Electronic warfare dates back to April 15, 1904, when for the first time during the Russian-Japanese War, radio transmissions from Japanese fire spotter ships were discovered and suppressed by deliberate radio interference. This historical fact marked the beginning of the formation and development of electronic warfare in the Russian Armed Forces.
Invention by Russian scientist Popov A.S. in 1895, radio and the introduction of radio electronics into the armed forces at the beginning of the twentieth century inevitably led to the creation of means and methods to combat them. As the number, role and scope of tasks solved with the help of electronic means in combat and operations increased, the capabilities of radio reconnaissance and radio interference undoubtedly increased, and more and more new means and methods of conducting electronic warfare were developed. Under these conditions, the warring parties were forced to take special measures to hide radio equipment from reconnaissance and protect them from suppression by radio interference. In practice, these measures began to be implemented during the First World War.
Electronic warfare developed more intensively during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War, during which not only radio-electronic means of controlling troops and weapons, but also methods and tactics their reconnaissance and suppression. However, only in the post-war period, as a result of the widespread introduction of radio electronics achievements into military affairs, the combat capabilities of weapons and military equipment began to increase rapidly.
The experience of all local wars and armed conflicts of the second half of the 20th century - beginning of the XXI century shows that electronic warfare is an integral part of operations and combat operations of any scale. Management excellence has become a critical condition for winning strategic initiative.
Electronic warfare today is one of the most important types of combat support. It includes such main areas as targeted influence electromagnetic radiation to radio-electronic objects of enemy control systems; protecting their radio-electronic systems from similar impacts; reducing the ability to destroy our missile systems, aircraft, and ships with enemy high-precision weapons.
The history of electronic warfare was created by people who dedicated their lives and devoted all their knowledge, all their strength and skills to the cause of improving this important type of operational and combat support. They all have one thing in common - selfless devotion to the Motherland, the Armed Forces, and electronic warfare. With practical deeds, they wrote their pages in the history of electronic warfare. Deep gratitude and appreciation for this to all electronic warfare specialists.
I take this opportunity to congratulate all veterans, personnel of electronic warfare units and units, teachers, scientists, designers, and industry workers on Electronic Warfare Specialist Day. Wish good health, happiness, family well-being, optimism and further success for the benefit of our Fatherland.
On December 16, the Armed Forces of Belarus will celebrate Electronic Warfare Specialist Day.
The professional holiday was established in 2002 by order of the Minister of Defense to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the formation of governing bodies and military units electronic warfare (EW).
The creation of the first military units and control bodies of the electronic warfare of the Red Army dates back to 1942.
After summarizing the experience of creating radio interference by military radio stations in initial stage During the Great Patriotic War, on December 16, 1942, a decree of the USSR State Defense Committee was adopted “On the organization in the Red Army of a special service for jamming German radio stations operating on the battlefield.” In accordance with this document, the first radio interference units were formed - the 130th, 131st, 132nd and 226th separate radio divisions special purpose, and to manage their work - a department within the Military Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Red Army.
Having taken an active part in all the main operations of the Great Patriotic War, from 1943 until the complete defeat of Nazi Germany, these military units made a great contribution to the disorganization of enemy command and control. The 130th and 131st Order of Special Forces were awarded the Order of the Red Star for special successes in disrupting the control of troops of encircled groups near Glogau and Breslau, and the 132nd Order of Special Forces for success in solving combat missions was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. For “particularly effective interference” that led to the disruption of command and control of the encircled group in Koenigsberg, the 131st Special Forces Order was given the honorary name “Konigsberg”.
At the end of the Great Patriotic War, electronic warfare units were disbanded.
Subsequently, the creation of new electronic warfare equipment, the formation special units and units, as well as the development of the order and methods of their use became a response to improvement and development in the armies foreign countries systems for command and control of troops and weapons, the basis of which was radio-electronic means.
During the post-war armed conflicts of the 1950s and 1960s, especially during the wars in Korea and Vietnam, methods and means of jamming radio communications and radar were developed and widely used. Since then, without active radio countermeasures it has become almost impossible to achieve success in battle.
As a result, in 1954 it was decided to form Ground forces Soviet army special military units designed to solve electronic warfare problems.
With the acquisition of sovereignty and independence by the Republic of Belarus, the Armed Forces of our state, which became the legal successor of the Red Banner Belarusian Military District, received a significant arsenal of radio-electronic weapons.
Over the past two decades, the electronic warfare system of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus has been in constant development. The organizational and staffing structure of electronic warfare military units is being improved, and new special equipment is being systematically introduced into service. Over the last decade alone, thanks to close cooperation with Belarusian industrial enterprises, more than one and a half dozen fundamentally new models of special electronic warfare equipment have entered service, their characteristics not inferior to their foreign counterparts.
Electronic warfare systems basically contain a complex element base, and like any electronic devices they are subject to periodic maintenance and, if necessary, repair. For two years, military units have been equipped with a mobile control and repair station, which allows them to maintain in good condition the entire line of special equipment in service with the Belarusian army, identifying faults in hardware and software down to the element of the circuit diagram.
