are used, and the device for silent firing (SFS) requires periodic maintenance and replacement of the shutter.
OTs-14 "Groza" was developed in Tula, at TsKIB SOO, and is produced at the Tula Arms Plant. Initially, this automatic grenade launcher system was created for the special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for special 9 mm SP-5 and SP-6 cartridges. The "Groza-1" variant was released for army special forces chambered for the widely used 7.62 x 39 cartridge. The assault rifle is 70 percent unified with the AKM, and uses standard AKM magazines (in the version chambered for 7.62 mm). The main difference is the bullpup layout and variable configuration: the basic machine gun can be used in the variants of a carbine, an assault rifle (with an extended barrel and a front additional handle for holding), a silent machine gun (with a silencer), and an automatic grenade launcher system.
Automatic grenade launcher complex "Groza" - OTs-14 Groza-1" caliber 7.62 mm in the basic configuration "Groza" caliber 9 mm in the basic configuration "Groza" caliber 9 mm in the variant of the automatic grenade launcher system
Automatic grenade launcher system "Groza" Caliber: 9x39 mm (SP-6, PAB-9), 7.62x39 mm Length: total: 700 mm Barrel length: 415 mm Sighting range: 700 m Weight: 3,200 g Magazine capacity, rounds: 20 (9 x 39 mm), 30 (7.62 x 39 mm) Rate of fire, rounds/min: 750
Until recently, the term “domestic sniper rifle” was associated with the SVD, which was put into service back in 1963 and was designed for use in large-scale armed conflict. But time is running, the nature of combat operations changes, the tasks facing snipers change and are supplemented, and, accordingly, the requirements for their weapons change and are supplemented, which entails a change in their designs. Small-sized, maneuverable models with high combat qualities, reliable and easy to use, allowing effective fire in any terrain conditions, are entering service. Until recently, the term “domestic sniper rifle” was associated with the SVD, which was put into service back in 1963 and was designed for use in large-scale armed conflict. But time passes, the nature of combat operations changes, the tasks facing snipers change and are supplemented, and, accordingly, the requirements for their weapons change and are supplemented, which entails a change in their designs. Small-sized, maneuverable models with high combat qualities, reliable and easy to use, allowing effective fire in any terrain conditions, are entering service.
Sniper rifle SVU OTs-03 The shortened sniper rifle had a number of advantages over the standard SVD. Firstly, the small dimensions of the rifle increased the maneuverability of a sniper in a limited space, secondly, a weapon appeared that was convenient for marching and when transporting on vehicles, and thirdly, the combat properties of the rifle were practically preserved. The main feature of the IED was that it was assembled according to the “bulpup” scheme. The placement of the butt along the axis of the barrel improved the stability of the weapon.
7.62 mm rifle SVU-AS Caliber mm Weight with magazine and sight PSO-1 - 4.4 kg Magazine capacity - 10 and 20 rounds Length - 900 mm Muzzle velocity - 830 m/s Sighting range - 1300 m , with night sight – 400 m
9-mm rifle VSS "Vintorez" VSS "Vintorez" is designed to engage targets with sniper fire in conditions requiring silent and flameless shooting. The rifle provides an effective firing range with an optical sight of 400 m during the day and with a night sight of 300 m at night. VSS "Vintorez" is designed to engage targets with sniper fire in conditions requiring silent and flameless shooting. The rifle provides an effective firing range with an optical sight of 400 m during the day and with a night sight of 300 m at night.
Caliber – 9 mm Weight – 3.41 kg. Sighting range with an open sight - 420 m. With an optical sight - 400 m. With a night sight - 300 m. Ammunition used - SP-5, SP-6, PAB-9 Single combat rate of fire - 30 rpm. in bursts - 60 rpm. The initial speed of the bullet is 290 m/s. The magazine capacity is 10 rounds.
The 9 mm rifle sniper complex VSK-94 VSK-94 is developed on the basis of the small-sized 9A-91 assault rifle. The main difference of the sniper complex is a convenient removable frame-type stock, the presence of a bracket for mounting an optical sight, and a device for silent and flameless shooting can be attached to the muzzle. The rifle sniper complex is designed to engage manpower in third-class personal protective equipment or vehicles at a range of up to 400 m. The rifle has a quick-release design and can be disassembled into parts of short length, which allows it to be covertly transported to the place of use. VSK-94 is developed on the basis of the small-sized 9A-91 assault rifle. The main difference of the sniper complex is a convenient removable frame-type stock, the presence of a bracket for mounting an optical sight, and a device for silent and flameless shooting can be attached to the muzzle. The rifle sniper complex is designed to engage manpower in third-class personal protective equipment or vehicles at a range of up to 400 m. The rifle has a quick-release design and can be disassembled into parts of short length, which allows it to be covertly transported to the place of use.
12.7 mm sniper rifle V mm sniper rifle OSV-96 (V-94) is a sniper weapon and is designed to destroy various appearing, moving, open and camouflaged single targets at a range of up to 2000 m , as well as lightly armored vehicles. single targets at a range of up to 2000 m, as well as lightly armored vehicles.
Caliber: 12.7x108 mm Sighting range: 2000 m Mechanism: gas-operated semi-automatic, locked by turning the bolt Barrel: 1000 mm Weight: 12.9 kg without cartridges and optical sight Length: 1746 mm (1154 mm when folded) Magazine: 5 rounds detachable box-shaped
12.7 mm sniper rifle KSVK Caliber: 12.7x108 mm Mechanism: manual reloading, longitudinally sliding bolt Barrel: 1000 mm Weight: 12 kg without cartridges and sight Length: 1400 mm Magazine: 5 rounds detachable box-shaped. Sighting range: 1500 m
Revolving grenade launcher RG-6 Task for the development of a multi-charge hand grenade launcher for VOG-24 and VOG-25P shots from the GP-25 grenade launcher, TsKIB SOO was issued in November 1993. The work was carried out by V.N. Telesh (creator of GP-25) and B.A. Borzov. Already in the first quarter of 1994, a batch of six samples of a six-shot revolver-type grenade launcher was submitted for testing. The weapon was tested by combat in Chechnya, receiving positive reviews. The grenade launcher was given the designation RG-6.
RGM-40 "Kastet" Grenade launcher RGM - 40 "Knuckles", developed by V.N. Teleshom, designed for combat operations in urban environments and is designed to defeat openly located manpower, as well as manpower located in open trenches, trenches, window openings, and on reverse slopes of terrain
Caliber 40 mm Length with stock folded 360 mm Length with stock extended 615 mm Weight without cartridges 2.5 kg Initial grenade flight speed 76 m/s Rate of fire 5-8 v/m Effective firing range m
Question 2 Ammunition for Special Weapons In most cases, all weapons are designed for a specific ammunition, not ammunition for a weapon. Therefore, it is not special weapons that deserve special attention, since the principle of their design and the operation of the automation is almost identical to conventional (military) weapons. small arms, and ammunition for special weapons.
The following types of ammunition can be used for shooting from special weapons: - Conventional cartridges with a bullet with a steel or lead core; - Tracer cartridges; - Incendiary cartridges; - Sniper cartridges; - Armor-piercing cartridges; - Armor-piercing incendiary cartridges; - Special cartridges.
Automatic cartridges accepted for equipment in Russia 5.45 x 39 mm 7N6, 7T3 (7T3M), 7U1 5.45 x 39 mm 7N10 5.45 x 39 mm 7N10 5.45 x 39 mm 7N22 5.45 x 39 mm 7N22 7.62 x 39 mm with bullets PS, T-45 (T45M), US 7.62 x 39 mm with bullets PS, T-45 (T45M), US 7.62 x 39 mm 7N23 7.62 x 39 mm 7N23
5.45 x 39 mm 7N6, 7T3 (7T3M), 7U1 Low-pulse intermediate cartridge, developed in the early 70s by a group of Soviet designers as opposed to the American cartridge 5.56 x 34.5 (.223 Remington), which In the 60s, Americans widely used it in Vietnam. “PS” - with a bullet with a steel core (index 7N6, 7N6VK) weighing 3.30-3.55 g. Since 1986, they have been produced with a heat-strengthened (up to 60 HRC) steel (65G) cylindrical core. The bullet is unpainted. "T" - tracer (7T3). Green bullet top. The cartridge for firing from weapons with silent firing devices (index 7U1) contains a bullet weighing 5.15 g, which has an initial speed of 303 m/s. The coloring is a black bullet top with a green rim.
5.45 x 39 mm FSUE PO Vympel (Amursk) produces the 7N24 cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet weighing from 3.93 to 4.27 g, with a speed of 840 m/s (data from the manufacturer’s website). Model cartridge - intended for comparative testing of the ballistic characteristics of cartridges stored in warehouses. Corresponds to the standard cartridge (7N6), but is manufactured with increased accuracy. The bullet nose is painted white. A cartridge with an enhanced charge (US) - the entire bullet is completely black. Cartridge high pressure(VD) - the entire bullet is entirely yellow.