Work for modern means interference, technical control requires deep knowledge physics, mathematics, electronics. Therefore, one of the most important areas of activity of military command and control bodies and commanders of military units is the training of electronic warfare specialists, which is carried out at the Military Academy of the Republic of Belarus and directly in military units. Its high level is evidenced by the grades received by graduates in exams and during combat training.
Today, the multifunctional integrated electronic warfare system created in the country's Armed Forces is successfully functioning and is capable of effectively solving assigned tasks.
Many people are interested in the question of why April 15 was chosen as the date for celebrating Electronic Warfare Specialist Day. You ask, we answer. 3 May 1999 Minister of Defense Russian Federation signed the order No. 183: “On April 15, 1904, during the Russian-Japanese War, electronic warfare equipment was used for the first time. During the defense of Port Arthur, radio transmissions from Japanese fire spotter ships were suppressed. This marked the beginning of the formation and development of electronic warfare as a type of support military operations of the Armed Forces. I order: to establish in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation the Day of Electronic Warfare Specialist, which is celebrated annually on April 15. Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Marshal of the Russian Federation I. Sergeev."
Over the course of 100 years, electronic warfare (EW) has come a long and complex path from an isolated incident of radio interference to the most important type of support for combat operations of any scale.
Today, electronic warfare, on the one hand, includes the targeted impact of electromagnetic radiation on radio-electronic objects in enemy command and control systems for troops and weapons in order to destroy the circulating energy in them. useful information, and on the other hand, protecting their radio-electronic systems from the influence of enemy electronic warfare forces and means.
Electronic warfare today
When, if not on Electronic Warfare Specialist Day, April 15, can we talk about the importance of electronic warfare during periods of hostilities.
In modern military operations, electronic warfare is one of the main types of operational (combat) support for military operations of troops. The experience of local wars and armed conflicts shows that the use of electronic warfare forces and means can lead, for example, to an increase in the combat potential of ground forces by 1.5 - 2 times, a reduction in aviation losses in the air by 4 - 6 times, and warships by 2 - 3 times. The contribution of electronic warfare to the solution of such an important operational task of troops as the disorganization of enemy command and control systems and weapons can reach 70%. Electronic warfare is of significant importance in the system of comprehensive destruction of the enemy, the protection of one’s troops and facilities from high-precision weapons, and information warfare.
Electronic warfare, like any other type of military activity, is in constant development and improvement. The directions and pace of development of electronic warfare depend on a number of conditions. Significant ones include the implementation of reforms in the military and economic spheres, the transformation of the defense-industrial complex, and the spread of electronic warfare to the areas of application of civilian radio-electronic equipment.
The increasing role of electronic warfare in operations and combat operations causes it to go beyond the scope of the type of operational (combat) support and develop into a specific type of combat operations. Troops (forces) equipped with modern electronic warfare weapons will be able to independently carry out combat missions to disrupt enemy command and control systems and protect enemy command and control systems.
In the future, electronic warfare can be a set of measures and actions of troops to open radio-electronic objects in the control systems of troops (forces) and weapons of reconnaissance and electronic warfare of the enemy, their radio-electronic destruction, as well as to identify the state of radio-electronic equipment in the control systems of friendly troops and their electronic protection. Perhaps in the near future, electronic warfare will be carried out with the goals of disrupting the enemy’s command and control systems for troops (forces) and weapons, reconnaissance and electronic warfare, and ensuring the stability of their own similar systems. The main means of disrupting (disrupting) the functioning of enemy radio-electronic systems and assets will probably be means of functional destruction, as well as means of creating active and passive jamming.
Reducing the effectiveness of intentional interference and ensuring electromagnetic compatibility of one's radio-electronic systems and assets will be carried out by the troops (forces) implementing a set of organizational and technical measures (measures). New forms and methods will appear combat use electronic warfare troops (forces). The most important of these will be electronic fire and electronic strikes.
Integration processes in the construction and use of the Armed Forces will determine the transition to the creation of an electronic warfare system of the RF Armed Forces as a multifunctional and multi-purpose system for electronic destruction of the enemy in all spheres (in space, air, on land and at sea), to the entire depth of the formation of its troops (forces), as well as electronic protection of their troops (forces) in peacetime and war.
The general direction of development of the electronic warfare weapon system will be the creation of electronic warfare equipment on non-traditional, new principles, first of all, means of functional destruction of radio-electronic equipment and high-precision weapons. The use of such weapons on the battlefield together with traditional electronic warfare equipment will increase the effectiveness of electronic warfare by more than 3–5 times.
History of electronic warfare
On Electronic Warfare Specialist Day, April 15, I would like to remember how it all began. What is the history of electronic warfare in Russian military affairs?
Back in January 1902, the report of the Russian Marine Technical Committee stated: “...telegraphy without wires has the disadvantage that the telegram can be caught by any foreign station and, therefore, read, interrupted and confused by foreign sources of electricity.” And two years later, on April 15, 1904, during the artillery shelling that the Japanese squadron conducted on the internal roadstead of the city of Port Arthur, the radio stations of the Russian battleship Pobeda and the coastal post Zolotaya Gora seriously hampered the transmission of telegrams from enemy spotter ships. Rear Admiral Ukhtomsky testified to the effectiveness of the first case of radio interference in his report to Admiral Alekseev: “The enemy fired more than 60 large-caliber shells. There were no hits on the ships.”