Comparative level of 5.45 mm and 5.56 mm machine gun cartridges Characteristics 7N67N107N227N24M109 Initial speed, m/s DPV in breast. figure, m Recoil impulse, kgf 0.490.510.510.540.59 Bullet mass, g 3.43.63.64.14.0 Core mass, g 1.421.71.82.10.65 Penetration range of body armor type 6B5-13 (class 3), m N6 60-7N6M Bullet energy (muzzle/at D=500 m), kgm 140/38148/42148/42152/50180/52
Pistol and revolver cartridges accepted for equipment in Russia 7.62 x 25 mm pistol P, P-41, PT The 7.63 mm Mauser cartridge was created in 1896 for the Mauser S96 self-loading pistol. The cartridge had significant power, when fired from the already mentioned Mauser, it penetrated 12 cm of pine board at a distance of 150 meters. The light (5.51 gram) bullet developed an initial speed of about 430 m/s with a muzzle energy of about 510 Joules. The light (5.51 gram) bullet developed an initial speed of about 430 m/s with a muzzle energy of about 510 Joules.
9 x 18-mm pistol SP.7, SP.8, PBM SP.7 - Designed for shooting in various climatic conditions from military weapons, has an increased stopping effect SP.8 - Designed for firing in various climatic conditions from military weapons, if minimal destruction of low-strength barriers is necessary. IN last years this cartridge began to be produced in a version with a semi-jacketed expansive bullet, in the 9 x 18 PBM version with a bullet of increased penetration ability
9 x 18 mm pistol PMM In the 90s, the cartridge and pistol were modernized and were named PM-M and PMM, respectively. This cartridge cannot be fired from previous Makarov pistols. Standard military ammunition is loaded with a jacketed bullet weighing 6 g. There is a bullet with a heat-strengthened steel core weighing 5.4 g, which penetrates 3 mm steel sheet at a distance of 20 meters. 9-mm modernized high-impulse cartridge (57-N-181SM), which, without differing in size from the 9-mm cartridge for the Makarov pistol, has increased penetration and stopping effect (approximately at the level of the 9 x 19 mm Par. cartridge). Currently, variants of the standard cartridge with expansive and tracer bullets are also being tested.
9 x 21 mm pistol SP.10 (11, 12, 13) Special purpose cartridge. Sometimes the developer's index (TsNIIToch Mash) - RG052 - is used to designate it. The cartridge was created for the "Vector" pistol (also known under the export name "Gyurza") and is intended to combat targets protected by body armor or obstacles such as a car body. To increase penetration power, increased bullet speed is used with a high-strength tungsten carbide core exposed in the nose. The SP-10 cartridge has the following characteristics: bullet mass grams, initial speed m/s, muzzle energy Joules.
Comparative level of pistol cartridges CharacteristicsMPTSPMPMM7N21SP-10Para Caliber 5.45 x 189 x 189 x 189 x 199 x 219 x 19 Cartridge weight, g 4.8109.69.510.811.4 Bullet weight, g 2.4-2.66.15.545, 36, 77.5 Initial bullet speed, m/s PM, 340AP C Initial bullet energy E 0, j approx. 130 approx. 350 approx. 400 approx. 450 approx. 680 approx. 420 Penetration range of BZ protection class 2 untested.untested
Cartridges for special weapons accepted for equipment in Russia 7.62 x 35 mm SP-3, PZAM, SP-4 Special cartridges are the smallest in circulation, but perhaps the most diverse category of cartridges, used not only in special small arms , but also in all kinds of shooting devices intended for use in special conditions.
7.62 x 35 mm SP-3 In the early 60s, the SP-2 cartridge underwent modernization: the old bullet with a pusher was replaced with an ordinary PS bullet from a 7.62 mm machine gun cartridge. The new telescopic pusher, which also took over the functions of the piston, remained in the cartridge case after the shot. The geometry of the cartridge case remained almost unchanged, but the increase in bullet mass slightly reduced its initial velocity. The new ammunition received the SP-3 index. The most widely used are two models firing SP-2 and SP-3 cartridges: the small-sized double-barreled pistol MSP and special knife NRS scout. SME
7.62 x 35 mm SP-4 In 1983, a new silent Vul complex was adopted, which included a 7.62 mm PSS self-loading pistol and the SP-4 cartridge. The new ammunition was a further development of SP-2 and SP-3. In design, it is closer to the older SP-2, but the piston rests directly on the bullet, which is a hard alloy cylinder with a brass leading belt in front. To increase the stopping effect, the head of the bullet is made flat, which does not significantly affect its ballistics at short firing distances. PSS
9 x 39 mm SP-5 9 x 39 mm SP-6 SP-5 - designer N. Zabelin. Created on the basis of a cartridge case of 7.62 mm model year at TsNIIToch Mash. The bullet has a lead core. Characterized by high manufacturing precision. Used in VSS (6P29), AS (6P30), 9A91 and Vikhra (SR-3), sniper rifle VSK-94, rifle-grenade launcher complex OTs-14 "Groza". SP-6 - designer N. Frolov. Just like the SP-5, it was created on the basis of a 7.62 mm cartridge cartridge case. The bullet has a tungsten carbide core. Used in the same weapons as SP-5. Produced by the Klimovsky stamping plant. VSSAS9A91 and Vikhre (SR-3)VSK-94OTs-14 "Groza"VSSAS9A91 and Vikhre (SR-3)VSK-94OTs-14 "Groza"
Decay Soviet Union was accompanied by a widespread surge in violence that engulfed most regions of the once united country. During this period, cases of terrorism and hostage-taking increased sharply, and interethnic conflicts arose.
The trigger mechanism allows firing in single shots and bursts. The firing mode translator, which also serves as a fuse, is located on the left side of the receiver above the trigger guard.
The PP-90 Ml submachine gun was developed by the KBP enterprise and is intended for arming police units and internal troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, army units not directly participating in hostilities, crews of armored vehicles and helicopters, as well as crews of heavy infantry weapons.
The PP-90 Ml largely meets the basic requirements for modern personal defense weapons, which are being developed in many countries around the world in accordance with the PDW (Personal Defense Weapon) concept. As is known, such weapons must always be with a serviceman, without interfering with the performance of his duties, i.e. be as light and compact as possible. At the same time, it must ensure sufficient fire efficiency to deter an enemy armed with combined arms small arms.
Since 2008, police departments and units of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia have been receiving PP-19 -02 submachine guns. 20 "Vityaz-SN". This submachine gun was developed and manufactured at Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant OJSC. The tactical and technical assignment for its development was issued by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2003, and the name of the topic of development work, which was subsequently assigned to the submachine gun, is directly related to the special unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Vityaz", whose commander S.I. Lysyuk became the initiator this development.
It should be noted that another prototype during the development of the “Vityaz” was the PP-19 “Bison” submachine gun, from which the automation system was borrowed, working by using the recoil energy of the free shutter. At the same time, however, it was necessary to change the design of the rammer, since, unlike the Bison magazine with a single-row cartridge output, the Vityaz magazine was made double-row with a staggered arrangement of cartridges. Compared to the Bison, the position of the reloading handle has also been changed. It is moved forward, and the cutout for it in the receiver cover is completely covered by the firing mode translator shield (when the latter is in the “safety” position). This prevents dirt from getting inside the receiver.
The main ammunition for both versions of the Vityaz submachine gun is the new 9x19 mm PRS cartridge (PRS - reduced ricocheting ability). It has a lead-core jacketed bullet with a muzzle velocity of 360 m/s.
In 1991, the American company Calico began production of a submachine gun with an original auger magazine, the capacity of which was 50-100 rounds. Although the cost of this weapon was almost twice the cost of other similar submachine guns, the following year the first 1,000 Calico submachine guns entered service with the US Drug Enforcement Administration, orders for the submachine gun came from the Forces special operations and Corps Marine Corps USA. By mid-1996, exports were made to 27 countries.
Similar weapons were created in Russia. At the end of 1993, a photograph of the President appeared on the pages of Russian and foreign publications Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin with the original appearance weapon in hand - this is how the latest development of the designers of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, the PP-19 “Bison-2” submachine gun, was demonstrated.
The PP-91 Kedr submachine gun is in service with many law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. They are armed with special units of police and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal service execution of punishments, the Federal Service for Drug Control, departmental security officers, the Courier Service and collectors. The first 40 pre-production samples of PP-91 “Kedr” were manufactured in 1992 at the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, subsequently mass production was organized at the Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant.
The simple and technologically advanced design of PP-91 “Kedr” is
further development of the pistol - machine gun PP-71, developed by E.F. Dragu new in the late 1960s. according to the tactical and technical specifications of the GRAU of the USSR Ministry of Defense within the framework of the “Bouquet” experimental design program. Work on the creation of the PP-92 was also carried out under the leadership of E. F. Dragunov, so the weapon was called “Cedar” - designed by Evgeny Dragunov.