Thus, the beginning of the use of radio equipment for reconnaissance and jamming during the Russo-Japanese War is considered the moment of the birth of electronic warfare.
In 1911, Petrovsky, a professor of radio engineering at the Naval Academy, was the first to theoretically substantiate methods for creating radio interference and protecting radio communications from it. They passed practical testing in the Black Sea Fleet. At the same time, measures were being developed that would allow "...to avoid enemy interference during radio communications." Training began on creating radio interference and training radio operators to work in conditions of interference on ships of the Russian Baltic Fleet.
And yet it should be noted that the created radio equipment was mainly used to provide communications, identify enemy communication channels and intercept information transmitted through them. However, during the First World War, radio interference began to be used to disrupt radio communications between the headquarters of armies, corps and divisions, as well as between warships. True, this happened only sporadically, since preference was given to intercepting radio transmissions rather than disrupting them. At the same time, special radio jamming stations already appeared in the German army.
In the period between the First and Second World Wars, along with the significant development of radio communications, radio direction finding, radio telecontrol and radar equipment appeared. As a result, the methods of combat use of forces and means of the ground forces, air force and navy radically changed, and the effectiveness of combat operations sharply increased. This, naturally, caused a response, that is, it led to the further development of methods and techniques for countering enemy electronic means.
For example, the idea of creating radar interference was first expressed in 1937 by Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.A. Bonch-Bruevich when discussing work on radio range finders and radio detectors (that’s what radar stations were called in the USSR until 1943). One of the first applications for an invention in the field of countering radar was filed in May 1939 by engineer Kabanov and was called “Method and device for interference of the “False object” type with the operation of radio rangefinders.”
Electronic warfare during the Great Patriotic War
On the holiday of April 15, Electronic Warfare Specialist Day, it is necessary to note historical meaning electronic warfare troops for our country during the Great Patriotic War.
In the pre-war years, prototypes of radio jamming stations “Storm” in the ultra-short wave, “Storm-2” in the medium wave and “Grom” in the short wave range were manufactured in the Soviet Union to suppress radio communication channels. Academician Shuleikin, Professor Klyatskin and others took an active part in their development. During testing, these stations showed high efficiency, but before the start of the Great Patriotic War mass production they were not launched.
The prototype jamming station "Grom" was first used on September 6-12, 1941 when our troops launched a counterattack near Yelnya. In addition, in the first year of the war, enemy radio communications were widely and actively counteracted by creating interference using standard military radio stations. So, in 1942 at the beginning Battle of Stalingrad A special suppression group created on the basis of the standard radio stations of the Red Army Communications Directorate operated successfully. Their targeting of enemy frequencies and detection of radio communication violations were carried out by radio intelligence units of the Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff.
For the purpose of a radio blockade when Paulus's 6th Field Army is surrounded, a special radio reconnaissance and radio suppression group is formed as part of the Don Front. It had several powerful radio stations that were aimed at enemy radio networks with the help of the 394th separate reconnaissance radio division. To disinformation the headquarters of the 6th Army, a special radio station was allocated with the call signs of the headquarters of Manstein’s troops, who were trying to release the encircled group of Field Marshal Paulus.
After conducting a detailed analysis and summarizing the results of the first experience in creating radio interference during the battles near Stalingrad and making sure of their high effectiveness, at the beginning of December 1942, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Beria sent a memorandum to the State Defense Committee, which, in particular, noted: " The NKVD of the USSR considers it expedient to organize in the Red Army a special service to jam German radio stations operating on the battlefield."
On December 16, 1942, the State Defense Committee issued Resolution N GOKO-2633SS “On the organization in the Red Army of a special service for jamming German radio stations operating on the battlefield,” which set tasks of a practical nature.
In pursuance of this resolution, the Chief of the General Staff, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR A. M. Vasilevsky, on December 17, 1942, signed Directive N 4869948 “On the formation of a special group and special radio interference divisions.”
In accordance with this document, two separate radio divisions (ORDN) for special purposes are created - the 131st (commanded by Major Petrov) and the 132nd (under the command of Major Bushuev), which became part of the Stalingrad and Don Fronts, respectively. Later, in 1943 and 1944, the 130th (Captain Lukacher) and 226th (Major Konstantinov) special forces ORDN were formed on the Western and Leningrad fronts, respectively. To coordinate the combat use of these units, a radio jamming service was created at the General Staff, headed by engineer-lieutenant colonel Rogatkin, later major general.
Each special forces radio division included from 8 to 10 car radios of the RAF-HF type, intended for radio interference in the HF range, 18-20 reconnaissance receivers of the Virazh and Chaika types, 4 radio direction finders of the 55 PK-ZA and " Corkscrew".
Radio jamming stations were usually located 20-30 km from the front edge and 3-5 km from the command post (radio receiving center) of the division. The enemy's radio networks were monitored around the clock, during which the main and backup frequencies of enemy radio stations, their location, military affiliation and operating modes were identified. In addition, the 131st special-purpose ORDN had a powerful radio jamming station "Pchela", which was located on a railway platform and was intended to counter enemy aircraft radio compasses.