Adopted in the early 1990s. The PP-91 Kedr submachine gun, which is used by units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation, has one, but very significant drawback - its ammunition is a 9x18 mm PM pistol cartridge, which is not powerful enough to hit targets wearing personal armor protection. The effective firing range of this submachine gun does not exceed 50 m. For this reason, in the early 1990s. An attempt was made to increase the combat characteristics of the submachine gun of this system by developing its version for a more powerful 9x18 mm PMM cartridge, made in the dimensions of the 9x18 mm PM cartridge, but having a larger powder charge and a lighter bullet with a pointed head.
The bullet of the 9x18 mm PMM cartridge has an initial speed of 425 m/s and at a distance of 20 m penetrates a steel sheet 3 mm thick or a body passenger car, and at a distance of 10 m it ensures the destruction of a living target protected by army body armor.
In 1997, at an arms exhibition in Moscow, the Gepard submachine gun, developed on an initiative basis by the designers of military unit 33491 and JSC ROKS, was demonstrated for the first time. The creation of this submachine gun was due to the fact that, due to the use of insufficiently effective ammunition, many modern Russian pistols machine guns do not ensure reliable destruction of targets wearing personal protective equipment.
« Cheetah"is a system on the basis of which it is possible to create a family of submachine guns that optimally meet the requirements of various law enforcement agencies.
A shortened assault rifle was used as a basis for the development of the Cheetah. AKS-74U, from which the wooden forend and linings, the firing mode translator, sighting devices and a shortened receiver were borrowed. Moreover, in contrast to the OTs-39 P version, chambered for a powerful 9×19 mm cartridge, the 7 N21 pistol is one of the significant features OTs-22"Buk" are small in size and weight. This was achieved through the use of a “pistol” layout with the magazine placed in the fire control handle. Gun- machine gun equipped with mechanism
mi automation, working by using the recoil energy of the free shutter.
In early September, patrol officer Andrei Raisky died at the Kurskaya metro station in Moscow: the policeman was killed by a bullet from his own Makarov pistol. Behind Lately This is not the first time that service weapons not only do not help police officers, but even turn against them. And this despite the fact that attackers are increasingly attacking law enforcement officers every year. The conclusion is disappointing: Russian police have big problems with fire training. I understood the difficult relationship between law enforcement officers and their service weapons.
Victims in uniform
In the last two months, several high-profile attacks on police officers have been carried out in Russia, during which law enforcement officers showed surprising defenselessness. On July 27, at the Slovak Embassy in Moscow, a 17-year-old youth stabbed a 30-year-old police captain, platoon commander of a special police regiment for the protection of diplomatic missions. The captain received several stab wounds, including one to the chest, and was hospitalized. Service weapon he didn't apply. The policeman's attacker escaped; he was detained two days later.
On August 23, 31-year-old native of Kabardino-Balkaria Renat Kunashev in Sivtsev Vrazhek Lane, not far from the main building, from traumatic pistol Stechkin, converted to a live cartridge, shoot at two policemen. Law enforcement officers returned fire from their service weapons. The recording shows that the shootout in a narrow alley lasts half a minute, while Kunashev does not even try to hide from the bullets, while the police are hiding behind cars. The attacker, according to various sources, managed to fire from 10 to 20 shots, wounding one policeman in the leg. In the end, Kunashev received a bullet in the head, the wound turned out to be fatal.
Youtube / Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation
On the evening of August 21, a 23-year-old resident of the Moscow region, armed with a knife, confronted two police officers in Klin. To stop the attacker, they fired into the air, which had no effect. As a result, the robber was subdued, but he managed to wound both law enforcement officers.
Finally, on the night of September 3, patrol service officer Andrei Raisky was found dead in an office building at the Kurskaya metro station; The cause of his death was a gunshot wound to the head. A 42-year-old visitor from Orenburg, Nurlan Muratov, was detained on suspicion of committing a crime. According to the investigation, Raisky stopped Muratov for inspection and took him to an office building. There, Muratov snatched the policeman’s service pistol and shot him. According to another version, which, however, raises doubts, the accused hit Raisky several times on the head with a blunt object, but he managed to take out a pistol and shoot, but the bullet ricocheted in a cramped room and hit him in the eye.
In all cases, the service weapon did not help the police in any way. During the attack at the Slovak Embassy, the police did not even use it; In Klin, for some reason, the patrolmen fired into the air; in the case at Kurskaya, the law enforcement officer apparently died from his own pistol. True, during the shootout near the Foreign Ministry building, the police still shot the attacker, but before that, the two of them had spent half a minute trying to hit the enemy, who was standing not far from them like a living target, without even trying to hide! It’s scary to think what would have happened if some militant with a serious weapon had been in the place of this shooter.