Separate special-purpose radio divisions took part in all front-line and army operations of 1943-1945, creating interference and conducting radio reconnaissance, radio disinformation and radio demonstrations in false areas of troop concentration and breakthrough of enemy defenses. For example, during the Belarusian operation in the summer of 1944, the 131st ORDN, while suppressing radio communications of enemy groups in the Vitebsk region and southeast of Minsk, disrupted the transmission of 522 urgent and 1665 simple radio messages. Particular attention was paid to the disruption of artillery fire control and aviation operations. Simultaneously with jamming radio control networks, attacks were carried out on command posts and radar posts of enemy troops.
Very successfully, with the help of radio interference, the control of German formations and associations was disrupted in January - April 1945 during the East Prussian operation, in which the 131st and 226th special forces special forces took an active part. They managed to prevent the enemy from establishing stable radio communications, although he had 175 radio stations operating in 30 radio networks and on 300 radio frequencies. In total, the reception of about 1,200 radiograms transmitted from higher headquarters was disrupted in the Königsberg enemy group, and in the Zemland group, more than 1,000 radiograms were disrupted.
At the end of the war, during the Berlin operation, electronic warfare reached perfection. It included radio reconnaissance, radio suppression, disinformation and fire destruction of radio equipment of enemy command posts and control posts. The radio suppression was carried out by the 130th and 132nd ORDN, which were part of the First Belorussian and First Ukrainian Fronts, respectively. Thus, from April 25 to May 2, 1945, the 132nd Radio Division disrupted the radio communications of the headquarters of the encircled Berlin enemy group, as well as the headquarters of the 9th Army and the 5th Army Corps, which were encircled south of Berlin. Due to radio interference, German radio operators were forced to repeat the texts of transmitted radiograms dozens of times. During the days of fierce fighting, the 132nd ORDN disrupted the radio transmission of 170 urgent combat orders and instructions that were not received by enemy formations and units, which significantly influenced the outcome of the operation.
It is also necessary to mention the special SOL-3 and SOL-ZA devices, which began to arrive in Air Force units in 1942. With their help, it was determined whether aircraft entered the irradiation zones of enemy radars. From about mid-1943, Soviet aviation interfered with the operation of radars with dipole reflectors in the form of metallized paper tapes scattered from jamming aircraft.
Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, for the first time in world military practice, special radio jamming units - separate radio divisions - special forces were formed and widely used to support combat operations. Extensive experience has been accumulated in conducting reconnaissance and creating radio interference, as well as protecting one's own electronic zones from enemy radio interference.
Unfortunately, soon after the end of the Great Patriotic War, all radio interference units were reduced and disbanded, which, as subsequent events showed, was big mistake. In other countries, the post-war period, covering 1945-1955, was characterized by a successful expansion of the areas of application of radio electronics in military affairs and even more decisive steps to strengthen the fight against radio electronic means during the preparation and conduct of combat operations.
It was then that the first domestic scientific works on electronic suppression appeared by famous Soviet scientists and engineers Berg, Shchukin, Kotelnikov, Vvedensky, Shuleikin, Leontovich, Mints. Under the leadership of designers Organov, Vorontsov, Brakhman, Altman, Popov, airborne aircraft jamming stations SPS-1, SPS-2 and ground-based ones - SPB-1 ("Alpha"), SPB-5 ("Beta"), SPB-7 (" Rosehip") to suppress airborne radars.
Troops are beginning to receive new radio countermeasures equipment, and airborne radar jammers are being replaced by active jamming stations. Passive radar jammers are also being introduced into service: dipole reflectors in all wave ranges, machines for dispersing them from aircraft, corner reflectors and radio-absorbing materials to reduce the visibility of military equipment. To provide effective management radio countermeasures means RPS-1, -3, -5, -6 and POST-2, -3, -ZM appear. The development of monitoring and control devices for standard communication radio stations is being resumed with the aim of using them as radio communication and radio navigation jamming stations, as well as special ground- and air-based radio jamming stations.
We cordially congratulate all residents of our vast country of Russia on the holiday of April 15, Electronic Warfare Specialist Day. And we wish the military, whose fate is connected with the electronic warfare troops of our Motherland, family well-being, happy relatives, loved ones, good health and peaceful skies above their heads. May tomorrow always be confident, and may love be mutual and strong!
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Electronic warfare is practically the same age as radio. On April 15, 1904, during the shelling of the Port Arthur fortress, Russian military specialists for the first time suppressed the radio transmissions of two Japanese cruisers - fire spotters, interrupting their messages with a stronger radio signal. The effectiveness of such interference was later recognized by the Japanese themselves, who said that it was difficult to correct the shooting and the shells missed the target. Today, the electronic warfare service is a modern set of means for collecting and storing military information, using high-precision homing devices that carry out pinpoint hits of targets, and equipment for creating radio interference, the main purpose of which is to protect the country’s radio-electronic complexes from enemy influences. In 1999, by order of the Russian Minister of Defense, Electronic Warfare Specialist Day was established, which is celebrated on April 15.
Happy Electronic Warfare Specialists Day! The country is calm
After all, you are protecting her
Worthy from the enemy,
Interference is everything to us.
No wonder the fortress of Port Arthur
I was once able to resist
Electronic warfare specialist, you are an important figure,
Your skills cannot be taken away.
I wish you happiness and fun,
Kindness, warmth, love, good luck
And a mischievous mood,
And completed the tasks with honor!
You are a specialist in wrestling, but not simple,
And radio-electronic!
We wish you on your holiday
We are of great joy!
And the enemy certainly won’t pass
Through radio interference.
So may you always be lucky
Bathe in success!
We congratulate all electronic warfare specialists,
We wish them success in their service!
On uniform - new stars,
Fight so that you never have to!
So that there is no interference on the air,
So that success accompanies you in your work,
Peace on earth, weather in the house,
Kindness from family and friends!
Store information -
This is not drinking water.
This requires a special skill
To send the enemy out.
Electronic warfare specialists will fight back,
Well intimidated.
It's a holiday for the boys today -
May you always be satisfied.
Electronic warfare specialists,
Congratulations,
You guys are nice
I wish you patience.
Your job is difficult
The whole country needs
Under powerful protection
The country is always with you.
You are in the invisible
fight
You win
Everywhere!
Let you
Radio wave
Will bring
A bag of goodness!
Who is associated with the electronic warfare,
I must celebrate that holiday today,
Workers in this profession are difficult
Important and very necessary for our planet,
We congratulate them, wish them happiness,
Let the radio waves all submit to them,
Let their work only benefit them,
And let them not be afraid of various difficulties!
To everyone who honorably serves in electronic warfare,
Let us wish at this hour
Strong strength and true friendship,
And plenty of patience!
You take care of the Fatherland
From invisible enemies
Let them accompany you in life
Bravery, faith and love!
Electronic warfare of the Russian Armed Forces. Dossier
Every year on April 15, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation celebrate Electronic Warfare Specialist Day - professional holiday, established by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin dated May 31, 2006. Initially noted in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeev dated May 3, 1999.
History of electronic warfare troops
The history of the formation of electronic warfare troops (EW) in the Russian army is counted from April 15 (April 2, O.S.) 1904. On this day, during Russo-Japanese War The signalmen of the squadron battleship Pobeda and the naval telegraph station on Zolotaya Gora managed, by radio interference, to disrupt the radio-corrected bombardment of the Russian squadron and the Port Arthur fortress by the Japanese armored cruisers Nissin and Kasuga.
Since both sides used the same type of spark transmitters, the enemy’s message could be “hammered with a big spark” - more powerful signals from the device. This case was the first in the world military history a step from organizing radio reconnaissance to conducting electronic warfare in combat operations. Subsequently, electronic warfare equipment was actively improved, and the practice of their use expanded significantly.
On December 16, 1942, by a decree of the State Defense Committee signed by Commander-in-Chief Joseph Stalin, a Department for managing the work of jamming radio stations was formed as part of the Military Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GS) of the Red Army and the task was set to form three radio divisions with the means to “clog” enemy radio stations - the first electronic warfare units in the USSR army.
On November 4, 1953, the office of the Assistant Chief of the General Staff for electronic intelligence and interference was created. Subsequently, it was reorganized several times and changed names (9th Department of the Main Directorate of the General Staff, Electronic Countermeasures Service of the General Staff, 5th Directorate of the General Staff, Electronic Warfare Directorate of the Main Directorate of ACS and Electronic Warfare of the General Staff, etc.).
Current state
Range modern tasks EW troops include radio-electronic reconnaissance and destruction of radio-electronic means of enemy command and control systems, as well as monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing measures for electronic protection of one’s forces and assets.
During the large-scale reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which began in 2008, a vertically integrated electronic warfare system was formed, and its general management is carried out by the Directorate of the Chief of Electronic Warfare Troops of the Russian Armed Forces. Ground and aviation units and electronic warfare units are part of Special troops RF Armed Forces.
In the Ground Forces separate brigades Four-battalion electronic warfare units have been formed in all four military districts. The brigades are armed with the Leer-2 and Leer-3 complexes with Orlan-10 drones, which allow reconnaissance and suppression of tactical radio communications and cellular communications. The electronic warfare unit is also part of a separate motorized rifle Arctic brigade as part of the Joint Strategic Command “North”.
Separate electronic warfare companies are available in each of the reformed motorized rifle tank brigades and divisions, as well as in most brigades and divisions Airborne troops(Airborne Forces). By 2017, all airborne formations will receive electronic warfare companies, and by 2020 they are planned to be re-equipped with new equipment.
In the Navy (Navy), ground-based EW forces are organized into separate EW centers across all four fleets. In the Aerospace Forces (VKS), separate electronic warfare battalions are part of the Air Force and Air Defense armies.
Technical equipment
Electronic warfare equipment for the RF Armed Forces is being developed by JSC Concern Radioelectronic Technologies (JSC KRET), which in 2009-2012. united Russian defense enterprises producing military radio electronics. In 2010-2013 were successfully completed state tests 18 new models of electronic warfare equipment.