Weapon mess
According to Vladimir Vorontsov, founder of the Police Ombudsman community, today there is a Special Combat Training Center (CSBT) in the capital - it is located in the west of Moscow. Police speak highly of his instructors and methods. But there is one problem: the Center is not able to cover the entire metropolitan police garrison.
For employees working “on the ground,” shooting takes place once or twice a month, says Vorontsov. - What kind of classes are these? Pull the pistol out of the holster and hit the target with three bullets in ten seconds (exercise No. 2). That's all. But management cannot send employees to such classes without violating their labor rights. For example, a teaching staff employee works day and night. In theory, he should be called by order to shoot on a day off and given time off for this, but the units are catastrophically short-staffed, so there can be no time off. They get out of it as best they can.
Metropolitan Police departments periodically conduct employee tests to determine their suitability for situations involving the use of firearms. True, for some reason the test tasks included the assembly and disassembly of pistols and theoretical questions about how much the weapon weighs and at what speed the bullet flies. Of course it is useful knowledge, but they have a rather distant relationship with developing practical skills in using weapons.
The main place where ordinary police officers in the capital undergo their six-month initial training is the Professional Training Center of the Moscow Main Directorate on Klyazminskaya Street, popularly known as “Klyazma,” continues Lenta.ru’s interlocutor. - There is still an old shooting gallery there. They shoot there, but not nearly as thoughtfully as in the TsSBP. But at Klyazma, much attention is paid to all kinds of household work, cleaning the territory, drill and guard duty. It turns out that the employee must regularly visit shooting complexes at his own expense, but how can this be done with a salary of 43 thousand rubles? The most amazing thing is that some police somehow manage to do this.
Today, a lot of all kinds of new products in the field of weapons and equipment are being developed for security forces of various departments, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Meanwhile, the material and technical equipment of the police, Vorontsov notes, leaves much to be desired. These are old, uncomfortable holsters and pistols—sometimes from the 60s—and well-worn bulletproof vests. They weigh eight kilograms, and if you wear them 12 hours in a row for two years, health problems cannot be avoided.
A separate story is the legal assessment of the use of weapons, says Vorontsov. - The police are simply afraid to use it. On the one hand, the law says that every armed officer is an authorized representative of the authorities and himself interprets the requirements of the law in a specific situation. On the other hand, this interpretation of his has no meaning or authority for management and employees (TFR). They will then judge in their own way and accuse the policeman of exceeding his authority. In the end, the policeman with the pistol is faced with the choice of “either six will be punished or three will be judged.”
Ammo in short supply
Meanwhile, back in the 70s of the 20th century, a the new kind sport - practical shooting. It was created precisely as an applied discipline for American police: it turned out that standard exercises with weapons at a shooting range were not enough for law enforcement officers. Practical shooting fills these gaps: it reinforces the ability to quickly and correctly draw and hold a weapon, aim and pull the trigger. In addition, this sport involves the creation of increasingly new and more complex scenarios for the use of weapons. Exercises in it are carried out for a while, using special elements that distract and irritate the shooter.
Today, practical shooting is actively developing in Russia, and against this background low level fire training of Russian police officers is especially noticeable. However, this is not surprising: since the times of the USSR, shooting ranges have not been provided for in standard police department buildings - they began to be included in projects only recently, in new buildings. This means that most police officers cannot regularly practice shooting by dropping into a shooting range before or after their shift. Of course, there are places like TsSBP, but it is unlikely that a law enforcement officer who is overloaded beyond measure will be able to visit them regularly, especially if he lives on the other side of the city or in the region.
Yes, some police departments have premises equipped for shooting - as, for example, on the famous Petrovka, 38. However, according to Lenta.ru's source, law enforcement agencies, classes there are very rare, and when they do happen, ammunition is frankly saved. While a typical training session at private shooting ranges may involve hundreds of rounds, being able to fire two eight-round magazines in a police shooting class is considered a great success. And there are no instructors nearby.
As a result, by training once or twice a month, police officers consolidate not their shooting skills, but rather their characteristic mistakes when shooting. This even affects the performance of the elementary and most important exercise for assessing the “combat readiness” of an employee, Exercise No. 2. A Lenta.ru source notes: in the fall of 2008, even in the legendary Moscow Criminal Investigation Department (MUR), many operatives were unable to complete exercise No. 2 with a satisfactory rating. As for police officers whose positions are not directly related to maintaining order on the streets, there are many among them who are simply afraid to pick up their service weapons. It is not surprising that when such a need arises, the most basic safety requirements are violated.
Transatlantic parallels
The only people who shoot well and shoot a lot are special forces soldiers, but not ordinary police officers,” says the chairman of the “Right to Arms” movement in an interview with Lenta.ru. - If we take the police in the USA for comparison, then, like ours, law enforcement officers report for every shot - they are strict about this. But every American police officer is a priori determined that the enemy may be armed, because there are a lot of weapons in the country. And across the ocean, law enforcement officers are immediately conditioned to the fact that they have the right to use weapons, because their main task is to return from their shift alive and healthy.
According to Shmelev, despite the fact that crime in Russia has changed a lot and has become more armed, police officers are still trained according to Soviet methods of the 60s of the last century. For example, the standard for drawing a weapon and the first aimed shot is approximately 3.5-4 seconds. For comparison: for people who are passionate about defensive shooting (by no means top shooters), this standard is 1.2-1.3 seconds. Judging by the regulations, the police clearly have nowhere to rush.
But even for this, law enforcement officers are trained in a traditional shooting range, while in preparation Russian special forces Today, elements of practical shooting training for athletes are increasingly being used, and competitions among special forces are conducted by certified practical shooting judges. In the USA, police departments (analogues of our Ministry of Internal Affairs) take advantage of the opportunity to invite instructors from the National Rifle Association and pay them for training personnel.
For the American police, shooting training is one of the main disciplines; tests are regularly taken in it, continues the Lenta.ru interlocutor. - If you don’t pass, you lose bonuses, part of your salary, up to and including dismissal. In our police force, shooting training is taught by the same police officers. At the same time, there are practically no shooting ranges in local police departments; they cope with the situation as best they can. On the other hand, what choice do they have?
Rare trunks
Another important difference between American police and their Russian colleagues is that they carry weapons constantly, 24 hours a day. Even while not on duty, a law enforcement officer in the United States, if necessary, is obliged to take measures to suppress illegal actions. Russian police, on the contrary, carry weapons only at work, handing them over at the end of their shift. And then in uniform, but unarmed, they go home.
Finally, an important nuance is the weapon itself, notes Igor Shmelev. - American law enforcement officers can choose a service weapon from several options or purchase their own and carry it on duty. The only caveat: if the caliber is non-standard, the policeman will provide himself with ammunition. Plus, law enforcement officers both overseas and in Europe have very ergonomic service equipment that allows them to quickly draw weapons. In our country, only special forces can boast of this.
The Makarov pistol, the main service weapon of the Russian police, was put into service in 1951 and became obsolete by the end of the 20th century, just like the 9x18 cartridge for which it was developed. Supporters of the pistol cite a number of its advantages, in particular its special stopping power. But in modern world this is far from the main thing. But the Makar’s unsuitability for short-term skirmishes makes it useful only at the firing line.
For comparison: in the USA and many European countries, revolvers and pistols of a larger caliber than the 9x18 cartridge are considered to be the service weapons of the police. Such ammunition is more powerful and deadlier, but more expensive. And the weapons themselves, which are in service with law enforcement forces abroad, are much newer: the same Glock 17 (adopted into service in 1980) today has several special straps for attaching target designators, sights and flashlights, and a pair of pads are always included with it on the handle, taking into account the individual characteristics of the owner. A Glock-19, SIG Sauer 266, Colt, Heckler and Koch is even younger. What can I say - both in the USSR and in Russia, the pistols in service with the police were developed for army officers. Simply put, for completely different tasks. Any foreign company, even a Chinese one, clearly distinguishes between army and police pistols.
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When asked about shooting training police officers at the press center of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs explained to Lente.ru that citizens recruited to serve in internal affairs bodies undergo professional training to perform official duties, including in conditions involving the use of firearms. This training is carried out in universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as in professional training centers of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
"At the end vocational training Fire training classes are held at the employees' place of duty at least once every two weeks. Monitoring of professional readiness, including skills in using firearms, is carried out during professional service and physical training classes at the employees’ place of service,” the department reported.
As noted in the press service, a set of exercises is provided to confirm skillful use of service weapons. According to a representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, each of them is designed in such a way that during training an employee acquires the skills of firing in a wide variety of situations. The use of firearms by employees is regulated by the requirements of Article 23 of the Federal Law “On Police”.
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Already for a long time There is talk about the need to replace the obsolete PM pistol. Back in the 80s, the development of a promising pistol based on the theme “Rook” began. Samples of weapons were created that met the requirements of the military. These were the SPS, GSh-18, PYa pistols and the modernized Makarov PMM pistol.