Since 2015, electronic warfare units have been equipped with new technical means of radio suppression of communications, radar and navigation, protection against high-precision weapons, control and support equipment: “Krasukha-2O”, “Murmansk-BN”, “Borisoglebsk-2”, “Krasukha” complexes - C4”, “Svet-KU”, “Infauna”, “Judoist”, etc.
The troops are supplied with Mi-8MTPR-1 helicopters equipped with Rychag-AV electronic warfare systems (such machines, in particular, can protect military transport aircraft). The Vitebsk electronic warfare systems are equipped on the Su-25SM attack aircraft being modernized for the needs of the Russian Aerospace Forces, and individual elements of the complex are installed on the Ka-52, Mi-28, Mi-8MT, Mi-26 and Mi-26T2 helicopters.
The Su-34 front-line bomber is equipped with the Khibiny electronic countermeasures complex. Project 20380 corvettes, which are currently joining the Russian Navy, carry TK-25-2 and PK-10 “Smely” electronic warfare systems; Project 22350 frigates under construction are equipped with TK-28 and “Prosvet-M” systems.
The current state weapons program provides for bringing the level of provision of electronic warfare forces with advanced equipment to 70% by 2020.
Share of the latest electronic warfare equipment
Share modern technology in electronic warfare troops in 2016 was 46%. In accordance with the plans for equipping electronic warfare units under the state defense order, about 300 basic types of equipment and more than 1 thousand small-sized equipment were delivered to the troops.
The measures taken made it possible to re-equip 45% of military units and electronic warfare units with modern systems, such as “Murmansk-BN”, “Krasukha”, “Borisoglebsk-2” and others.
These are practically all groups of electronic warfare technology: radio suppression technology, radar and radio navigation, protection against high-tech weapons, control and support equipment. Considerable attention is paid to the development of electronic warfare technology against unmanned aerial vehicles.
Educational establishments
The training of officers for the electronic warfare forces of the Russian Armed Forces is carried out by the educational and scientific center "Air Force Academy named after Professor N. E. Zhukovsky and Yu. A. Gagarin" in Voronezh, junior electronic warfare specialists for all types and branches of the Russian Armed Forces are trained at the Interspecific Training Center and combat use of electronic warfare troops in Tambov.
On the basis of the center, a scientific company was created in 2015, in which graduates of the country’s leading specialized universities serve for military service, combining it with research on the topic of electronic warfare. In 2016, a new integrated training training complex “Itog” will be equipped on the territory of the Interspecies Center.
Management
Chief of the Electronic Warfare Troops of the Russian Armed Forces - Major General Yuri Lastochkin (since August 2014).
Aviation electronic warfare systems
As the former head of the electronic warfare service said: Air Force, now advisor to the first deputy general director of the Concern Radioelectronic Technologies (KRET) Vladimir Mikheev, the survivability of aircraft with modern electronic warfare systems increases by 20-25 times.
If earlier active jamming stations (APS) were installed on aircraft, today all aircraft are equipped with airborne defense systems (ADS). Their main difference from SAP is that the BKO is fully integrated and interfaced with all the avionics of an airplane, helicopter or drone.
Defense systems exchange all necessary information with on-board computers:
About flight, combat missions,
about the goals and flight routes of the protected object,
about the capabilities of your weapon,
about the real radio-electronic situation on the air,
about potential threats.
In the event of any danger, they can adjust the route so that the protected object does not enter the fire zone, ensuring electronic destruction (suppression) of the most dangerous enemy air defense systems and aircraft, while simultaneously increasing the combat effectiveness of their weapons.
"Vitebsk"
Complex "Vitebsk"
One of the most effective airborne defense systems. It is designed to protect airplanes and helicopters from anti-aircraft missiles with radar and optical (thermal) guidance heads.
"Vitebsk" is installed on:
Upgraded Su-25SM attack aircraft,
attack helicopters Ka-52, Mi-28N,
transport and combat helicopters of the Mi-8 family,
heavy transport helicopters Mi-26 and Mi-26T2,
special and civil aircraft and helicopters of domestic production.
The new modification of the Vitebsk, which is just beginning to enter service with the troops, will be installed on board transport aircraft and helicopters.
It is planned to equip the Il-76, Il-78, An-72, An-124, already in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, with this system, as well as the promising Il-112V transport aircraft.
The implementation of this program will allow short time significantly increase the combat stability of transport aviation of the Russian Aerospace Forces.
The Vitebsk complex is already equipped with Ka-52 and Mi-28 attack helicopters, Su-25 attack aircraft, Mi-8MTV and Mi-8AMTSh transport and combat helicopters. It is designed to protect aircraft from enemy anti-aircraft missiles with infrared, radar or combined homing heads. This system allows you to track a missile launch within a radius of several hundred kilometers from the aircraft and “move” the missile away from the target.
In the future, Vitebsk will receive military transport aircraft of the Il-76MD-90A type.
IL-76. Photo: Anton Novoderezhkin/TASS
There is also an export version of the complex called “President-S”, which is very popular in the foreign market and is supplied to a number of countries that operate Russian aircraft.