The PMM pistol used 9x18 mm PMM cartridges with a lightweight conical bullet and an increased powder charge, the SPS pistol used powerful cartridges with a 9x21 mm armor-piercing bullet (the cartridge is made on the basis of the standard 9x18 mm cartridge case), the GSh-18 and PYA cartridges use 9x19 mm Para cartridges, more precisely, their Russian analogues 7N21 and 7N31 with increased bullet penetration. Let's delve into history to understand the tasks assigned to Russian gunsmiths.
First let's go back to the post-war competition for new gun for the army and police of the USSR.
The Nagan revolver was put into service back in Tsarist Russia and by the beginning of the Second World War it was considered an obsolete model. The Nagan used cartridges with a cylindrical bullet recessed into the sleeve with low penetration and stopping effect. The advantages of the revolver were the simplicity and reliability of the design, subsonic bullet speed and the ability to use a silencer, the absence of breakthrough of powder gases between the drum and the barrel due to pushing the drum onto the barrel, fairly high accuracy and accuracy of fire at a distance of up to 50 m. The disadvantages include a weak cartridge and inconvenience of reloading a 7-charge drum.
We did a little historical excursion to find out what law enforcement officers used to arm themselves with different countries. Let's now look at the modern police weapon. Let's start, perhaps, with the shirt that is closer to the body - with our native Russian police (although honestly: for me the word “police” in our realities is associated not with a policeman, but with a policeman). Of course, listing all conceivable models is a disastrous task. We will try to limit ourselves to the most common or popular ones.
The previously mentioned tendency to combine military and police weapons in Russia continues to operate today. All the “trunks” that will be discussed below are used not only by various law enforcement agencies, but also by the military.
Until now, the most popular pistol used by the police remains the 9-mm Makarov pistol. Developed in 1948 and put into service in 1951, it replaced the famous revolver.
In the early 90s, it was modernized (the main changes were a higher muzzle velocity and an increased magazine capacity) and received the designation PMM. The second “M”, as you understand, means “modernized”.
The morally outdated PM began to be replaced by the Yarygin pistol, designed for the use of 9-mm Parabellum cartridges. Created at the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, the model turned out to be quite heavy (950 g without cartridges) and bulky, with a high center of gravity, threatening to “block” the weapon. Almost the main disadvantage, many experts consider the lack of a function for safely releasing the cocked hammer.
Of course, it also has advantages: less recoil and bounce when fired compared to the PM, a more capacious magazine (for 18 rounds), high penetration and stopping effect. In addition, a Weaver rail and a tactical flashlight with a laser target designator can be installed on the PY. But in general, the design of the pistol is considered obsolete by the time it was created.
Not just pistols...
The police also have machine guns. The most popular, naturally, is the AK-74U, which uses a 5.45x39 mm cartridge. The thing is certainly formidable, but somewhat outdated. It is not surprising that gunsmiths were asked to develop a new, more modern machine gun for use as a police weapon.
At the Kovrov Mechanical Plant in the late 90s, the AEK-919K “Kashtan” was created, using the widespread PM cartridge.
True, police patrols are not equipped with them; these are special forces weapons, which will require a small-sized machine gun in confined spaces.
Since 2006, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs began to be equipped with 9-mm PP-2000. A very interesting unit with a plastic case and a magazine for 20 or 44 rounds of 9x19 Parabellum cartridges.
Light weight (just over one and a half kg without cartridges), the ability to shoot with thick gloves, as well as an installed Picatinny rail for a bunch of “bells and whistles” (silencer, optical or IR laser laser, tactical flashlight, collimator or optical sight) will allow it to become a worthy replacement for the old one good Kalash.
Izhmash made it even simpler: they developed the PP-19-01 Vityaz submachine gun, which is based on the AK-74U design (the unification of parts is 70%). The main difference is the cartridge.
The Vityaz uses a 9x19 cartridge, both from domestic and foreign companies. Well, a “trifle” in the form of a Picatinny rail is a thing that goes without saying for modern weapons.
When describing Russian police weapons, one cannot fail to mention another well-known development - the PP-91 KEDR. It is CEDAR, and not “Cedar”, as is often mistakenly written. After all, this is an abbreviation for “design by Evgeniy Dragunov.” This submachine gun has a long history. It began to be developed back in the 70s of the last century for the army, but due to its short effective firing range it was not accepted into service. Yes, this is understandable, because the cartridge used here was a pistol 9x18 PM.
KEDR was “reanimated” in the 90s, when the police needed funds to suppress a surge in crime. A silencer and a laser target designator can be installed on it. Currently, it is the second most common submachine gun as a police weapon in Russia in law enforcement agencies.