The President-S airborne defense complex is designed for individual protection of military and civil aircraft and helicopters from damage by aircraft and anti-aircraft missile systems, as well as anti-aircraft artillery systems Enemy land and sea based air defense. "President-S", in particular, is installed on Ka-52, Mi-28 and Mi-26 helicopters.
The complex is able to identify the threat of an attack from the protected aircraft enemy fighters, anti-aircraft missiles and artillery systems. It can engage and suppress the optical homing heads of aircraft and anti-aircraft guided missiles, including the homing heads of man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems.
"Lever-AV"
Electronic warfare complex "Lychag-AV". Photo: KRET.
According to the deputy general director of the Kazan Optical-Mechanical Plant, which produces this equipment, Alexey Panin, supplies of the basic version of the modernized electronic warfare (EW) complexes "Lychag-AV" on the Mi-8MTPR-1 helicopter will be ensured in the near future.
Currently, the Radioelectronic Technologies concern is completing development work on this product.
It is planned to produce new electronic warfare systems on KamAZ truck chassis.
Previously, the Russian military received ahead of schedule three Mi-8MTPR-1 electronic warfare helicopters, the equipment of which allows them to protect groups of aircraft, ships and ground equipment from air attacks within a radius of several hundred kilometers, suppressing several targets at once.
“Lychag-AV” actually provides electronic suppression of the guidance system of enemy aircraft and ground targets, that is, it can “blind” them.
In conditions of interference from the “Lever” system, anti-aircraft missile systems, as well as enemy aircraft interception systems, are deprived of the ability to detect any targets and direct guided missiles of the “air-to-air”, “ground-to-air” and “air-to-ground” classes at them, when This increases the survivability and combat effectiveness of its aircraft significantly.
The carrier of this complex is the most popular Russian helicopter Mi-8.
A specialized helicopter is a jammer, whose main task is to provide electronic jamming and create a false situation to cover their aircraft or helicopters, as well as protect the most important ground objects.
"Khibiny"
In 2013, the Khibiny electronic suppression complex, designed to protect aircraft from air defense systems, entered service with the Russian Armed Forces.
The Khibiny complex differs from the previous generation stations in its increased power and intelligence. It is capable of helping to control the aircraft's weapons, create a false electronic environment, and also ensure a breakthrough in echeloned air defense enemy.
This happened with American destroyer Donald Cook in 2014, when a Su-24 aircraft was escorted by naval air defense systems.
Then information appeared on the ship's radars, which put the crew in a dead end. The plane either disappeared from the screens, then suddenly changed its location and speed, or created electronic clones of additional targets. At the same time, the destroyer's information and combat weapon control systems were practically blocked. Considering that the ship was located 12 thousand km from US territory in the Black Sea, it is not difficult to imagine the feelings that the sailors experienced on this ship.
Currently in development is a new Khibiny-U complex for front-line aircraft, in particular the Su-30SM.
"Himalayas"
This complex is a further development of the Khibiny, it is “tailored” for the fifth generation T-50 aircraft (PAK FA).
T-50 fighter. Photo: Sergey Bobylev/TASS
Its main difference from its predecessor is that the Khibiny is a kind of container that is suspended on the wing, occupying a certain suspension point, while the Himalaya is completely integrated into the side and is made in the form of separate elements of the aircraft fuselage.
The antenna systems of the complex are built on the principle of “smart plating” and allow them to perform several functions at once: reconnaissance, electronic warfare, location, etc. The complex will be able to actively and passively interfere with the infrared homing heads of modern missiles, as well as modern and future radar stations.
The characteristics of this complex are still classified, since the T-50 aircraft is the latest fifth-generation fighter and has not yet been adopted by the Russian Aerospace Forces.
Su-34 is equipped with electronic warfare
In 2016, the Russian Ministry of Defense received several complexes that make it possible to turn the Su-34 bomber into an electronic warfare (EW) aircraft.
This complex allows the aircraft to protect not only itself, but the entire formation. Thanks to these complexes, aircraft survivability increases by 20-25%.
Su-34 fighter-bomber. Photo: KRET.
Ground-based electronic warfare systems
Modern ground-based electronic warfare systems operate in digital signal processing mode, which helps to significantly increase their efficiency.
Digital technology has a large electronic memory library and reports to the operator the types of enemy equipment, and also offers him the most effective jamming signals and optimal algorithms for possible counteraction.
Previously, the operator of an electronic warfare station independently had to determine the type of object being tracked based on the characteristics of the reconnaissance signal and select the type of interference for it.
"Krasukha-S4"
This complex incorporates all the best from electronic warfare equipment of previous generations. In particular, “Krasukha” inherited a unique antenna system from its predecessor, the SPN-30 jamming station.
Another advantage new system is almost complete automation. If previously the system was controlled manually, then “Krasukha-4” implements the principle: “don’t touch the equipment, and it won’t let you down,” that is, the role of the operator is reduced to that of an observer, and the main mode of operation is centralized automated control.
Complex "Krasukha-S4". Photo: Rostec State Corporation.
The main purpose of the Krasukha-S4 is to cover command posts, troop groups, air defense systems, important industrial facilities from airborne radar reconnaissance and high-precision weapons.
The capabilities of the complex’s broadband active jamming station make it possible to effectively combat all modern radar stations used by aircraft various types, and cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles.
"Krasukha-20"
This version of the Krasukha is designed for electronic jamming of the American AWACS long-range radar detection and control systems (AWACS).
AWACS is a powerful reconnaissance and control aircraft with an entire crew on board. In order to “blind” this plane, a lot of energy is needed. So, the power and intelligence of the second Krasukha will be enough to compete with this aircraft.
The entire complex deploys within minutes, without human intervention, and once deployed it is capable of “turning off” AWACS at a distance of several hundred kilometers.
"Moscow-1"
Complex "Moscow-1". Photo by KRET.
The complex is designed for conducting electronic reconnaissance (passive radar), interacting and exchanging information with command posts of anti-aircraft missile and radio-technical troops, aviation guidance posts, issuing target designation and controlling jamming units and individual electronic suppression equipment.
Moskva-1 includes a reconnaissance module and a control center for jamming units (stations).
The complex is capable of:
Carry radio and electronic reconnaissance at a distance of up to 400 km,
classify all radio-emitting means according to the degree of danger,
provide route support,
ensure targeted distribution and display of all information,
provide feedback control over the performance of units and individual electronic warfare assets that he manages.
The “debut” of the Moskva complexes took place in March 2016 as part of joint tactical exercises of air defense and aviation forces in the Astrakhan region.
Electronic warfare "Rtut-BM". Photo: Press service of the Rostec State Corporation.
The state defense order for the Moskva-1 and Rtut-BM electronic warfare systems was completed ahead of schedule. Russian army in 2015, it received nine Moskva-1 electronic warfare systems.
"Infauna"
The complex, developed by the United Instrument-Making Corporation (UIC), provides radio reconnaissance and radio suppression, protection of manpower, armored and automotive vehicles from targeted fire from melee weapons and grenade launchers, as well as from radio-controlled mine-explosive devices.
Wide-range radio reconnaissance equipment significantly increases the radius of protection of covered mobile objects from radio-controlled mines. The ability to install aerosol curtains allows you to protect equipment from high-precision weapons with video and laser guidance systems.
Currently, these complexes on a unified wheeled chassis K1Sh1 (BTR-80 base) are mass-produced and supplied to various units of the Armed Forces.
"Borisoglebsk-2"
Complex "Borisoglebsk-2". Photo: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
This electronic suppression complex (RES), also developed by the defense industry, constitutes technical basis electronic warfare units of tactical formations.
Designed for radio reconnaissance and radio suppression of HF, VHF terrestrial and aviation radio communication lines, subscriber terminals of cellular and trunk communications at tactical and operational-tactical control levels.
The complex is based on three types of jamming stations and a control center located on MT-LBu armored personnel carriers - a traditional tracked base for ground means EW. Each complex includes up to nine units of mobile equipment.
The complex implements fundamentally new technical solutions construction of radio reconnaissance equipment and automated control systems. In particular, broadband energetically and structurally covert signals are used, providing noise-free and high-speed data transmission.
The range of scouted and suppressed frequencies has been expanded more than twice as compared to previously supplied jamming stations, and the frequency detection speed has been increased by more than 100 times.
Marine electronic warfare systems
These complexes are designed to protect ships of various classes from reconnaissance and fire damage. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that for each ship, depending on its type, displacement, as well as the tasks it solves, there is a special set of electronic warfare equipment.
The ship complexes include:
Radio and electronic intelligence stations,
active and passive electronic warfare equipment,
machines that provide camouflage of the ship in various physical fields,
devices for shooting false targets, etc.
All these systems are integrated with the ship's fire and information systems to increase the survivability and combat effectiveness of the ship.
TK-25E and MP-405E
They are the main ship-based electronic warfare systems. Provide protection against the use of airborne and ship-based radio-controlled weapons by creating active and passive interference.
TK-25E provides the creation of pulsed deception and imitation interference using digital copies of signals for ships of all main classes. The complex is capable of simultaneously analyzing up to 256 targets and providing effective protection ship.
MP-405E– for equipping small displacement ships.
It is capable of preventing detection, analyzing, and classifying types of emitting radio-electronic equipment and their carriers according to the degree of danger, as well as providing electronic suppression of all modern and promising means of reconnaissance and destruction of the enemy.
Russian electronic warfare technology is superior to Western analogues
Photo: Donat Sorokin/TASS
Russian electronic warfare technology is superior to Western counterparts in a number of characteristics, including range.
To the main advantages domestic technology electronic warfare compared to foreign analogues can be attributed to its greater range, which is achieved through the use of more powerful transmitting devices and more efficient antenna systems.
Russian electronic warfare equipment has advantages in terms of the number of objects affected, the possibility of its more effective combat use due to the implementation of a flexible control structure, both for electronic warfare systems and individual types of equipment operating autonomously and as part of paired pairs.
The material was prepared on the basis of open sources of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation,
Rostec State Corporation, Radioelectronic Technologies Concern and TASS.
Overall material rating: 5
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